نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار جامعه شناسی دانشگاه یاسوج، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول)

2 دانشجوی دکتری جامعه شناسی دانشگاه یاسوج، ایران.

3 استادیار جامعه شناسی دانشگاه رازی، ایران.

4 استادیار جامعه شناسی دانشگاه کردستان، ایران.

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر تاریخ نهاد آموزش را نه از منظر پیشرفت که میل به هدایت جامعه به‌سوی سعادت عمومی دارد، بلکه از منظر انتقادی به‌مثابه نهادی یکدست ساز موردبررسی قرار می‌دهد بنابراین یافته‌های این پژوهش درصدد پاسخ به این پرسش خواهد بود که آموزش چگونه در وضعیتی متکثر، سوژه ملی را برساخت؛ چارچوب مفهومی پژوهش برآمده از مباحث اندرسون در رابطه با خلق تصویر ملت به میانجی آموزش‌وپرورش در سطح ذهنی و استفاده از مفهوم حکومتندی به‌منظور توضیح سازوکارهای انضباطی در سطح مادی است همچنین از روش تبارشناسی فوکو برای بازنمایی این مقطع تاریخی استفاده شده است. با تکیه بر تبارشناسی در این پژوهش، ابتدا شرایط گذار از آموزش مکتب‌خانه‌ای به آموزش مدرن براثر دو رخداد جنگ و بیماری در بستر ارتباط با غرب توضیحاتی ارائه شده است که منجر به‌صورت بندی کردارها و گزاره­هایی حول گفتمان ترقی شد و تربیت ملت را به سطح رؤیت­پذیری برکشاند و سپس به شرایط برآمدن گفتمان ناسیونالیسم اقتدارطلب در اواخر دوره قاجار پرداخته شده است؛ گفتمان فوق با برجسته کردن ترس از فروپاشی، زمینه‌های رسوخ در ابژه­های قدرت را فراهم ساخت و این فرایند در نظام آموزشی ذیل یکدست­سازی اذهان با محوریت کتاب­های درسی و یکدست­سازی بدن­ها با تأکید بر مکانسیم­های انضباطی به انجام رسید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Construction of the National Subject with the Mediation of Education in Iran (First Pahlavi Period)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Mokhtari 1
  • Farshid Rahimi 2
  • Jalil Karimi 3
  • Kamal Khaleghpanah 4

1 Associate Professor of Sociology, Yasouj University, Iran (Corresponding author).

2 PhD Candidate of Sociology, Yasouj University, Iran

3 Assistant Professor of Sociology, Razi University, Iran

4 Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of Kurdistan, Iran

چکیده [English]

