نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار فرهنگ و ارتباطات دانشگاه گیلان

2 استادیار مردم شناسی دانشگاه گیلان

چکیده

با توجه به اهمیت متون و ادبیات و فرهنگ عامیانه و بازتاب خلقیات و ارزش‌های اجتماعی ایرانیان در آن، رجوع به بخشی از مهم‌ترین اسناد و منشورها و آیین‌نامه‌های صنفی یا همان فتوت‌نامه‌ها به‌عنوان گوشه‌ای از ادبیات عامیانه ایرانیان می‌تواند ما را در شناخت هر چه بیشتر فرهنگ و جامعه ایرانی یاری کند. چراکه بخشی از فرهنگ و آداب ایرانیان در این اسناد تاریخی و ادبی بازتاب پیدا می‌کند. آیا ما در خلقیات در طول تاریخ ضعف داشته‌ایم؟ آیا ریشه بسیاری از مشکلات امروز را باید در ریشه‌های تاریخی و خلقیات ایرانیان در گذشته جست؟ پاسخ به این سؤالات و سؤالاتی از این دست جز با رجوع به تاریخ و منابع مردم‌شناسی به دست نمی‌آید. این پژوهش یک مطالعه توصیفی تحلیلی است که با استفاده از روش مطالعه اسنادی و رجوع به اسناد (دسته اول) و متون ادبیات عامیانه، دیدگاه رایج در حوزه متون مربوط به خلقیات ایرانیان را به نقد بکشد. بر پایه یافته‌های تحقیق ویژگی‌های دیگر خواهان‌های همان سخاوت، مسئولیت‌پذیری، مشارکت و روحیه جمعی و رفق و مدارا در متون ادبیات عامیانه ایرانیان انعکاس و بازتاب یافته است. لذا مدعای رایج مطالعات حوزه خلقیات ایرانیان مورد تردید قرار می‌گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Reflection on the “Tyranny-centric Disposition of Iranians” Theory Based on Folk Literature with a Look at Tales of Gallantry and Trade

نویسندگان [English]

  • Javad Nazarimoghaddam 1
  • Seyed Hashem Mousavi 2

1 Assistant Professor of Culture and Communication, University of Guilan

2 Assistant Professor of Anthropology, University of Guilan

چکیده [English]

