نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

• لیلا اردبیلی

استادیار گروه مطالعات علم و فناوری، پژوهشگاه مطالعات فرهنگی، اجتماعی و تمدنی وزارت عتف، تهران، ایران

چکیده

این مقاله در امتداد کوشش‌های پژوهشگرانی قرار می‌گیرد که در چند سال اخیر به بازخوانی احیاگرانه‌ای از آثار کلاسیک جامعه‌شناسی و انسان‌شناسی پرداخته‌اند تا دیوار تقسیم‌بندی‌ها میان علوم شناختی و علوم اجتماعی را کوتاه کنند و از خلال آن‌ها مفاهیمی را استخراج نمایند که در ایجاد زبان مشترک میان این دو حوزه از علم و فراهم‌آوردن بستری برای استحکام‌بخشیدن به پایه‌های رشته‌های جدیدی مانند علوم اجتماعی شناختی راهگشا باشند. یکی از این مفاهیم بنیادی «هبیتوس» است که گفته می‌شود نخست‌بار توسط مارسل موس فرانسوی در گفتمان علوم اجتماعی مطرح و بعدها در سایر سنت‌ها، به‌خصوص جامعه‌/انسان‌شناسی فرانسوی پرورانده شد. در همین راستا، پژوهش حاضر با تکیه بر رویکرد شناخت بدنمند، که یکی از نظریه‌های مطرح در علوم شناختی است و به تأثیر و تأثر ذهن، بدن و محیط بر هم تأکید دارد، به بازخوانی مفهوم «هبیتوس» در سخنرانی «تکنیک‌های بدن» موس پرداخته و چهار تفسیر از آن را بر مبنای پژوهش‌های انجام‌گرفته در جامعه/انسان‌شناسی شناختی با روشی توصیفی-تحلیلی ارائه می‌دهد. یافته‌ها نشان دادند که تلقی موس از هبیتوس به‌عنوان «واقعیت اجتماعی تام» که در آن به‌طور هم‌زمان می‌توان تجلی امر زیستی، روانی و اجتماعی را شاهد بود، با رویکرد بدنمندی شناخت و برهمکنش بدن، ذهن و محیط به‌عنوان یک اکوسیستم شناختی انطباقی معنادار دارد. از همین‌رو، ادعای این مقاله آن است که هبیتوس را می‌توان به‌عنوان یکی از مفاهیم پیونددهنده میان علوم شناختی و علوم اجتماعی در نظر گرفت و از آن برای تأسیس و تحکیم پایه‌های علوم اجتماعی شناختی استفاده کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• تکنیک‌های بدن
• شناخت بدنمند
• مارسل موس. واقعیت اجتماعی تام
• هبیتوس

موضوعات

• مردم شناسی

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Concept of Habitus from Embodied Cognition Perspective; Based on “Body Techniques” of Marcel Mauss

نویسنده [English]

• Leila Ardebili

Assistant Professor in institute for Cultural, Department of Science and Technology, Social and Civilization Studies. Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

 
This article is in line with the efforts of researchers who, in the last few years, have tried to eliminate the boundaries between cognitive and social sciences. Many researchers have investigated the classic works of sociology and anthropology in order to extract concepts which are useful in creating a common language between these two fields and help them in strengthening the foundations of new disciplines such as cognitive social science. Among these fundamental concepts is "Habitus", which is said to have been first proposed by the French anthropologist, Marcel Mauss and later developed in other social science traditions, especially in French anthropology. Relying on embodied cognition approach, which is one of the theories in cognitive science that emphasizes on the interaction between the Mind, Body, and Environment and by providing four interpretations of embodied cognition, the present research have studied, with a descriptive-analytical method, the concept of "Habitus" in the lecture "Body Techniques" by Mauss. The findings showed that Mauss's perception of Habitus as a "Total Social Fact" which has simultaneously the Psychological, Biological and the social aspects has a meaningful concordance with the interaction of the Mind, Body and Environment as a cognitive ecosystem in embodied cognition approach. Accordingly, the article claims that Habitus can be considered as one of the connecting concepts of cognitive sciences and social sciences and it can be used to establish and consolidate the foundations of cognitive social science as an emergent interdisciplinary field.
Keywords: Body Techniques, Embodied Cognition, Habitus, Marcel Mass, Total Social Fact..
 