There are three major paradigms in relation to the origin of nations; primordialism, modernism and ethic symbolism. It seems that the modernist paradigm considers the nation as a construct and the result of the bureaucratic processes of the state, and in line with this, Anderson`s ideas on the role of education in nation-building have expanded. Foucault`s discussions about the concept of governmentality on the creation of subjects as mediators of disciplinary institutions have also recently been addressed by researchers in this field. In this research, by using the concepts of these theorists and their methodology, the genealogy of education and nation-building in modern Iran is represented. At first, based on the genealogy in this research, the conditions for the emergence of the discourse of authoritarian nationalism in the late Qajar period were summarized. Then, the study explains minds and subsequently bodies were harmonized in the Reza Shah period. In this step, the method of materialization of this discourse is presented with the power of mediator, which shows itself in the curriculum, educational content, and educational processes. Finally, while explaining the conditions for the discovery of Iranian nationalism, the results showed that the two main concepts of homogenization of minds and homogenization of bodies with mediation on discipline were present.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • maginary Societies
  • Genealogy
  • Discourse
  • Authoritarian Nationalism
  • Pahlavi Period
-      Abrahamians, E. (2004). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Translated into Persian by Ahmad Gol Mohammadi, Mohammad Ebrahim Fattahi Valiayi. Tehran: Ney Publication.
-      AbdulAmir AI-Rubai. (1972). Nationalism and Education: A Study of Nationalistic Tendencies in Iraqi Education. unpublished PhD dissertation. Kent State University.
-      Algood, Sriel (1973), History of Iranian Medicine, Mohsen Javidan, Tehran: Iqbal Publications.
-      Allah A. Kai. (1987). Ethnicity and Education in Nation-Building: The Case of Pakistan manuscript School, Advanced International Studies The Johns Hopkins University WDC University Press of America New York.
-      Amir Arjmand, K. (1969). Kaviani Printing House and Iranian Intellectuals Residing in Berlin in World War I.Tehran: Negah no, 34: 24-32, (In Persian).
-      Anderson, B. (1983, 1991, 2006). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. New York, NY: Verso.
-      Anderson (1991), The class structure of the advanced societies, lonon, Hutchinson university press.
-      Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at large: Cultural dimensions of globalization. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
-      Ashtiani, I. (1966). Geography 5th and 6th period: School Elementary book. Tehran: Ketabkhaneye Elmi, (In Persian).
-      Bahar, M. (1984), A Brief History of Iranian Political Parties, Amir Kabir Publishing Institute, Tehran, Vol. 2, p. 100.
-      Brown, P. (1997), The Third Wave: education and the ideology of parentocracy, in A.H. Halsey et al., Education: Culture, Economy, Society, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
-      Cubberley. (1909).changing conceptions of education, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
-      C.C. and Gillan, G. (1982). Michel Foucault: Social Theory and Transgression. New York: Columbia University Press.
-      Deacon, R. (2006), From confinement to attachment: Michel Foucault on the rise of the school. The European Legacy, 11 (2), 121 – 138.
-      Dolatabadi, Y. (1982). The Life of Yahya. Tehran: Ferdowsi, (In Persian).
-      Eric, Hobbs Baum. (2003). Nation and Nationalism After 1780. Translated into Persian by Jamshid Ahmadpour, Tehran, Nika.
-      Elementary First Book. (1937). Tehran: Taban Printing House, (In Persian).
-      Fawim, Amir Ali Khan (1928), History of the third and fourth years of elementary school, Targhi Press, Tehran.
-      Flora, W. (2007), Health of the Iranian People in the Qajar Period, Iraj Neypour, Tehran, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences and Health Services.
-      Foroughi, M. (1928). Elementary school Third and Fourth period, Tehran: Matbeh Markazi, (In Persian).
-      Foucault, M. (2010), Philosophy Theater, translated by Niko Sarkhosh and Afshin Jahandideh, Ney Publishing
-      Foucault, M. (2005), The Will to Know, translated by Niko Sarkhosh and Afshin Jahandideh, Tehran, Ney.
-      Foucault, M. (2009), Care and Punishment, translated by Niko Sarkhosh and Afshin Jahan Dideh, Tehran: Ney Publishing
-      Fimyar, O. (2008).Using Governmentality as a Conceptual Tool in Education Policy Research, Educate~ Special Issue, March 2008, pp 3-18.
-      Ghanbari, D. (2006). Modern Government and National Integration in Iran (1300-1300). PhD Thesis in Sociology, Tarbiat Modarres University, (In Persian).
-      Ghasemi Pouya, I. (1996), New Schools in the Qajar Period, Tehran, University Publishing Center.
-      Ghavim, Amir Ali Khan. (1928). Elementary book school. Tehran: Matbaeh Taraghi, (In Persian).
-      Government v. Iran, (1925). Ministry of Education and Endowments and Industry, Yearbook of Statistics. Tehran: Matbaeye Majles.
-      Green, Andy(1990) Education and State Formation, Macmillan, London
-      Habermas, Jurgen (2005). Globalization and the Future of Democracy, Postmodernism. Translated into Persian by Kamal Puladi. Tehran: Markaz
