نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

• مریم زارعیان

استادیار مطالعات اجتماعی و توسعه پایدار مرکز تحقیقات راه، مسکن و شهرسازی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

 
اوضاع نامناسب در سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی شامل مسکن نامتعارف، زیرساخت‌های محدود، آسیب‌پذیری بالا در برابر بلایای طبیعی، مسائل زیست‌محیطی و بهداشتی، تراکم زیاد جمعیت، مشکلات اجتماعی، کمبود امکانات و خدمات زندگی، اشتغال غیررسمی و تصرف غیرقانونی زمین، مدیریت شهری را با چالش‌های جدی در ارائه خدمات شهری مواجه می‌کند. همچنین محرومیت این مناطق از تسهیلات رایج در سایر بخش‌های شهر، آن‌ها را به کانون مسائل شهری مرتبط با توسعه پایدار تبدیل می‌کند. تخلیه و تخریب این مناطق از راهکارهای متداولی است که پیش روی مدیران شهری قرار دارد. مقاله حاضر به بررسی تأثیر تخلیه‌های اجباری و پیشنهاد راهکارهای جایگزین با روش اسنادی می‌پردازد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که راهکارهایی مانند تصرف مطمئن مسکن، به اشتراک گذاشتن زمین و اسکان مجدد می‌توانند جایگزین تخریب باشند. بررسی‌ها نشان می‌دهد مواجهه مدیریت شهری با سکونتگاه‌های نابسامان شهری در ایران در قالب راهبرد ارتقای محلات، اسکان مجدد و تضمین امنیت تصرف بوده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• تخلیه
• تخریب
• سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی
• بازآفرینی
• ایران

موضوعات

• برنامه ریزی، رفاه و تعاون

عنوان مقاله [English]

Alternatives to Residentail Demolition of Urban Poor Communites in Iran

نویسنده [English]

• Maryam Zareian

Assistant Professor, Department Social Studies and Sustainable Development, Road, Housing & Urban Development Research Center,Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

 
Urban management has serious challenges because of unsuitable conditions in informal settlements, including unconventional housing, limited infrastructure, high vulnerability to natural hazards, environmental and health issues, high population density, social problems, lack of life facilities and services, informal employment and illegal possession of the land. Also, the deprivation of these areas from Public facilities makes them the focus of urban problems related to sustainable development. Evacuation and destruction of these areas is one of the common solutions facing city managers. This article examines the impact of forced evacuations and suggests alternative solutions with a documentary method. The results show that secure tenure and on-site upgrading,land Sharing and resettlement are eviction alternative. Surveys show that the solution of urban policy makers for urban poor communites in Iran has been in the form of resettlement and Secure tenure and on-site upgrading.
Keywords: Eviction, Destruction, Informal Settlements, Regeneration, Iran.
 
 

Introduction

In developing countries such as Iran, where natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes occur a lot, and also development of urban infrastructures is underway, the mandatory evacuation of residents of unorganized urban settlements is recommended by urban policy makers. But even in cases where forced evacuation has justified reasons and is in the interest of the public, it is still not carried out in accordance with international laws and is usually carried out without prior notice and without going through legal procedures. Forced evaluation of unorganized urban settlements that are the habitat of poor families leads to the increase of poverty and economic problems of the residents of these communities.
According to the Director General of the Sustainable Urban Regeneration Office of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, there are about 974 informal settlements in the country with a population of about 11 to 13 million people, which includes 20% of the country's population. And sometimes the demolition of these settlements by bulldozing is considered as one of the ways to deal with unorganized urban settlements. the question is, what are the consequences of the forced evacuation of these settlements and what are the alternative solutions?
Research Question(s)
what are the consequences of the forced evacuation of these settlements and what are the alternative solutions?
Literature Review
Studies show that the forced evacuation of residents of informal settlements has many social, economic and psychological consequences. These consequences include the following:
Social disruption: the destruction of social networks and the loss of social capital in these societies (Barenstein, 2015).
Conflict and tension: the possibility of conflict over limited resources as well as cultural differences between the new residents and the natives of the new area (Terminki, 2013: 101).
Inequality: Unequal distribution of resources and services among different social and economic groups, which negatively affects women and vulnerable groups in particular
(Dickinson, 2013;Quarantelli, 1985).
Changing of lifestyle: changing the family structure, loss of livelihood resources and creating psychological problems such as stress and depression (Terminki, 2013: 101).
Decreasing social prestige: decreasing of the power and influence of local leaders and increase instability in the management structure.
Legal and economic problems: loss of land ownership, reduced access to vital resources, and increased poverty and homelessness (Terminki, 2013: 101).
Studies show that these consequences are especially severe for women, the elderly, the disabled and other vulnerable groups.
However, studies show that the negative consequences of forced evictions can be alleviated by adopting collaborative approaches and providing infrastructure services. The experience of some cities such as Surabaya and Karachi shows that informal settlements can be improved with the participation of residents and instead of evacuation turned into sustainable neighborhoods.
Methodology
This study is an applied research and its investigation method is a combination of documentary, descriptive and analytical research methods.
Results
Solution: The Iranian government to deal with the challenge of informal settlements, has implemented an urban regeneration plan with a dual approach.
A few cases of actions in informal settlements:
-Sanandaj
Actions: Construction of a school, cultural center, educational workshop complex, park Reconstruction and handicraft production/supply complex
-Bandar abbas
Actions: improving urban infrastructure (water, electricity, sewage, lighting), improving urban services (health, education, cultural), empowering local management and residents
-Ahvaz
Target neighborhoods: manba ab neighborhood
Actions: Resettlement of 811 households in a safer place and construction of 1680 residential units.
In many of these projects, a lot of emphasis has been placed on the active participation of residents in decision-making and project implementation.
Conclusion
Informal settlements suffer from various problems including:
Unsuitable living conditions, illegal occupation of land and non-compliance with construction regulations
The traditional solution to deal with these settlements is forced evacuation, but it has many consequences.
There are alternative ways to deal with these communities: including secure housing and neighborhood improvement and resettlement. But the important thing is to attract the participation and cooperation of the residents in the implementation of the solutions, and the decision-making and implementation of the plans should be done with the active participation of the residents. Their social needs should also be taken into consideration.
studies show that in the measures taken in Iran regarding urban settlements, the general approach has been to focus on physical improvement and providing infrastructure services.
Acknowledgments
The initial version of this article was presented at the National Conference on the Social Situation of Iran, hosted by Allameh Tabataba'i University and supported by the Ministry of Interior's Social Affairs Organization in Murch 2022. The author would like to express their gratitude to the organizers and supporters of the conference for providing the opportunity to present this article and subsequently revise and expand it to its current form.
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Eviction
• Destruction
• Informal Settlements
• Regeneration
• Iran