 
Introduction
Aiming at gaining the intersection between sociology, anthropology, and cognitive science, and providing a basis for strengthening the foundations of interdisciplinary fields such as sociocognitive science, this research has tried to consider one of the significant concepts of sociology and anthropology in the light of an approach proposed in cognitive sciences. So, this article, in the light of the embodied cognition approach has studied "Habitus", as a concept proposed by Marcel Mauss in his lecture " Techniques of the Body", to show how Mauss’s concept of "Total Social Fact", emphasizes the necessity of paying simultaneous attention to the biological/physiological-psychological/mental-social/cultural aspects of social facts for a profound understanding of the social. The reason for choosing “Habitus” to achieve the goal of this study is that, according to Lizardo (2017: 68), this concept has the capacity to revive the links between mind and culture and strengthen an interdisciplinary view of the interaction between the biological (body), the psychological (mind), and the socio-cultural. To achieve this goal, the present article first discusses what the embodied cognition approach is and, during the Literature Review section, explains the relationship of this approach to existing interpretations of embodied cognition in social science researches. Finally, using a descriptive-analytical method, the article reinterprets Mauss’s concept of Habitus through the lens of four interpretations of embodied cognition approach.
Literature Review
Considering the research background of embodied cognition approach in social science researches, we can arrive at four different views of embodied cognition.

embodiment of cultural meaning

According to this view of embodiment, cultural meaning is fundamentally embodied. It means that, we can give meaning to our world in terms of the positions our bodies can take, such as our vertical position and our body movement in space (Lizardo, 2017: 76).

embodiment of sociocultural activity

According to this view, not only cultural meanings but also the activities we perform in our social and cultural environment are embodied. In other words, the forms and types of our activities in different contexts are by no means formed from nothing, but are in some way an extension of our perception of the body and its relationship to the environment.

external embodiment of mind

In this interpretation, embodiment is an umbrella term for cognitive externalization of meaning and action. This view, which is more common in social studies of science and technology, includes studies of the interactions between embodied subjects and artifacts.

embodiment of the collective unconscious

In this interpretation, which is almost the opposite of (c), researchers believe that the body is a place for “internalization of the external”. In other words, not only does our embodied cognition affect the world, such as in tools , activities, and rituals, but the external environment also affects our minds.
Methodology
Relying on embodied cognition approach, which is one of the theories in cognitive science that emphasizes on the interaction between the Mind, Body, and Environment and by providing four interpretations of embodied cognition, the present research have studied, with a descriptive-analytical method, Mauss’s concept of "Habitus" in the lecture " Techniques of the Body".
Results
By examining examples of habitus in Mauss's lecture, such as habitus of hunting, walking, digging, and swimming, based on the four interpretations of the embodied cognition, this article show how in each of these examples we can see the effect of mind, body, and environment on each other. Of course, this claim does not mean in any way that these three components are separate or have a cause and effect relationship with each other, but this relationship should be viewed as a dialectical relationship between these three components. However, findings show in this dialectical relationship between mind, body, and environment, one of components sometimes plays a more prominent role than the other two components. For example, in the case of magic in hunting, we can see how magic as an aspect of the cognitive unconscious (mind/ the psych) can help individuals to overcome their physical and environmental limitations; Or how technologies as a part of the environment (the social) contribute to mental processes (the psych). In short, it seems applying the theory of embodied cognition on the analysis of habitus helps us to study social facts in a framework within which the interaction between mind, body and environment take place.
Conclusion
The findings showed that Mauss's perception of Habitus as a "Total Social Fact" which has simultaneously the psychological, biological and the social aspects has a meaningful concordance with the interaction of the Mind, Body and Environment as a cognitive ecosystem in embodied cognition approach. Accordingly, this article claims that Habitus can be considered as one of the connecting concepts of cognitive sciences and social sciences and it can be used to establish and consolidate the foundations of cognitive social science as an emergent interdisciplinary field.
 
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Body Techniques
• Embodied Cognition
• Habitus
• Marcel Mass
• Total Social Fact