نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
چکیده
چکیده
با توجه به تسلط تاریخی روششناسی اثباتیـ کمّی بر بخش عمدهای از نظریه وروش در علوماجتماعی، غالباً چنین تصور شده که روشهای کیفی فاقد ساختار و رویههای منظم بوده و از اصول تعریفشده و کلاسیک روشهای کمّی اثباتی تبعیت نمیکنند. بر این مبنا، فرض شده است که نتایج و استدلالهای مبتنی بر آن چندان متقن و قابل اعتماد نبوده و این نوع روششناسی فاقد معیارهای ارزیابی و دقتپذیری میباشد. این در حالی است که روششناسان و محققان کیفی در خلال چند دهة اخیر راهبردها و معیارهایی را برای ارزیابی کیفیت دادهها و نتایج تحقیقات کیفی ارائه دادهاند که نسبت به معیارهای تحقیق کمّی بسیار متنوعتر به نظر میرسند. در این راستا، هدف از این مقاله معرفی معیارهای ارزیابی کیفیت و بررسی اصول و راهبردهای اعتباریابی و تعمیمپذیری در تحقیق کیفی است. در این مقاله، سعی شده است راهبردها و معیارهای گوناگون تعیین کیفیت، معتبرسازی و تعمیمپذیری در تحقیق کیفی مطرح و برخی از مهمترین آنها مورد بحث قرار گیرند.
واژه‌های کلیدی: تحقیق کیفی، ارزیابی کیفیت، قابلیت اعتماد، زاویهبندی، انتقالپذیری، برونیابی.
چکیده
با توجه به تسلط تاریخی روششناسی اثباتیـ کمّی بر بخش عمدهای از نظریه وروش در علوماجتماعی، غالباً چنین تصور شده که روشهای کیفی فاقد ساختار و رویههای منظم بوده و از اصول تعریفشده و کلاسیک روشهای کمّی اثباتی تبعیت نمیکنند. بر این مبنا، فرض شده است که نتایج و استدلالهای مبتنی بر آن چندان متقن و قابل اعتماد نبوده و این نوع روششناسی فاقد معیارهای ارزیابی و دقتپذیری میباشد. این در حالی است که روششناسان و محققان کیفی در خلال چند دهة اخیر راهبردها و معیارهایی را برای ارزیابی کیفیت دادهها و نتایج تحقیقات کیفی ارائه دادهاند که نسبت به معیارهای تحقیق کمّی بسیار متنوعتر به نظر میرسند. در این راستا، هدف از این مقاله معرفی معیارهای ارزیابی کیفیت و بررسی اصول و راهبردهای اعتباریابی و تعمیمپذیری در تحقیق کیفی است. در این مقاله، سعی شده است راهبردها و معیارهای گوناگون تعیین کیفیت، معتبرسازی و تعمیمپذیری در تحقیق کیفی مطرح و برخی از مهمترین آنها مورد بحث قرار گیرند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
ارزیابی کیفیت در تحقیق کیفی: اصول و راهبردهای اعتباریابی و تعمیمپذیری دکتر احمد محمدپور
منابع
- Arminio, J. L., and F. H. Hultgren (2002), “Breaking Out from the Shadow: The Question of Criteria in Qualitative Research”,Journal of College Student Development, 43, 446–456.
- Belcher, J. (1991), “Understanding the Process of Social Drift among the Homeless: A Qualitative Analysis”, In E. Sherman and W. J. Reid (Eds.), Qualitative Research in Social Work, New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press.
- Bryman, A. (1988), Quantity and Quality in Social Research,London: Unwin Hyman.
- Bryman, A. (2004), Social Research Methods, Second edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Burns, N. and S. K. Grove. (2005), The Practice of Nursing Research: Conduct, Critique, & Utilization, Fifth Edition: Saunders Press. Pp: 383-384.
- Campbell, D. T., and D. W. Fiske (1959). Convergent and Discriminate validation by the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix, Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81–105
- Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Creswell, J. W. (2003).Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, London: Sage Publication.
- Cronbach, L. and et al (1975),”Beyond the Two Disciplines of Scientific Psychology”, American Psychologist, 30:116-127.