Due to the importance of folk literature and culture and the reflection of Iranian’s disposition and social values in them, referring to a part of the most important documents, charters, and guild regulations, known as “Fotovat Nameh” [Book of Gallantry] as parts of the Iranian folk literature, can help us comprehend Iran’s culture and society. This is because part of Iranian’s culture and manners is reflected in these historical and literary documents. Have we lacked a strong disposition throughout history?  Should we search for the root of many of today’s problems in history and Iranian’s disposition through time? To answer such questions, we should refer to anthropology references and history. The present research is a descriptive-analytical study, which intends to criticize the common viewpoint about the Iranian disposition by documentation and referring to folk documents (first-hand) and literature. Based on the research findings, some characteristics, such as generosity, responsibility, teamwork, a collective spirit, and tolerance were found in the Iranian folk literature. Therefore, The common belief regarding about Iranian’s disposition becomes uncertain.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Keywords: National Character
  • Iranian Disposition
  • Tyranny
  • Fotovat Nameh
-      Ashtiani, M (2012). Despotism and Authoritarian Rule, Journal of Soore Andishe, (66, 67): 220-223[In Persian].
-      Ghazimoradi, H (2010). On the Culture of  Egoism in Iran. Tehran: Ketab Ameh. [In Persian].
-      Abrahamian, E(2008), Articles in Iranian Political Sociology, Eastern Tyranny, a Study in Qajar Era, Translated by: Soheila Torabi Farsani. Tehran: Pardisdanesh and Shirazeh.
-      Afshari, M (2003), Fotovatnameha and Khaksari Treatises (30 Treatises). Introduction, Correction, And Explanation by Mehran Afshari. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies. [In Persian].
-      Afshari, M (2009), Fourteen Treatises on Fotovat and Guilds. Tehran: Cheshmeh. [In Persian].
-      Afshari, M (2012). Thirty Other Fotowwat.Tehran: Cheshmeh [In Persian]
-      Ahmad Bin Mohammed Tusi (1981). A Persian Treatise on: Sama'a and Fotovat. Tehran: Manouchehri Library. [In Persian].
-      Arjaee, S (2008), About Iranian Cultural Wounds. Tehran: Pazineh. [In Persian]
-      Ashraf, A (1968), The Feudal System or Asian System. Tehran: Institute of Social Studies and Research. [In Persian].
-      Ashraf, A (1980), The Historical Obstacles to the Growth of Capitalism in Iran: Qajar Era. Tehran: Zamineh. [In Persian].
-      Azghandi, A (2006), An Introduction to Political Sociology. Tehran: Ghomes. [In Persian].
-      Bashirieh, H (2001), Barriers to Political Development in Iran. Tehran: Gameh No. [In Persian].
-      Cahen, C (2010), Fotovat as a Social Structure. Translated Into Persian by Alireza Rezayat. Hekmat and Marefat Information, (54): 26-28.
-      Corbin, H (1984), Javanmardi Ritual. Tehran: Ney.
-      Doostdar, A (1991), Refusing to Think, in Religious Culture. Paris: Khavaran. [In Persian].
-      Doostdar, A (2004), Dark Glows, Paris: Khavaran. [In Persian].
-      Farhadi, M (2009), The Anthropology of Assistance. Tehran: Sales. [In Persian].
-      Farhadi, M (2011), “Welfare Planning and Social Development, Work in Fotovatnameha”. Autumn (8). [In Persian].
-      Fazeli, N (2002), “Persian Folk Culture and Literature” Art Monthly Book, (43, 44): 82-85. [In Persian].
-      Ferasatkhah, M (2015), Us, Iranians. The Historical and Social Background of Iranian Character. Tehran: Ney. [In Persian].
-      Foran, J (1998), Fragile Resistance: Social Transformation in Iran from 1500 To The Revolution. Translated into Persian by Ahmad Tadayon. Tehran: Rasa Cultural Services.
-      Foyuzat, E (2007), Iranian’s Attitude to Work and Industry. Tehran: The Art of Culture and Communications Institute. [In Persian].
-      Goudarzi, Gh.R (2010), An Introduction to the Sociology of Iranian Tyranny. Tehran: Maziar. [In Persian].
-      Kashefi, H(1971), Fotovatnamehsoltani, Introduction by Mohammad Jafarmahjoob, Tehran: Iranian Culture Foundation. [In Persian].
-      Ibn Mimar, (1958). Alfotova. Achieved and Published by Mustafa Jawad. Baghdad: Shafiq. [In Arabic].
-      Izadi, A.M (2003), Why We Are Lagging? Tehran: Elm. [In Persian].
-      Jamalzade, M.A (1999), The Selected Works Ofseyed Mohammad Ali Jamalzade, By Ali Dehbashi. Tehran: Sokhan. [In Persian].
-      Kadivar, J (1995), Authoritarianism from a Folk Culture Point of View, Rahbord Journal, Autumn (8): 13-44. [In Persian].
-      Kashi, A (1972), Tohfat Al Akhvan. Introduction and Correction: Mohammad Damadi. Tehran: Iranian Culture Foundation.
-      Katouzian, M.A (1993), Tyranny, Democracy, and National Movement. Tehran: Markaz. [In Persian].
