نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد مطالعات زنان و خانواده، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار مطالعات زنان و خانواده، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی و اقتصاد، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر باهدف واکاوی بسترها و زمینه‌های شکل‌دهنده نابرابری جنسیتی در بازارکار و اشتغال و با استفاده از رویکرد کیفی پدیدارشناختی و مبتنی بر تجربیات زیسته زنان ساکن شهر تهران انجام شده است. به این ‌منظور، با 23 زن 18 تا 68 ساله که به روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شده‌اند، مصاحبه‌های نیمه ساختاریافته انجام شد تا بسترها و زمینه‌های شکل‌دهنده نابرابری جنسیتی در بازار کار و اشتغال واکاوی گردد. در مرحله تحلیل داده‌ها، از روش تحلیل داده کلایزی استفاده‌شده و فرایندکدگذاری متن مصاحبه‌ها به‌صورت دستی انجام شده است. درمجموع 3 مقوله‌اصلی، 10 مقوله‌فرعی و 59 مفهوم استخراج شد. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که سه مقوله «باور به تقسیم‌کار جنسیتی»، شامل مقوله­های فرعی «نان‌آوری مردان»، «زنانگی و الزامات آن» و «جایگاه زنان در عرصه خصوصی»، «نهادینه شدن فرودستی زنان»، شامل مقوله­های فرعی «جامعه‌پذیری زنان»، «سلطه‌پذیری زنان» و «باورها و کلیشه‌های جنسیتی مردمحورانه» و درنهایت مقوله‌اصلی «سیطره الگوی مردانه»، شامل مقوله­های فرعی؛ «اعتقاد به برتری مردان»، «سلطه‌جویی مردان»، «توانمندپنداری ذاتی مردان» و «نادیده گرفتن توانمندی زنان در عرصه بازارکار و شغل»، بسترها و زمینه­های شکل‌دهنده این پدیده هستند که با بستر فرهنگی حاکم بر جامعه و خانواده تداوم پیداکرده و دائم تولید و بازتولید می­شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analysis Contexts of Gender Inequality in the Labor Market and Employment

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Ghareh Hasanloo 1
  • Zahra Mirhosseini 2

1 Master of Women and Family Studies, , Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor of Women and Family Studies , Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra university, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

