Abdollahi, A. and M. Kamal, S.H. (2011). Students' and instructor’s attitude toward the death penalty. Journal of Social Welfare. Year 11, Issue 42 pp. 445-468 [in Persian] 

Aristotle. (1984). The Rhetoric and the poetics of Aristotle. Trans: (R. Roberts. New York: Modern Library. (Original work published 1385)

Bandes, S. (2009). The heart has its reasons: examining the strange persistence of the American death penalty. Studies in Law, Politics, and Society 42 (1), 21-52

___________ (2017). Compassion and the Rule of Law. 13 International Journal of Law in Context.184. Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2887374

Bohm, Robert M., Clarke, Louise J. and Aveni, Adrian F. (1990). The Influence of Knowledge on Reasons for Death Penalty Opinions: An Experimental Test. Justice Quarterly. 7, 175-188.

Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes’ Error. Boston, MA: Norton

Denzin, N.K (2017). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods. Transaction Publishers

Elias, Norbert. (1965). The Established and the Outsiders. London: Sage publication.

___________ (1978). The Civilizing Process: The history of manners. Urizen Books

Ellsworth, p., & ross, L. (1983). public opinion and capital punishment: a close examination of the views of abolitionist and retentionist. Crime and delinquency, 29, 116-169

Ellsworth, Phoebe C. and Gross, Samuel R. (1994). Hardening of the Attitudes: Americans’ Views on the Death Penalty. Journal of Social. Issues 50, 19-52.

Esfandiari, M. Saleh. Javan Jafari, A. (2020). Sociological study of the evolution of death penalty practices in Iran and the United States. Comparative Law Studies. Volume 11, Number 1. Spring & Summer 2020. Pages 1 to 20  [in Persian]

Fattah, E A. (1979). perception of violence, concern about crime, fear of victimization and attitudes to the death penalty. Canadian journal of criminology. Issue 21 pp 22-38

Ferastkhah, M. (2019). The Flow of Affection in Iranian History and Culture. A part of our emotional disorders and emotional problems. In Emotions in Iranian Society and Culture: Saeed Zokaei (Editor). Informed Publications. Pp. 151-126 [in Persian] 

Gatrell, V.A.C. (1996). The hanging tree: Executions and the English people. 1770–1868. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Ghassemi, G. (2009). Criminal Punishment in Islamic Societies: Empirical Study of Attitudes to Criminal Sentencing in Iran, Eur J Crim Policy Res, 15: 159–180.

Giddens, A. (2010). Sociology. Translation: Hassan Chavoshian. Ney Publishing. [in Persian]

Godcharles, B. (2015). Effect of empathy on death penalty support. University of South Florida

Godcharles, Brian, Rad, J. D. J., Heide, K. M., Cochran, J. K., & Solomon, E. P. (2019). Can empathy close the racial divide and gender gap in death penalty support? Behavioral Sciences & the Law. PP 1-22

• Ghodri, F. (2015). Analysis of the legitimacy of painless executions of hadd, ta'zir, qesas and governmental. Quarterly Journal of Medical Jurisprudence. Year 7, No. 42 & 42, Autumn & Winter [in Persian]

Gerace, A.; Day, A.; Casey, S.; Mohr, P. (2013). "An exploratory investigation of the process of perspective taking in interpersonal situations". Journal of Relationships Research. 4: e6, 1–12.

Godcharles, Brian (2015). Effect of empathy on death penalty support. University of South Florida.

Ghodrati, F., (2015). Analysis of the legitimacy of painless executions of hadd, ta'zir, qesas and governmental. Quarterly Journal of Medical Jurisprudence. Year 7, Issue 42 & 42, Autumn & Winter [in Persian]

Giddens, A. (2010). Sociology. trans: Hassan Chavooshian. Ney Publications.  [in Persian] 

Greene, J.D., Sommerville, R.B., Nystrom, L.E., Darley, J.M. & Cohen, J.D. (2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science. 293, 2105-2108.

Gross, Samuel R. (1998). American Public Opinion on the Death Penalty—It’s Getting Personal. Cornell Law Review. 83, 1448-1462.

Haidt, Jonathan (2001). The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment. Psychological Review. 108, 814-834.

Hauser, M, Young, L,. Cushman, F. (2006). Reviving Rawls’ Linguistic Analogy: Operative Principles and the Causal Structure of Moral Actions. In Moral Psychology and Biology. W. Sinnott-Armstrong ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

Hood, R., Hoyle, C. (2008). Death penalty: Aworldwide perspective. Oxford university press.