-      Katouzian, M. A (1998), Nine Articles in Iranian Historical Sociology. Tehran: Markaz. [In Persian].
-      Katouzian, M.A (2001), Government and Society in Iran, Qajar Extinction and Pahlavi Settlement. Translated into Persian by Hasan Afshar. Tehran: Markaz. [In Persian].
-      Katouzian, M. A(2013), Iranians from Ancient to Contemporary Times. Translated Into Persian by Hossein Shahidi. Tehran: Markaz. [In Persian].
-      Kendratov, A (1984), Words and Fires. Translated by: Abol Hasan Najafi. Linguistic Journal, 1.(1).
-      Khanji, M. A (1979), The Median History and the Origin of Diaconov’s Theory. Tehran: Tahoori.
-      Khanmohammadi, A(1992). Architects and Builders Fotovatname. Journal of Sofe(3): 10-15[In Persian].
-      Khatami, A, Shakeri, F(2011), Al-Ghazali and the Combination of the Shariat and Tarighat Based on Kimiyayesa’adat, Journal of Literary History, (3): 63-78.
-      Khioughi, A (Najmodinkobra) (1984), Adabolsoofieh, by Massoudghasemi. Tehran: Zovvar.
-      Lambton, Ann Katharine Swynford(1966), Landlord and Peasant in Persia, Translated into Persian by Manouchehr Amiri.Tehran: Bongahe Tarjomeh Va Nashr.
-      Mahrouyan, H (2005), The Genealogy of Our Iranian Tyranny. Tehran: Baztab Negar. [In Persian].
-      Marx, C, Engels, F(2000), Five Articles about Iran by Marx and Engels. Translated into Persian Davar Sheikshavandi. Tehran: Atieh.
-      Mazaheri, A (2013), The Connection of Shariatwithtarighat and Truth, Through Ayat and Revayat. Seraje Monir Journal, 4 (13): 88-104.
-      Mirfendereski, A (2008).Sanaeia Treatise. Qom: Boostan Ketab[In Persian].
-      Montesquieu (1983), The Spirit of the Law. Translated Into Persian by Karim Mojtahedi. Tehran: Amir Kabir.
-      Motahari, M(2010), The Collection of Shahid Motahari Works. Tehran: Sadra. [In Persian].
-      Nafisi, S(1975), A Fotovatnameh from 7th Century. Farhangeiranzamin Journal (9). [In Persian].
-      Najmerazi, Abubakr Ibn Mohammad (1987), Mersad Al Ebad. Tehran: Elmi And Farhangi.
-      Narraghi, H (2001), Intimate Sociology. Tehran: Akhtaran. [In Persian].
-      Nasafi, A(2004), Perfect Human. Foreword: Henry Corbin. Tehran: Tahoori. [In Persian].
-      Nomani, F(1979), The Evolution of Feudalism in Iran. Tehran: Kharazmi. [In Persian].
-      Pakatchi, A(2008), “The Linguistic Requirement of Interdisciplinary Studies”, Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, Institute of Cultural And Social Studies. 1 (1). [In Persian].
-      Piran, P(2005), “The Theory of Strategy and Territorial Politics of Iranian Society”, Andisheiranshahr, (4): 22-34. [In Persian].
-      Propp, V(1992), Historical Roots of the Wonder Tale, Translated by: Fereydoonbadre’ie. Tehran: Toos.
-      Ravandi, M (1978), Social History of Iran, V.3. Tehran: Amir Kabir. [In Persian].
-      Rezagholi, A (1994), Sociology of Dictatorship. Tehran: Ney. [In Persian].
-      Rezagholi, A (1998), The Sociology of Killing Elites. Tehran: Ney. [In Persian].
-      Riyaz, M (2003). Fotovatname: History and Customs.Tehran: Asatir.
-      Said, E (1998), Orientalism, Translated by: Abdul Karim Govahi. Tehran: Farhangeslami.
-      Salasi, M (2000), The Iranian World and Global Iran. Tehran: Markaz. [In Persian].
-      Corbin, H, Saraf, M, (1991), Javanmardan Treatises: Including Seven Fotovat Name. Correction and Introduction by Mortezasarraf, and with Introduction and Abstract from Henry Corbin. Tehran: Moin: French Association of Iranian Studies.
-      Sariolghalam, M (2001), Rationality and the Future of Iranian Development. Tehran: Institute of Scientific Research and Middle East Strategic Studies. [In Persian].
-      Sariolghalam, M (2007), Iran’s Political Culture. Tehran: Institute of Cultural And Social Studies. [In Persian].
-      Sariolghalam, M (2011), Iranian Authoritarianism in the Qajar Era. Tehran: Farzanerooz. [In Persian].
-      Seyf, Ahmad (2004), Tyranny of the Mind and Despotic Culture. London.
-      Seyfollahi, S (1995), Iran’s Political Economy – Articles and Comments. Tehran: Publication of Al-Mizan Institute of Sociology and Planning. [In Persian].
-      Taeschner, F (1968), Abbasi Khalifa and Fotovat, Translated by Mozafarbakhtiar, In Vahid Magazine Appendix, (7, 9).
-      Vali, A (2001), Iran Before Capitalism: Theoretical History. Translated into Persian by Hasan Shamsavar. Tehran: Markaz.
-      Varga, E (1969), Asiatic Mode of Production. Translated into Persian by Hasan Ilkhani. Tehran: Jahane No Journal.
-      Wittfogel, K (2012), Oriental Despotism, A Comparative Study of Total Power. Translated into Persian by Mohsen Salas. Tehran: Sales.
-      Zarinkoob, A (1978), A Search in Sufism in Iran. Tehran: Amir Kabir. [In Persian].
-      Zibakalam, S (1994). How Did We Become.Tehran: Rozane. [In Persian].