نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد جامعه‌شناسی دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

2 استادیار جامعه‌شناسی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

3 استادیار مطالعات فرهنگی، دانشگاه علم و فرهنگ، تهران، ایران

4 دانشیار جامعه شناسی دانشگاه گیلان.رشت، ایران

چکیده

«کودکی» پدیده‌ای مدرن است که کمتر مورد کاوش تاریخی-جامعه‌شناختی قرار گرفته‌است. در دیدگاه غالب، کودک درون دستگاهی روان‌شناختی تعریف می‌شود و موجودی معصوم، آسیب‌پذیر و نیازمند حمایت است. این شکل برساخت کودک به شیوه‌ای درونماندگار، تجربه‌های متفاوت دیگری از کودکی را خلق و طرد می‌کند؛ اما کودکی موجودیتی یکپارچه نیست و نباید از دریچه‌ معیارهای برساخته‌ی آن به تمامی تجربه‌های متکثر اجتماعی‌اش معنا بخشید. در این مقاله تلاش کردیم با رویکردی تاریخی، یکی از این کودکی‌های مطرود را برجسته کنیم و از خلال آن به بررسی زمینه‌های پیدایش دارالتادیب به‌عنوان نخستین فضای اختصاصی حبس کیفری کودکان بپردازیم. بدین منظور از ملاحظات نظری و مفروضات روش‌شناختی تبارشناسی و دیرینه‌شناسی فوکویی بهره برده و تلاش کردیم با بررسی اسناد تاریخی، روایت بدیعی از تجربه‌ی کودکی در ایران برسازیم. نتایج نشان می‌دهد ادراک کودکی در عصر پهلوی اول بر مبنای «کودک نیازمند تربیت» بود و کودکان مجرم در این دوران با شکلی از آسیب‌شناسی تربیتی بازنمایی می‌شدند. سوژه‌ای که در این گفتمان مورد تأدیب قرار می‌گرفت «طفل بدذات» بود که با تغییرات تاریخی پیش‌آمده، بدل به «طفل بزهکار» شد. ایدئولوژی حمایت در همدستی با گفتمان روان‌شناسیْ کودک را همچون موجودی آسیب‌پذیر تولید می‌کردند و دارالتادیب در نتیجه‌ی چنین فرآیندی تجلی فضایی یافت.

 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Childhood, Delinquency, Incarceration: A Narrative of the Emergence of Daar-alta’adib in Pahlavi Era

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Khorsandnejad 1
  • Hassan Chavoshian 2
  • Arash Heydari 3
  • Hamid Abdollahi Chanzanagh 4

1 MA of Sociology, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

2 Assistant Professor of Sociology,, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

3 Assistant Professor of Cultural Studies, University of Science and Culture-Tehran, Iran

4 Associate Professor, , University of Sociology, University of Guilan.Rasht, Iran

چکیده [English]

“Childhood” is a modern phenomenon which has not been inquired historio-sociologically frequently. The prevalent prospect defines the child in a psychological system, and considers it to be an innocent, vulnerable and protection-needing being. Immanently, this form of constructing the child creates and excludes diverse experiences of childhood. But childhood is not an integral entity and we shouldn’t attempt to give meaning to its plural range of social experiences through its constructed criteria. The present researchers tried to mark one of these “excluded” childhoods with a historical approach and explore the context of emergence of “Daar-alta’adib” as the first carceral space of children. We made use of theoretical considerations and methodological assumptions of Foucauldian genealogy and archaeology to construct an alternative narrative of experiences of childhood in Iran. Findings indicate that the perception of childhood in first Pahlavi era was based on the figure of “child in need of education” and criminal children were represented in terms of educational pathology. The subject that was disciplined in this discourse was “ill-natured child” whom turned into “delinquent child” as historical changes came in to play. Protection ideology collaborating with psychology produced child as a vulnerable being, and through this process, spatial emergence of Daar-alta’adib became possible.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Daar-alta’adib
  • Education
  • Childhood
  • Incarceration
  • Psychology
  • Delinquency
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