نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانشیار جامعه‌شناسی پژوهشکده امام خمینی و انقلاب اسلامی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

متون جامعه‌شناسی و روانشناسی دین و داده‌های توصیفی به‌دست‌آمده از پیمایش‌ها و تحقیقات متعدد در جوامع مختلف، ازجمله ایران، همگی حکایت از آن دارند که در طیف وسیعی از سنجه‌ها، زنان مذهبی‌تر از مردان هستند. باوجوداین، تبیین چرایی آن هنوز یک معمای علمی محسوب می‌شود. در مقاله پژوهشی حاضر، ابتدا تلاش گردید در سطح نظری با مروری تحلیلی بر تبیین‌های نظری مربوط به شکاف جنسیتیِ مذهبی در ادبیات جامعه‌شناسی، استدلال‌های اصلی تئوری‌های جایگاه ساختاری، محرومیت، جامعه‌پذیری و ریسک‌پذیری/ریسک‌گریزی در قالب فرضیات تحقیق، استخراج و فرموله شوند. سپس، در سطح تجربی تلاش گردید تا با مقابله این فرضیات با داده‌های حاصل از جمعیت ملّی مسلمانان ایرانی میزان انطباق و تناظر فرضیات یا پیش‌بینی‌های نظری مزبور با داده‌ها و شواهد تجربی مورد ارزیابی و داوری قرار گیرد. نتایج تحقیق، حمایت‌های تجربی برای نظریه‌های محرومیت، جامعه‌پذیری و ریسک‌پذیری/ریسک‌گریزی به ارمغان آورد؛ درحالی‌که نظریه جایگاه ساختاری نتوانست از حمایت تجربی برخوردار گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Why are women more religious than men? A research among Muslim Iranians

نویسنده [English]

  • Mohammadreza Taleban

Associate Professor of Sociology, Institute of Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

