نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• سمیه رحمانی ¹
• ابوتراب طالبی ²
• محمد سعید ذکائی ³

¹ دانشجوی دکتری جامعه شناسی فرهنگی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران

² دانشیار مطالعات فرهنگی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران

³ استاد جامعه شناسی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

 
سوژگی، تجربه بازاندیشانه آگاهی و عاملیت فردی در تعامل با خود و با دیگری حقیقی، نمادین و نهادین است. هدف از این مطالعه، فهم پیچیدگی‌های اجتماعی و معنایی پدیده‌ی سوژگی زنان کرد است. این مطالعه با استفاده از نمونه‌گیری نظری و مصاحبه‌ی عمیق فردی با 43 زن کرد و تشکیل یک گروه متمرکز شش نفره، در چارچوب رویکرد تفسیری - برساخت‌گرایانه و با روش گراندد تئوری انجام شده است. بر اساس یافته‌های این پژوهش سوژگی زنان کرد از مجرای تجربه تعلیق به‌عنوان پدیده محوری قابل‌درک است این تجربه تحت عنوان چهار مفهوم تعلیق شناخت و عاملیت، تعلیق تجربه زیسته، تعلیق آگاهانه ترس و تعلیق به‌مثابه استراتژی قرار گرفتند. نهادهای هنجاری، نهادهای نظارتی، در اقلیت بودگی و وضعیت اقتصادی از مقولات مرتبط با شرایط زمینه‌ای و مناسبات نهادی، تجربه انقیاد، ارتباطات اجتماعی و منابع در دسترس فرد از شرایط مداخله‌گر به‌حساب می‌آیند. استراتژی محافظتی، استراتژی مقاومتی و مذاکره سه گونه راهبرد تشخیص داده شدند. درنهایت این مطالعه با نشان دادن پیچیدگی سوژگی در تجارب زنان کرد، نشان می‌دهد که سوژگی زنان کرد، سوژگی‌های لغزنده، ترکیبی و چندگانه هستند و در سه مقوله سوژگی زنانه، سوژگی غیرفعال - تجسم نیافته -درونی در مقابل سوژگی تجسم‌یافته/ فعال و سوژگی دلوکالیزه قرار می‌گیرند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• سوژگی
• تجربه تعلیق
• مناسبات قدرت
• تجربه زیسته
• جنسیت

موضوعات

• جامعه شناسی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analyzing the Subjectivity of Kurdish Women: Conformity or Resistance within Social Contexts

نویسندگان [English]

• Somayeh Rahmani ¹
• aboutorab talebi ²
• Mohammadsaeed Zokaei ³

¹ Allameh Tabataba’i University

² Member of the Faculty of Social Sciences,Allameh Tabataba’i University

³ Member of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University

چکیده [English]