-      Hubert Dreyfus and Paul Robino(1983), Michel Foucault: Beyond Constructivism and Hermeneutics, translated by Hossein Bashirieh, third edition, Ney Publishing, Tehran.
-      Hunter, I. (1996), Assembling the School. In Foucault and Political Reason, edited by A. Barry, T. Osborne and N. Rose. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
-      Ibn Sina, Abu Ali Hakim (1999), Law in Medicine, Abdolrahman Sharafkandi, Tehran, Soroush Publications.
-      Imperial Government of Iran, Ministry of Culture, Writing and Statistics administration, Yearbook and Statistics (1936-1937). Tehran: Sahamie Chap.
-      Ilchi, Mirza Abolhassan (2005), Hiratnameh, Rasa Cultural Services Institute
-      John Dewey. (1929).Impressions of Soviet Russia and the Revolutionary world, Mexico-China-Turkey. New York: New Republic. Inc.
-      Marandi Yakanloo, A. (2014) A treatise on the etiquette of war and the law of military practice in Iran during the Qajar. period by Yousef Beg Babapour and Mina Aghazadeh, Association of Historians
-      Mirza Saleh, G. (1993). Reza Shah (Memoirs of Solomon Behboodi Shams Pahlavi Ali Izadi). Tehran: Tarhe No, (In Persian).
-      Mirza Taghi Khan Kashani (2014), Travelogue of Tbilisi, by Faramarz Motamed Dezfuli, Publication of Iranian History.
-      Miller, D. (1995), On Nationality, Oxford, Clarendon press.
-      Mushfeq Kazemi, P. (1924), The impossibility of revolution with the current situation - the emergence of a dictator, a dictator of the serious world, Farangistan. Journal of Letters, First Year, Vol. 1, pp. 3-11.
-      Kachuyan, H. Zayeri, Q. (2009). The Ten Main Methodological Steps in the Genealogical Analysis of Culture Based on the Views of Michel Foucault, Culture Strategy, No. 7.
-      Katouzian, Mohammad Ali Homayoun. (2001). State and Society in Iran: The Extinction of the Qajar and the Pahlavi Settlement.
-      Khosrow Mirza (1985), Khosrow Mirza's travelogue to Petersburg (1244 AH, 1824 AD) Rasa Cultural Institute.
-      Nategi, Farajad and Ibrahim Tawfiq. (2013). Intellectual Genealogy in Iranian Constitutional History. Iranian Journal of Social Studies. 7:34-48, (In Persian).
-      Nategh, H. (1977), Iran in an Uncultural Way, Tehran: Khavaran Publications
-      Peters, M. A. (2009).Foucault and governmentality: understanding the neoliberal paradigm of education policy. The School Field, 12, 5-6, 61-72
-      Pollock, Yacob. (1989). Abbas Mirza and Fath Ali Shah Ten-Year Iranian-Russian Battles. Translated into Persian by Safia Rouhi, Tehran: Nashre Tarikh Iran.
-      Polak, Y. (1989), Polak Travelogue of Iran and Iranians, translated by Kikavous Jahandari, Tehran: Kharazmi.
-      Preacher, N. (2009). Narrative Politics of the First Pahlavi Government. Tehran: Tarikhe Iran, (In Persian).
-      Rajchman, J. (1985).Michel Foucault: The Freedom of Philosophy. New York: Columbia University Press.
-      Rashid Yasemi, Gholamreza et al. (1939). Iranian History of Elementary school. Tehran: ChapKhane Sherkat matbuat, (In Persian).
-      Reza Shah Kabir. (1926). Mazandaran Travelogue. Tehran: Pahlavi Political Culture Research and Publication Center, (In Persian).
-      Reza Shah Kabir. (1924). Khuzestan Travelogue. Tehran: Pahlavi Political Culture Research and Publication Center, (In Persian).
-      Sobe, N. W. (2009). Educational reconstruction ‘by the dawn’s early light: Violent political conflict and American overseaseducation reform. Harvard Educational Review, 79, 123–131.
-      Soleimani Ghar Gol, H. (2010). The Role of the Late Qajar Intellectuals in the Formation of the First Modern Iranian State. Master's Thesis in Sociology, Allameh Tabataba'i University, (In Persian).
-      Stephenson M.S. (2004).Creating New Zealanders:Education and the Formation of the State and the Building of the Nation unpublished PhD dissertation. The University of Auckland.
-      Scull, A. T. (1979), Museums of madness: the social organization of insanity in 19th century England. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
-      Tate, T. (1857), The Philosophy of Education; or, the Principles and Parctice of Teaching. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Roberts.
-      Tawfiq, E. (2006). Modernism and Pseudo-Patrimonialism. Iranian Journal of Sociology.7.11- 26, (In Persian).
-      Tiregol. J.A. (1998). The Role Of Primary Education In Nation-State-Building The Case Of The Early Turkish Repubic(1923-1938). unpublished PhD dissertation Princeton. Translated into Persian by Hassan Afshar, Tehran: Markaz.
-      Vaez, N. (2009), Nomadic Policy of the first Pahlavi Government, Tehran, Iran History Publishing
-      White, Sir Dennis (1978), The British in Iran, translated by Gholam Hossein Sadri Afshar, Tehran: Donya Publications.
-      Wow. Connell. (2007). The History of Education in the Twentieth Century. Translated into Persian by Hassan Afshar, Tehran: Markaz.
Historical Journals:
-      Afshar, I(1926), Ayandeh.  8:  559
-      Afshar, I(1922) , Ayandeh. 1: 5-6
-      Kazemzadeh, H(1926)Iranshahr. 8: 433
-      Kazemzadeh, H(1924)Iranshahr. 4: 271-277
-      Ashtiani,E(1926)Iranshahr. 8: 439
-      Kazemzadeh, H(1922)Iranshahr. 1 and 2: 42
-      Kazemzadeh, H(1923)Iranshahr. 3: 143-141
-      Kazemi,M(1924)Iranshahr. 4: 194
-      Kazemzadeh, H (1926)Iranshahr. 8: p. 435
-      Forughi M. H (1907) Tarbiyat. 1: 13-4
-      Forughi M. H (1910) Tarbiyat. 5: 1
-      Forughi M. H (1907) Tarbiyat Tarbiyat. 1: 41
-      Taghadom. 1: 249-270
-      Yasemi,gh(1922)Shafagh Sorkh. 509: 12
-      _______________(1301)Shafagh Sorkh. 509: 22