The sociological and psychological texts of religion and the descriptive data from numerous surveys and researches in different societies, including Iran, all indicate that in a wide range of measures, women are more religious than men. Nevertheless, explaining why is still a scientific puzzle. In the present research paper, we first try at the theoretical level with an analytical review of the theoretical explanations related to the religious gender gap in the sociological literature, to extract and formulate the main arguments of the theories of structural location, deprivation, socialization, and risk preferences/risk aversion in the form of research hypotheses. Then, at the empirical level, for confront these hypotheses with the data obtained from the national population of Iranian Muslims, the degree of conformity and correspondence of these theoretical predictions with the data and empirical evidence was evaluated and judged. The results of the research provided empirical support for theories of deprivation, socialization, and risk preferences/risk aversion; while structural location theory could not be empirically supported.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Religious gender gap
  • structural location theory
  • deprivation theory
  • socialization theory
  • risk preferences/risk aversion theory
Argyle, Michael (1959) Religious behavior. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Asadi, Ali et al(1974), Cultural Tendencies and Social Attitudes in Iran, published by Research Institute of Communication Sciences and Development of Iran
Becker Penny Edgell and Heather Hofmeister (2001) Work, family, and religious involvement for men and women, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40 (4) 707-722.
Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin & Micheal Argyle (1997) The Psychology of Religious Behavior, London, Routledge.
Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin and Michael Argyle (1997) The psychology of religious behavior, belief and experience. New York: Routledge.
Bibby, Reginald and Merlin Brinkerhoff (1974) Sources of Religious Involvement, Review of Religious Research, 15: 71-79.
Collett, Jessica and Omar Lizardo (2009) A power control theory of gender and religiosity, Journal of Scientific Study of Religion, 48 (2) 213–231.
Cornwall, Marie (1989) The Determinants of Religious Behavior: A Theoretical Model and Empirical Test, Social Forces, 68 (2) 572-592.
Cornwall, Marie (2009) Reifying Sex Difference isn’t the Answer: Gendering Processes, Risk and Religiosity, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 48: 252–55.
Davidson, James (1977) Socioeconomic Status and Ten Dimensions of Religious Commitment, Sociology and Social Research, 61: 462-85.
De Vaus, D.A. (2014), Navigation in Social Research, Translated by Houshang Naibi, Ney Publishing
De Vaus, David (1984) Workforce participation and sex differences in church attendance, Review of Religious Research, 25: 247–58.
De Vaus, David, and Ian McAllister (1987) Gender differences in religion: A test of the structural location theory, American Sociological Review, 52 (4) 472–481.
Devine, Paula (2013) Men, women, and religiosity in Northern Ireland: Testing the theories, Journal of Contemporary Religion, 28 (3) 473–488.
Dittes, James (1971) Some Parallels in the Career of Church-sect and Extrinsic- intrinsic, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 10: 375 – 383.
Edgell, Penny, Jacqui Frost, and Evan Stewart (2017) From existential to social understandings of risk: Examining gender differences in nonreligion, Social Currents, 4 (6) 556–74.
Fichter, Joseph (1969) Sociological Measurement of Religiosity, Review of Religious Research, 10: 169-77.
Finke, Roger and Rodney Stark (1992) The Churching of America, 1776-1990. Rutgers University Press.
Francis, Leslie (1997) The psychology of gender differences in religion: A review of empirical research, Religion, 27 (1) 81–96.
Freese, Jeremy, and James Montgomery (2007) The devil made her do it? Evaluating risk preference as an explanation of sex differences in religiousness, In Advances in group processes: The social psychology of gender, ed. Shelley Correll, pp: 187–230. Oxford: Elsevier.
Furseth, Inger and Pal Repstad (2006) An Introduction to the Sociology of Religion, Ashgate Publishing Company.
Glock, Charles, Benjamin Ringer, and Earl Babbie (1967) To Comfort and to Challenge, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hackett, Conrad (2016) The Religious Gender Gap around the World, Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
Hoffmann, John (2019) Risk preference theory and gender differences in religiousness: A replication and extension. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 58 (1) 210–30.
Iannaccone, Laurence (1990) Religious practice: A human capital approach, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 29: 297–314.
Li, Yi; Robert Woodberry; Hexuan Liu, Guang Guo (2020) Why are Women More Religious than Men? Do Risk Preferences and Genetic Risk Predispositions Explain the Gender Gap?, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 59 (2) 289-310.
Martin, David (1967) A sociology of English religion, London: SCM Press.
Miller, Alan and Rodney Stark (2002) Gender and religiousness: Can socialization explanations be saved?, American Journal of Sociology, 107 (6) 2020–1423
Miller, Alan, and John Hoffmann (1995) Risk and religion: An explanation of gender differences in religiosity. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 34 (1) 63–75.
Mohseni, M(1375). A study of social and cultural knowledge, attitudes and behaviors in Tehran, Deputy Minister of Research and Education of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance.
Morrisch, I(1994). An introduction to the Sociology of Education, Translated by Gholam Ali Sarmad, Published by University publishing center.
Norris, Pippa & Ronald Inglehart (2004) Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Norris, Pippa & Ronald Inglehart (2011) Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Norris, Pippa and Ronald Inglehart (2008) Existential security and the gender gap in religious values. (Draft chapter for the SSRC conference on religion and international affairs, New York, February 15–16, 2008 and the edited volume by Timothy Shah, Alfred Stepan, and Monica Toft).
Roof, Wade Clark and Dean R. Hoge (1980) Church Involvement in America: Social Factors Affecting Membership and Participation, Review of Religious Research, 21: 405-426.
Roth, Louise Marie and Jeffrey Kroll (2007) Risky business: Assessing risk preference explanations for gender differences in religiosity, American Sociological Review, 72 (2) 205–220.
Serajzadeh, H. (2004). Challenges of Religion and Modernity. Published by New Design.
Stark, Rodney & William Sims Bainbridge (1985) The Future of Religion: Secularization, Revival and Cult Formation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Stark, Rodney & William Sims Bainbridge (1997) Religion, deviance, and social control. New York: Routledge.
Stark, Rodney (1992) Doing sociology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Stark, Rodney (2002) Physiology and faith: Addressing the “Universal" gender difference in religious, Journal for the Scientific of Religion, 41 (3) 495–507.
Stark, Rodney (2003) Upper Class Asceticism: Social origins of ascetic movements and medieval saints, Review of Religious Research, 45: 5–19
Stark, Rodney and Charles Glock (1968) American Piety: The Nature of Religious Commitment, Berkely: University of California Press.
Stolz, Jorg (2009) Explaining Religiosity: Towards A Unified Theoretical Model, The British Journal of Sociology, 60 (2) 345-376.
Taleban, M. (2005). Measuring religiosity and evaluating its measurement model, Theoretical Foundations of Religious Scales publishing, Research Institute of Hawzeh and University,P523-546
Taleban, M. (2014). National Survey for Assessment of Religiousness of the Iranians. The Iranian Students Polling Agency (ISPA)
Thompson, Edward (1991) Beneath the status characteristic: Gender variations in religiousness, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30 (4) 381–394.
Trzebiatowska, Marta, and Steve Bruce (2012) Why are women more religious than men?, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Voas, David, Siobhan McAndrew, and Ingrid Storm (2013) Modernization and the gender gap of religiosity: Evidence from cross-national European surveys, Kolner Zeitschrift für Soziologie & Sozialpsychologie, 65 (1) 259–283.
Walter, Tony (1990) Why are Most Churchgoers Women? A Literature Review, Vox Evangelica, 20: 73–90.
Walter, Tony, and Grace Davie (1998) The Religiosity of Women in the Modern West, The British Journal of Sociology, 49: 640–60.
Yinger, Milton (1970) The Scientific Study of Religion. New York: Macmillan.