- Cronbach, L. and et al, (1980), Toward Reform of Program evaluation, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Cronbach, L. (1982). Designing Evaluations of Educational and Social Programs, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Depoy, E. and L. Gitlin (2005), Introduction to Research: Understanding and Applying Multiple Strategies, Third Edition, Mosby Press.
- Denzin, Norman and Yvonna, S. Lincoln, (1994), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, Second Edition, London: Sage Publication Ltd.
- Denzin, Norman and Yvonna S. Lincoln, (2005). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, Third Edition, London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Denzin, Norman, (1989), The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods, Third Editions, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. P: 347.
- Denzin, Norman and Yvonna Lincoln. (2005). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Eisner, E. W. (1975), “The Perceptive Eye: Toward the Reformulation of Educational Evaluation”, In Occasional Papers of the Stanford Evaluation Consortium (Mimeo), Stanford, CA: StanfordUniversity.
- Eisner, E. W. (1998), The Enlightened Eye: Qualitative Inquiry and the Enhancement of Educational Practice,Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill.
- Erlandson, David (1993), Doing Naturalistic Inquiry. London: Sage Publications.
- Fielding, Nigel and Jane Fielding, (1986), Linking Data, London: Sage Publications Ltd. P: 43.
- Gabrium Jaber, and Holestein, James.(1997), The New Language of Qualitative Research, London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Glesne, Corrine. (2006). Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Introduction (3rd Ed.). Boston: Pearson.
- Guba, E. G., and Y. S. Lincoln (1982). “Epistemological and Methodological Bases of Naturalistic Inquiry, Educational Communication and Technology Journal 30 (4), 233-252.
- Guba, E. G., and Y. S. Lincoln (1989). Fourth generation evaluation, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Guba, E. G. and Y. S. Lincoln (2005). “Paradigmatic Controversies, Contradictions, and Emerging Confluences”, In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. Third Edition, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. P: 194
- Guba, E. G. (1978), Toward a Methodology of Naturalist Inquiry in Educational Evaluation, CSE Monograph series in evaluation. No. 8, Los Angeles: Center for the Study of Evaluation
- Hammersley, M. (1992), what’s Wrong With Ethnography? London: Rutledge. Pp: 57, 67.
- Holliday, A. (2002), Doing and Writing Qualitative Research, London: Sage Publications. P: 8.
- Johnson, R. B., and L. B. Christensen (2008), Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches, (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Pp: 275, 282.
- Kaplan, A, (1964), The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Sciences, San Francisco: Chandler. P: 91.
- Kimchi J, B. Polivka, and J. S. Stevenson (1991), “Triangulation: Operational Definitions”, In, Nursing Research; 40: 364-366.
- Kirk, J, and M. L. Miller (1986), Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research, London: Sage.
- Krathwohl, D. R. (2004), Methods of Educational and Social Science Research: An Integrated Approach, Second Edition, Long Grove, IL:Waveland Press. Pp: 271-280.
- Kvale, Steinar and Svend Brinkmann,(2009), InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing, Second Editions, Sage Publications.
- Lather, P. (1993), 'Fertile Obsession: Validity after Poststructuralism” In, The Sociological Quarterly, 34(4): 673-693.
- Lee, R. M. (2000). Unobtrusive methods in social research, Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
- Lincoln, Y. S., and E. G. Guba, (1985). Naturalistic inquiry, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. P: 124.
- Marshall, C, and Rossman, G. B. (1999), Designing Qualitative Research, Newbury Park, CA. Sage Publications Inc.
- Maxwell, J. (1997).”Designing a Qualitative Study”, In L. Bickman & D. J. Rog (Eds.), Handbook of applied social research methods (pp. 69–100). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Maxwell, J. (2004), Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approache, Second Edition, London: Sage Publications.
- Meloy, J, M. (1994), Writing the Qualitative Dissertation: Understanding by Doing, Hillsdale, NJ:Lawerence Erlbaum.
- Mills, M. B. and M. Huberman (1994), Qualitative Data Analysis: Sourcebook of New Methods, London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Mitchell, Richard, (1993), Scarcy and Fieldwork, London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Neuman, L. (2006). Social Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Third Edition. London: Allyn and Bacon. Pp: 404-405.
- Neuman,. (2007), Basics of Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Second Edition, Allyn & Bacon.