This study aims to analyze the context forming gender inequality in the job market and employment through a phenomenological qualitative approach based on the lived experiences of women living in Tehran. Hence, a semi-structured interview was conducted on 23 women from 18 to 68 years old, who were selected through purposive sampling to analyze the context of gender inequality in the job market and employment. Colaizzi’s method of data analysis was utilized. Additionally, coding the text of the interviews was done manually. In total, three categories, ten subcategories, and 59 concepts were extracted. According to the research results, the “Belief in gendered division of labor” category, consisting of “The breadwinning of men,” “Femininity and its necessities,” and “The status of women in private” subcategories; the “Institualization of women’s inferiority” category, consisting of “the socialization of women,” “the submission of women,” and “male-oriented gender stereotypes” subcategories; and the “predominance of patriarchal paradigms” category, consisting of “belief in the superiority of men,” “the domination of men,” “the innate empowerment of men,” and “neglecting the power of women in the job market” subcategories are some of the context forming this phenomenon, which has been reinforced in the cultural context ruling over society and families while they are constantly being produced and reproduced.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Gender Inequality
  • Women
  • Labor Market and Employment
  • Socio-Economic Issues
Abedini, S., Rasoolzadeh Aghdam, S., Saboori Kazaj, P. (2019). The Typology of the Concept Perceptions of Gender Justice with Emphasis on Ethnicity. Journal of Woman in Culture Arts, 11(3), 433-457. [in Persian].
Alasvand, F. (2018). Gender Justice, Jurisprudential and Legal Studies of Woman and Family, 1(1), 59-78.
Anyanwu, J. C. (2016). Analysis of gender equality in youth employment in Africa. African Development Review, 28(4), 397-415.
Blackledge, P. (2020). Marxism and Normative Theory. Critique, 48(2-3), 287-297.
Brussevich, M., & Dabla-Norris, E. (2021). China's Rebalancing and Gender Inequality (May 1, 2021). IMF Working Paper No. 2021/138.
Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods (Vol. 4th). Glasgow: Bell & Bain Ltd.
Chen, L. (2018). Impact of gender discrimination on workplace gender inequalities in China in the last decade. Peace and Development Work Master Thesis.
Cheshme ghasabani, N., Malek sadati, S., Naji Meidani, A. (2021). Gender pays gap of public-private sectors in the Iranian Labor Market: decomposition approach based on Tobit model with instrumental variable. Quarterly Journal of Quantitative Economics, 2(1), 77-90. [in Persian].
Cossham, A. F. (2017). An evaluation of phenomenography. Library and Information Research, 41(125), 17-31.
Creswell, J. W., Hanson, W. E., Clark Plano, V. L., & Morales, A. (2007). Qualitative research designs: Selection and implementation. The counseling psychologist, 35(2), 236-264.
Estiri, L. Tafazoli, H. Soltani, A. (2019). The status of women's employment in the macro policies of the country after the Islamic Revolution, The Islamic Revolution Approach, 13(46), 159-181. [in Persian].
Ghanbari, F., Fathi, S. (2017). Investigating Factors Affecting the Production of Gender Inequality among Families of Garmsar. Journal of policing& social studies of women & family (pssw), 1396(8), 69-86. [in Persian].
Horsburgh, J., & Ippolito, K. (2018). A skill to be worked at: using social learning theory to explore the process of learning from role models in clinical settings. BMC medical education, 18(1), 156.
Imani, M. (2020). Studying the Role of Women in the British Economy (Employment in Society and Industry) Economic Journal (Dual Months Studying Economic Issues and Policy., 19(1), 31-41. [in Persian].
Jamin, J. (2018). Cultural Marxism: A Survey. Religion Compass, 12(1-2), e12258.
Johnson, J. N. (2018). Gender Inequality in the Workplace: The Experience of Female Administrators. California State University, Long Beach.
Litman, L., Robinson, J., Rosen, Z., Rosenzweig, C., Waxman, J., & Bates, L. M. (2020). The persistence of pay inequality: The gender pay gap in an anonymous online labor market. PloS one, 15(2), e0229383.
Marmot, M. (2020). Society and the slow burn of inequality. Lancet (London, England), 395(10234), 1413.
Mehta, B. S., & Awasthi, I. C. (2019). Gender Inequality and Labour Market. In Women and Labour Market Dynamics (pp. 55-80). Springer, Singapore.
Melynyte, S., Wang, G. Y., & Griskova-Bulanova, I. (2018). Gender effects on auditory P300: a systematic review. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 133, 55-65.
Mottagi, N. Hazrati Somei, Z. Ghasemi, Z. (2021). Social Barriers to Women's Access to Macro-political Management after the Islamic Revolution of Iran, Iranian Social Development Studies, 13(3), 265-283. [in Persian].
Mousavi, S, T. (2020). Pathology of Women's Employment, Rahtosheh Journal, 1 (1): 99-109. [in Persian].
Movafagh, M., Nazari, R., shahriary, N. (2022). Explaining the Dimensions of Glass Ceiling over Women's Management in Sports (Qualitative Approach: Meta Synthesis). Woman in Development & Politics, 20(1), 109-130. [in Persian].
Rezaee, H. (2020). Investigating the Impact of Women's Employment on Economic Growth in Selected Middle East Countries: Using the Panel Data. Quarterly Journal of Women and Society, 11(42), 207-226. [in Persian].
Rigi, T. Dayyani, M. H. Fattahi, R. (2019). Phenomenography: a Qualitative Methodology at Information Retrieval Area Studies, Librarianship and Informaion Organization Studies, 30(2), 18-38. [in Persian].
Safari, H., Danesh, P., Safiri, K., Fakhraei, S. (2018). Explaining Gender Inequality in NGOs of East Azerbaijan Province. Quarterly of Social Studies and Research in Iran, 7(1), 179-200. [in Persian].
Shekarbeigi, A. (2017). Gender inequality and its related factors among the women citizens of Boukan and Miandoab, Pazuhesname - ye Zanan, 8(3), 47-67.
Shiri, A., Faraji, E., Yasini, A. (2018). Gender Inequality Experience in Organizational Promotions: A Metaphorical Reading of Glass Escalator effect. Women Studies, 9(24), 1-31. [in Persian].
Shohani, N. Veysinab, B. Amirian, S. Yazdani, M. H. (2019). The study of Comparative situation Gender Inequality Index in the countries of the Indian subcontinent, Journal of Subcontinent Researches, 11(36), 141-156. [in Persian].
Syed, J., Ali, F., & Hennekam, S. (2018). Gender equality in employment in Saudi Arabia: a relational perspective. Career Development International. 23(2), 163-177.
Treas, J., & Tai, T. (2016). Gender inequality in housework across 20 European nations: Lessons from gender stratification theories. Sex Roles, 74(11-12), 495-511.