نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانشیار مطالعات زنان دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

پیاده‌روی اربعین در شکل کنونی‌اش، آیینی نوظهور و پدیده‌ی اجتماعی متکثری است. تکثر این پدیده‌ی اجتماعی ریشه در گوناگونی روایت‌های زائران و معناهای متنوعی دارد که افراد از این پدیده می‌سازند. روایت زنانه سنخی از روایت‌های موجود از این آیین است که در عین برخورداری از تکثر در معناسازی، روایتی طردشده و به حاشیه رانده‌شده توسط کلان‌روایت‌های رسمی و مردانه از این آیین است. پژوهش پیش‌رو، با هدف فهم تجربه‌ی زنان زائر، یافته‌های به‌دست‌آمده از گفت‌و‌گوهای نیم‌ساخت یافته‌ی‌ عمیق با 25 زن 22-68 ساله در موکب‌های مسیر پیاده‌روی را به روش تحلیل مضمونی مورد مطالعه قرار داده است. مطالعه یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که زن زائر ذیل پنج مضمون ملال روزمره و رهایی از دلزدگی‌های زندگی مدرن، لذت رنج مقدس و خودخواسته، حافظه‌ی تاریخی جنگ و سیالیت معنای بدن، از سوژگی زنانه در تاریخ تا گذر از ابژگی روزمره و اشراق معنوی زائر و تغییر رفتار از خودخواهانه و عادتی به دگرخواهانه، در فرایند سوژگی زنانه به ساخت خود فردی‌اش در قالب فردیتی چندپاره می‌پردازد. زن زائر با شبیه‌سازی تجربه‌ی خود در راهپیمایی اربعین با رویداد مصیبت‌بار عاشورا و وقایع پس‌ازآن، در فرایند دوگانه‌ی ساخت‌شکنی/ ساخت دوباره‌ی خود، با بازاندیشی انتقادی از استریوتیپ‌های جنسیتی برساخت شده در گفتمان رسمی جامعه‌ی ایرانی، خود زنانه‌اش را در قالب تصویر سوژه‌ای فعال باز‌ می‌نمایاند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comprehension of Iranian Women’s Experience of Arbaeen Foot Pilgrimage

نویسنده [English]

  • Mohammadtaghi Karami Ghahi

Associate Professor of Women Studies, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Arbaeen walk in its current form is a novel ritual and diverse social phenomenon. The diversity comes from the multiplicity of pilgrims’ narratives and the variety of meanings people attach to it. The feminine narrative of Arbaeen walk, despite all its diverse meanings, is neglected and marginalized by the formal, masculine meta-narrative. The present research aims at comprehending women’s foot pilgrimage experience through the thematic analysis of in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 25 women aged between 22-68 made in the camps (moukeb) of the pilgrimage route. The findings show that as part of the feminine subjectivity, the female pilgrim constructs herself as a fragmented identity in form of five major themes: fatigue of everyday life and ridding of modern life monotony; gratification of self-imposed, sanctified pain; memory of war and the fluid meaning of body; historical feminine subjectivity averting everyday life objectivity; and spiritual illumination in moving from egoistic, habitual behavior to altruism. The female pilgrim re-presents herself as an active subject by assimilating her experience of Arbaeen walk to the Ashoura agony and its aftermath incidents, thereby deconstructing and re-constructing herself through critical reflexivity on gendered stereotypes constructed in the formal discourse of Iranian society.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Individuality
  • Gender
  • Experience
  • Arbaeen Walk
  • Iranian Female Pilgrim
Adib Hajbagher, M. Parvizi, S. Salsali, M. (2007). Qualitative research methods. Tehran: Boshra. [in Persian].
Bayat, MH. (2018). “The Ritual of Hussaini Arbaeen, the Connectivity of The World of Ashoura and the Resurrection of Mahdi (pbut) in the Historical Accounts and Narratives”. in A Research on the Arbaeen Studies. by Abbas Ashrafi and Ali Sharifi (Eds). Tehran: Publishing Center of University of Allameh Tabataba’i, pp. 105-120 [In Persian].
Becker, H. S. (2002). Outsiders. Études de sociologie de la déviance. Paris: Éditions Métailié.