- Patton, M. (2001). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods, London: Sage Publication. Pp: 555, 584.
- Ritchie, Jane and Jane. Lewis, (2005),Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers, London: Sage Publications Ltd. P: 267.
- Royse, David, (2004), Research Methods in Social Work, Fourth Edition, Thomson- Brooks/Cole Press.
- Seale, C.(1999), The Quality of Qualitative Research, Oxford, Blackwell.
- Shank, G. (2006), Qualitative Research: A Personal Skills Approach, Pearson, Merril Prentice- Hall. P: 113.
- Silverman, D. (2005). Doing Qualitative Research, London: Sage Publication. P: 512.
- Singelton, R. and et al., (2005), Approaches to Social Research, London: Sage Publication.
- Study Method in Social Inquiry”, Educational Researcher 7:5-8.
- Stake, R. (1995), The Art of Case Study Research, London: Sage. P:6.
- Stake, R. (2000),”Case Studies”, Pp 435-54, in Handbook of Qualitative Research, 2nd Edition, edited by Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincolon, London: Sage.
- Tashakkori, A., and C. Teddlie (1998), Mixed Methodology: Combining the Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. P: 69.
- Teddlie, C. and A. Tashakkori (2009), Foundations of Mixed Method Research: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Techniques in the Social and Behavioral Sciences, First Edition, London: Sage Publications. P: 86, 294.
- Wolcott, Harry, (2005), The Art of Fieldwork, Second Edition, AltaMira Press.
- Yin, R. K. (2003), Case Study Research: Design and Methods (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
منابع
- Arminio, J. L., and F. H. Hultgren (2002), “Breaking Out from the Shadow: The Question of Criteria in Qualitative Research”,Journal of College Student Development, 43, 446–456.
- Belcher, J. (1991), “Understanding the Process of Social Drift among the Homeless: A Qualitative Analysis”, In E. Sherman and W. J. Reid (Eds.), Qualitative Research in Social Work, New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press.
- Bryman, A. (1988), Quantity and Quality in Social Research,London: Unwin Hyman.
- Bryman, A. (2004), Social Research Methods, Second edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Burns, N. and S. K. Grove. (2005), The Practice of Nursing Research: Conduct, Critique, & Utilization, Fifth Edition: Saunders Press. Pp: 383-384.
- Campbell, D. T., and D. W. Fiske (1959). Convergent and Discriminate validation by the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix, Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81–105
- Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Creswell, J. W. (2003).Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, London: Sage Publication.
- Cronbach, L. and et al (1975),”Beyond the Two Disciplines of Scientific Psychology”, American Psychologist, 30:116-127.
- Cronbach, L. and et al, (1980), Toward Reform of Program evaluation, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Cronbach, L. (1982). Designing Evaluations of Educational and Social Programs, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Depoy, E. and L. Gitlin (2005), Introduction to Research: Understanding and Applying Multiple Strategies, Third Edition, Mosby Press.
- Denzin, Norman and Yvonna, S. Lincoln, (1994), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, Second Edition, London: Sage Publication Ltd.
- Denzin, Norman and Yvonna S. Lincoln, (2005). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, Third Edition, London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Denzin, Norman, (1989), The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods, Third Editions, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. P: 347.
- Denzin, Norman and Yvonna Lincoln. (2005). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Eisner, E. W. (1975), “The Perceptive Eye: Toward the Reformulation of Educational Evaluation”, In Occasional Papers of the Stanford Evaluation Consortium (Mimeo), Stanford, CA: StanfordUniversity.
- Eisner, E. W. (1998), The Enlightened Eye: Qualitative Inquiry and the Enhancement of Educational Practice,Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill.
- Erlandson, David (1993), Doing Naturalistic Inquiry. London: Sage Publications.
- Fielding, Nigel and Jane Fielding, (1986), Linking Data, London: Sage Publications Ltd. P: 43.
- Gabrium Jaber, and Holestein, James.(1997), The New Language of Qualitative Research, London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Glesne, Corrine. (2006). Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Introduction (3rd Ed.). Boston: Pearson.
- Guba, E. G., and Y. S. Lincoln (1982). “Epistemological and Methodological Bases of Naturalistic Inquiry, Educational Communication and Technology Journal 30 (4), 233-252.