 
Subjectivity is the reflexive experience of awareness and individual agency in interaction with oneself and with others in the real, symbolic, and institutional realms. This study aims to comprehend the social and semantic complexities of the subjectivity of Kurdish women. The research employed theoretical sampling and in-depth individual interviews with 43 Kurdish women, supplemented by the formation of a focus group consisting of six individuals, within the interpretive-constructivist approach and grounded theory method framework. The findings reveal that the subjectivity of Kurdish women can be grasped through the central phenomenon of suspension. This experience was categorized into four concepts: suspension of cognition and agency, suspension of lived experience, conscious suspension of fear, and suspension as a strategy. Contextual conditions and institutional relations encompass normative institutions, regulatory institutions, minority status, and economic status while intervening conditions include experiences of subjugation, social connections, and available resources. Three types of strategies emerged: protection strategy, resistance strategy, and negotiation. Ultimately, this study demonstrates the intricate nature of subjectivity in Kurdish women's experiences, depicting it as fluid, mixed, and multifaceted, and existing within three categories of female subjectivity, passive-unembodied-internal subjectivity vs. embodied/active subjectivity, and delocalized subjectivity.
Keywords: Subjectivity, Suspension Experience, Power Relations, Lived Experience, Gender.
Introduction
This study focuses on the subjectivity of Kurdish women in Iran This study focuses on the subjectivity of Kurdish women in Iran. There has been a noticeable shift in attitudes, roles, and gender relations within Iranian society, with women now taking a more prominent role in the public sphere and challenging traditional gender norms. The increasing utilization of transnational communication and social networks has reduced governmental control over social relations, leading to the emergence of new power dynamics and associated conflicts. The intricate intersection of gender, ethnicity, and politics poses a significant challenge in exploring the subjectivity of Kurdish women in Iran. This research aims to investigate how to comprehend, interpret, and transform the subjectivity of Kurdish women within a specific social context characterized by institutionalized social powers.
Theoretical Framework
This study relies theoretically and conceptually on social constructionism and interpretation. According to this perspective, subjectivity is socially constructed, dependent on time, text, and social context, and it continually evolves. It is intersubjective and closely linked to power dynamics and resistance to domination. Individuals actively interpret phenomena, assign meaning to them, and subsequently act based on this understanding. Concepts such as reflexive awareness, practical awareness, and rethinking in Anthony Giddens' theory, as well as concepts of capital, habitus, and social field in Pierre Bourdieu's theory, are instrumental in framing the concept of subjectivity. Additionally, from a perspective theory standpoint, women's subjectivity is constructed by their social and historical position. Those occupying marginal positions in society may offer unique insights into power relations and social structures. Finally, intersectionality theory offers valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of gender, power, and resistance within society. It underscores that women's experiences of hegemony and resistance are diverse and not uniform.
Materials and Methods
The methodology employed in this research is grounded theory, drawing from the constructivist approach outlined by Charms (1995). The primary focus of the inquiry is Kurdish women in Iran. Sample selection follows a theoretical and purposeful sampling method. Data collection comprised individual and focused interviews, supplemented in some cases by participant observation. The interviews were conducted in-depth and followed a semi-structured format. The final sample selection was based on the centrality of the recurring and pivotal phenomenon identified in this research, termed the "suspension experience." Subsequent analysis utilized open, focused, and theoretical coding techniques. The research's validity was ensured through triangulation, facilitating multiple perspectives, documenting interviewees' reactions, and reflections on initial interpretations. Care was taken to offer comprehensive explanations, incorporate quotations, highlight diverse viewpoints on topics, and meticulously attend to detail.
Results
Based on the findings of this research, Kurdish women's subjectivity can be comprehended through the lens of the suspension experience, which emerges as a central phenomenon. This experience is elucidated through four key concepts: suspension of cognition and agency, suspension of lived experience, conscious suspension of fear, and suspension as a strategic approach.
Contextual conditions encompass categories such as normative institutions, regulatory institutions, minority status, and economic status. Intervening conditions are factors that accelerate, facilitate, maintain, or alter subjectivity through the experience of suspension, which serves as the central category in this research. Here, four main theoretical categories were identified: institutional relations (including family, educational, and governmental institutions), experiences of subjugation and oppression (with an emphasis on violence and discrimination), social connections (with a focus on non-family interactions), and available resources (with an emphasis on cultural, social, and economic capital).
Strategies refer to the methods that Kurdish women use to cope with their suspension experiences and optimize their conditions. The strategies of women activists are divided into three components: protection strategies, resistance strategies, and negotiation strategies. Social frustration, empowerment, and a reduced sense of social belonging emerge as consequences of the suspension experience.
The characteristics resulting from the suspension experience are multifaceted and intertwined. Kurdish women's subjectivity is divided into three areas: female subjectivity, passive-unembodied-internal subjectivity vs. embodied/active subjectivity, and delocalized subjectivity. Delocalized subjectivity requires the integration of pre-existing structural and identity elements with a rethought understanding by Kurdish women.
Conclusion
Given the prevailing social atmosphere in Iranian society and Kurdish women's self-awareness of their position, they undergo a form of suspension, which appears as a gap between action and reality, despite often clear boundaries. This gap, delineated by the women themselves in their narratives, seems to be widening over time. Centering on the experience of suspension is crucial for gaining insights into aspects of latent subjectivity or how it remains concealed before emerging. The properties stemming from the suspension experience are fluid and multifaceted, enabling individuals to navigate between various bases and social situations, offering opportunities for resistance at the intersection of constraints.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Subjectivity
• Suspension Experience
• Power Relations
• Lived Experience
• Gender