Bertucci, M M. (2009). «Place de la réflexivité dans les sciences humaines et sociales: quelques jalons». Cahiers de sociolinguistique. 1 (14): 43- 55.
Blaikie, N. W. H. (2000). Designing Social Research: the Logic of Anticipation. Translated into Persian by Hassan Chavoshian. Tehran: Ney Publication [In Persian].
Boudon, R. Bourricaudm F. (1982). Dictionnaire critique de la sociologie. Translated into Persian by Abdolhossein Nikgohar. Tehran: Farhang-e-Moasser [In Persian].
Creswell, J. W. (2017). Qalitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches (2nd ed). Translated into Persian by Hassan Danaeifard and Hossein Kazemi. Tehran: Saffar Publication [In Persian].
de Certeau, M. (2001). L'Etranger. Etudes. 394(4) : 491-495. (https://www.cairn.info/revue-etudes-2001-4-page-491.htm)
Detrez, C. (2002). La construction sociale du corps. Paris: Seuil.
Dubet, F. (1994). Sociologie de l'expérience. Paris: Seuil.
Ehrenberg, A. (1998). La fatigue d'être soi: dépression et société. Paris : Odile Jacob.
Ehrenberg, A. (1995). L’individu incertain. Paris : Calmann-Lévy.
Ehrenberg, A. (1991). Le culte de la performance. Paris: Calmann-Lévy.
Fazel, M. (2007). “The Analysis of the Historical Grounds for Hussaini Arbaeen”. Revagh-e-Andisheh, n1, [In Persian]
Giddens, A. (1992). The Transformation of Intimacy (Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies. Stanford University Press.
Hamedani, A. (2008). The necessity of the Arbaeen debate”. Kheymeh. n 49 and 50. [In Persian]
Hariri, N. (2006). Principles and Methods of Qualitative Research, Tehran: Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Publication [In Persian]
Hérichon, E. (1969). «Erich Fromm, Société aliénée et société saine: du capitalisme au socialisme humaniste: psychanalyse de la société contemporaine». L'Homme et la société.11(1): 230-233.
Heydari, E. (2002). The Tragedy of Karbala: The Sociological Study of the Shiite Discourse. Translated into Persian by Ali Maamouri and Mohammad javad Maamouri. Qom: Dar-ul Ketab Al-Islami [In Persian].
Hessam Mazaheri, M. (2018). “Iranian Arbaeen: The Exponential Growth in the Number of Iranians Going to Arbaeen Walk: Reasons and Consequences”. in Arbaeen Walk: Sociological Contemplations, by Mohsen Hessam Mazaheri (Ed.). Tehran: Arma Publication. pp: 199-240 [In Persian].
Javadi Amoli, A. (2010). “What is the Philosophy behind Celebrating Arbaeen?”. Ofogh-e-Hoezh, n 297 [In Persian].
Jafarian, R. (2009). "What is the reason for celebrating Arbaeen?". Maaref. 73 [In Persian].
Kahirdeh, N. (2020). “The Meaningful Presence of Mysticism in the Arbaeen Ritual”. Anthropology and Culture. accessed on Feb. 2020 from http://anthropology.ir/article/30571.html [In Persian].
Karami Ghahi, MT. Khazaei, T. (2019). “Construction of femininity in women Osoolgara discourse formations, tactics and mechanisms of discourse”. Quarterly Journal of Women & Society. 10 (38): 241-262 [In Persian].
Kashim SH. (2021). “Arabaeen Pilgrimage: the Authority of Shiite or and Diversity of Public Religion”. Sociology of Shiism. accessed on Jan 2021 from http://www.socio-shia.com/index.php/sociology-of-shia-fields/shia-ziarat/244-ziarate-arbaein [In Persian].
Martuccelli, D. de Singly, F. (2012). Les sociologies de l'individu. Paris: Armand colin.
Martuccelli, D. (2002). Grammaire de l'individu. Paris : Gallimard.
Meissner, H. (2019). Butler Judith, A poststructuralist critique of feminism. Translated into Persian by Reza Dehghani. Tehran: Naghd-e-Farhang [In Persian].
Merriam, S. (2015). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. Translated into Persian by Noorallah Pasha. Tehran: Jameh-e-Moasser [In Persian].