- Guba, E. G., and Y. S. Lincoln (1989). Fourth generation evaluation, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Guba, E. G. and Y. S. Lincoln (2005). “Paradigmatic Controversies, Contradictions, and Emerging Confluences”, In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. Third Edition, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. P: 194
- Guba, E. G. (1978), Toward a Methodology of Naturalist Inquiry in Educational Evaluation, CSE Monograph series in evaluation. No. 8, Los Angeles: Center for the Study of Evaluation
- Hammersley, M. (1992), what’s Wrong With Ethnography? London: Rutledge. Pp: 57, 67.
- Holliday, A. (2002), Doing and Writing Qualitative Research, London: Sage Publications. P: 8.
- Johnson, R. B., and L. B. Christensen (2008), Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches, (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Pp: 275, 282.
- Kaplan, A, (1964), The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Sciences, San Francisco: Chandler. P: 91.
- Kimchi J, B. Polivka, and J. S. Stevenson (1991), “Triangulation: Operational Definitions”, In, Nursing Research; 40: 364-366.
- Kirk, J, and M. L. Miller (1986), Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research, London: Sage.
- Krathwohl, D. R. (2004), Methods of Educational and Social Science Research: An Integrated Approach, Second Edition, Long Grove, IL:Waveland Press. Pp: 271-280.
- Kvale, Steinar and Svend Brinkmann,(2009), InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing, Second Editions, Sage Publications.
- Lather, P. (1993), 'Fertile Obsession: Validity after Poststructuralism” In, The Sociological Quarterly, 34(4): 673-693.
- Lee, R. M. (2000). Unobtrusive methods in social research, Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
- Lincoln, Y. S., and E. G. Guba, (1985). Naturalistic inquiry, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. P: 124.
- Marshall, C, and Rossman, G. B. (1999), Designing Qualitative Research, Newbury Park, CA. Sage Publications Inc.
- Maxwell, J. (1997).”Designing a Qualitative Study”, In L. Bickman & D. J. Rog (Eds.), Handbook of applied social research methods (pp. 69–100). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Maxwell, J. (2004), Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approache, Second Edition, London: Sage Publications.
- Meloy, J, M. (1994), Writing the Qualitative Dissertation: Understanding by Doing, Hillsdale, NJ:Lawerence Erlbaum.
- Mills, M. B. and M. Huberman (1994), Qualitative Data Analysis: Sourcebook of New Methods, London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Mitchell, Richard, (1993), Scarcy and Fieldwork, London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Neuman, L. (2006). Social Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Third Edition. London: Allyn and Bacon. Pp: 404-405.
- Neuman,. (2007), Basics of Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Second Edition, Allyn & Bacon.
- Patton, M. (2001). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods, London: Sage Publication. Pp: 555, 584.
- Ritchie, Jane and Jane. Lewis, (2005),Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers, London: Sage Publications Ltd. P: 267.
- Royse, David, (2004), Research Methods in Social Work, Fourth Edition, Thomson- Brooks/Cole Press.
- Seale, C.(1999), The Quality of Qualitative Research, Oxford, Blackwell.
- Shank, G. (2006), Qualitative Research: A Personal Skills Approach, Pearson, Merril Prentice- Hall. P: 113.
- Silverman, D. (2005). Doing Qualitative Research, London: Sage Publication. P: 512.
- Singelton, R. and et al., (2005), Approaches to Social Research, London: Sage Publication.
- Study Method in Social Inquiry”, Educational Researcher 7:5-8.
- Stake, R. (1995), The Art of Case Study Research, London: Sage. P:6.
- Stake, R. (2000),”Case Studies”, Pp 435-54, in Handbook of Qualitative Research, 2nd Edition, edited by Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincolon, London: Sage.
- Tashakkori, A., and C. Teddlie (1998), Mixed Methodology: Combining the Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. P: 69.
- Teddlie, C. and A. Tashakkori (2009), Foundations of Mixed Method Research: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Techniques in the Social and Behavioral Sciences, First Edition, London: Sage Publications. P: 86, 294.
- Wolcott, Harry, (2005), The Art of Fieldwork, Second Edition, AltaMira Press.
- Yin, R. K. (2003), Case Study Research: Design and Methods (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
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