Jafari, A,. Serajzadeh, S H,. (2011). Crime and punishment: Comparing the proposed punishments of a sample of students with penal code in Iran. Iranian Journal of Social Issues. Volume 2, Issue 5 and 6: 21-1.  [in Persian] 

Karimi, Y,. (2017). Attitude and Attitude Change. Editing Institute [in Persian] 

Kazemi, M,. (2013). Effect of the death penalty on the prevention of drug and psychotropic crimes. Journal of Social Health and Addiction, First Year, Winter 2015, No. 4, pp. 118-101] in Persian] 

Keil, Thomas j. & Vito, Gennaro F. (1991). fear of crime and attitudes toward capital punishment: structure.

Khaza'i Y,. Khazaee S,. (2018). Changes in the rituals of execution in transition from Qajar period to constitutional and Pahlavi: from a thousand times death to zero point of ta'zir. Historical Researches of Iran and Islam. Volume 12 No. 23. Autumn and Winter pp. 83-104[in Persian] 

McKelvie, Stuart J (2007). Measuring Attitude toward Capital Punishment In: New developments in Psychological Testing Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Moradi, M., Mahmoodi, F. (2012). The effect of public opinion on the retention of death penalty in the West. Criminal Law Research Journal, 3rd Year, No. 2. pp. 104-85 [in Persian] 

Murphy, J,. (2007). Legal Moralism and Retribution Revisited. In Criminal Law and Philosophy. volume 1, pages5–20

Neff, K. D,. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250.

Pakes, F,. (2019). comparative criminal justice.willian publishing

Pommier, Elizabeth Ann (2010) The Compassion Scale. Dissertation Presented to Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin.

Reniers, Renate L. E. P., Rhiannon Corcoran, Richard Drake, Nick M. Shryane & Birgit A. Völlm (2011). The QCAE: A Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy, Journal of Personality Assessment, 93:1, 84-95

Seltzer, R and McCormick, j. p,. (1987). The impact of crime victimization and fear of crime on attitudes toward death penalty defendant. Violence and victims, issue 2, pp 99-114

Semple, J. (1993). Bentham's prison. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Sethuraju, R,. et al,. (2016). Understanding Death penalty support. sage open: 1-15

Sidanius, J,. Pratto, F,. (1999). Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sigler, M,. (2000). The Story of Justice: Retribution, Mercy, and the Role of Emotions in the Capital Sentencing Process. Law and Philosophy. 19, 339-367.

Spierenburg, P. (1984). Spectacle of suffering: executions and evolution of repression. Cambridge: Cambridge university press

Stack, S,. (2000). support for death penalty: a gender specific Model. In sex roles. Vol 43 issue 3-4 pp. 163-179

Stinchcombe, A,. Rebecca A,. Carol Heimer, K L Scheppele, Tom Smith, And D. Garth Taylor (1980). Crime and Punishment: Changing Attitudes In America. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Suh, Chan S. (2015). Democracy and the Making of Contentious Policy: The Role of Democracy in the Abolition of the Death Penalty, 1950-2010. International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 56(5): 314-337.

Sundby, Scott E. (2005). A Life and Death Decision: A Jury Weighs the Death Penalty. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

Sznaider N,. (2001). The Compassionate: Care and Cruelty in Modem Society. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc

Taylor, D. Garth, Scheppele, Kim,. Stinchcombe, A,. (1979). Salience of Crime and Support for Harsher Criminal Sanctions, Social Problems 264: 13.

Taylor, T,. Weber, R,. (1982). Support for the death penalty: instrumental Response to crime, or symbolic attitude? In law & society. review Vol 17 No 1 pp. 21-46

Thomas, Charles W,. (1975). A Sociological Perspective on Public Support for Capital Punishment. InAmerican Journal of Orthopsychiatry. Volume45, Issue4. Pages 641-657

Unnever, james D,. et al,. (2005). Empathy and Public Support for Capital Punishment. Journal of crime & justice. vol 28 No 1

Wang, Yu-W,. et al,. (2003). the scale of ethno cultural empathy: development, validation, and reliability. Journal of counseling psychology. No 2 221-234

Zokaei, S,. (2019). Emotions in Iranian Society and Culture. Agah pub. [in Persian]