Moufahim, M. (2013). “Religious gift giving: An ethnographic account of a Muslim pilgrimage”. Marketing Theory. 13(4): 421–441.
Ojaghloo, A. (2018). “The Ritual of Hussaini Arbaeen, the Connectivity of The World of Ashoura and the Resurrection of Mahdi (pbut) in the Historical Accounts and Narratives”. in A Research on the Arbaeen Studies. by Abbas Ashrafi and Ali Sharifi (Eds). Tehran: Publishing Center of University of Allameh Tabataba’i, pp. 67-86 [In Persian].
Pak nia, A. (2009). Arbaeen Message in Arbaeen Pilgrimage”. Moballeghan. n 124 [In Persian].
Pak nia, A. (2004). “Arbaeen In the culture of Ahl-e-Bayt”, Moballeghan. n 52 [In Persian].
Paugam, S. (2010). Les 100 mots de la sociologie. Paris: Puf.
Pooyafar, M R. (2018). "On the Rout Astonished, within thyself Forworn". in The Narrative of Arbaeen Walk, Anthropological and Sociological Narrative of the Arbaeen Walk, by Mohammad reza Javadi Yeganeh and Mohammad Roozkhosh. Tehran: Research Center for Culture, Art and Communication in Collaboration with Tehran Urban Research & Planning Center. pp: 239- 295 [In Persian].
Ranjbar, M. (2005). Research on Arbaeen Hosseini”. Quarterly Journal of History in Research. n 5 [In Persian].
Razavizadeh, N. (2014). “Iranian on-foot Pilgrims' Lived Experience in Iraq”. Quarterly Journal of Social Studies and Research in Iran. 6 (4): 595-631 [In Persian].
Razavizadeh, N. (2018). “I’m Called for A Painful Pilgrimage: the Comprehension and Lived Experience of the Iranian on-foot Pilgtrims in Iraq (Case of Arbaeen Walk, November 2014, Iraq)”, in Arbaeen Walk: Sociological Contemplations, by Mohsen Hessam Mazaheri (Ed.). Tehran: Arma Publication. pp: 145-198 [In Persian].
Sheikh-e-Toussi. (1986). Edification (vol. 6). Tehran: Dar-ul Ketab al-Islamiya [In Persian].
Shekarchi, A. (2018). “Hosts of Arbaeen” in Arbaeen Walk: Sociological Contemplations, by Mohsen Hessam Mazaheri (Ed.). Tehran: Arma Publication [In Persian].
Sherafat, N. (2019). “The Diary of the Karbala Walkers” in The Narrative of Arbaeen Walk, Ethnographic and Sociological Narrative of the Arbaeen Walk, by Mohammad reza Javadi Yeganeh and Mohammad Roozkhosh. Tehran: Research Center for Culture, Art and Communication in Collaboration with Tehran Urban Research & Planning Center, pp: 13- 69 [In Persian].
Sobhani nia, MT. (2005). “A Research on Arbaeen Walk”. The Quarterly Journal of History in the Mirror of Research. n 6 [In Persian].
Soleimanieh, M. (2015). “Arbaeen: Social Perspective. Tehran: Research Center for Culture, Art and Communication [In Persian].
Schutz, A. (2003). L'étranger. Paris: Allia.
Tavakoli,Y. (2018). “Arbaeen, the New Engine of History and Human Society Working with Justice and Martyrdom”, in A Research on the Arbaeen Studies, by Abbas Ashrafi and Ali Sharifi (Eds). Tehran: Publishing Center of University of Allameh Tabataba’i. pp. 131-150 [In Persian].
Touraine. A. (1984). Le retour de l’acteur. Essai de sociologie. http://bibliotheque.uqac.uquebec.ca/index.htm
Zare Khoormizi, MR. (2014). “Bloody Arbaeens: A Glance at some of the Bloody Attacks at Arbaeen Walks in the Modern Era”. Pilgrimage Culture. n 19-20 [In Persian].
Zokaei, MS. (2020). The Art of Conducting Qualitative Research, from Problematization to Authoring. Tehran: Agah Publication [In Persian].
Zukerman, Ph. (2005). Invitation to the Sociology of Religion, Translated into Persian by Khashayar Deyhimi. Tehran: Loh-e-fekr Publication [In Persian].