Social Sciences

Abstract This study examines the Shift in the legal order of Iran during the Safavid era- a period in which legal authority transitioned from a sovereign and bureaucratic structure toward a jurisprudent and jurisprudence-centered order. Contrary to descriptive or single-factor approaches that attribute this transformation solely to the alliance between the Safavid state and Shiite clerics, this research employs an integrated conceptual framework, encompassing Herbert Hart’s theory of secondary rules, Max Weber’s analysis of legitimacy, and Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of the legal field, to analyze this transformation as a reconfiguration of social forces, legal institutions, and mechanisms of legitimacy. Analyzing historical sources, royal decrees, and institutional structures of the Safavid period reveals that this shift resulted from the gradual transfer of symbolic capital and legal authority from the monarchy to jurisprudent fiqh, ultimately solidifying a model of legal order whose traces are discernible in contemporary Iran’s legal system. By framing the problem at the levels of rules, legitimacy, and field, this study offers a multifaceted explanation of this transformation and, thereby, contributes beyond prior studies to understanding the historical roots of the institution of fiqh in Iran’s official law.

Abstract The expression of the social problem of law in Iran by emphasizing the concept of anomie and considering the state as sickness is disagree with Durkheim's sociology of law. Introducing the rules for the distinction of sickness and health, three criteria from the perspective of sociology of law are identified to evaluate the state: 1) a degree of law non-obedience is normal and It is necessary and also useful; 2) The State is the agent of the collective conscience in legislating, and the statutory law arising from the collective conscience is normal; and 3) the normative rules are connected in the collective conscience and the connection of the statutory law with other normative rules is normal in the constellation of social control. By referring to the previous researches, we examine the three types of law non-obedience as well as the changes in the social context of the law and conclude that these three types cannot be considered abnormal. If we interpret the evidences of law non-obedience as an indicator of society health, then we can identify the factors affecting the occurrence of each type of law non-obedience, and offer specific policy recommendations to the legislators to improve the specific law.

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Abstract The space for expression in the virtual space has created opportunities for equality and empowerment as well as subjugation.Using text analysis methods, we went to the virtual space data and sampling continued until theoretical saturation. Individualistic attitudes towards one's body can be seen, but due to the importance of distinction in Iranian society, as well as the beauty standards imposed by the family and work structure (pressure and competition due to the marriage squeeze as well as the atmosphere of private companies), Iranian women take refuge in beauty stereotypes. By consuming beauty products, you should transform yourself into a beautiful and well-made object with diverse and affected by the market patterns,. The continuous presentation of the latest products to complete the beauty and not having enough material capital to create bodily cultural capital has caused constant anxiety. The theme of beauty has expanded; Men, ethnicities and even people with defects can also consider themselves beautiful, But there is still a common denominator of beauty that has middle class form and promoted by consumer culture. In the Iranian virtual space, obvious and increasing consumption and forms of resistance are interwoven and have created a variety of contradictory identities.

Abstract Police militarization as a mechanism to combat complex and organized crimes, as well as security threats, has gained attention in recent years in many countries, including Iran, particularly within the framework of differentiated security-oriented criminal policies targeting specific crimes. This research, conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and library resources, examines the conceptual foundations, reasons, and socio-political consequences of police militarization, drawing on comparative studies of military police in countries such as the United States, Mexico, and Iran. The findings reveal that while proponents highlight advantages such as quicker responses to armed threats, increased crime deterrence, and enhanced psychological security, police militarization in practice carries significant unintended consequences. These include heightened mutual violence between police and citizens, diminished public trust in law enforcement institutions, intensified class disparities, and the suppression of marginalized groups. Additionally, reliance on costly military equipment and repressive strategies has not only failed to reduce crime rates but has also undermined democratic quality and the legitimacy of criminal justice systems. The results of this research emphasize the necessity of rethinking security policies, prioritizing a balance between security and civil liberties, and implementing community-oriented, culture-oriented, and economy-oriented programs.

Abstract This article examines the process of construction of meaning in Jafarabad neighborhood in Kermanshah metropolis. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the opinions of Rob Shields about ‘social spatialization’. The research method is ethnography and data collection techniques include interview and observation. The findings of the research show that the poverty of the infrastructure and service facilities of the neighborhood along with the various activities of the residents in their everyday life has caused a kind of ‘social spatialization’ around the neighborhood, which is supported by many images. 1. The Jafarabad peoples' encounter with the Lats at the beginning of the formation of the neighborhood led to the creation of the myth-space of "Bravery" and "Courage" in the neighborhood; 2. Repeated mass fights gradually added the concept of "violence" to it; 3. The lack of public spaces, along with women living in alleys, caused the emergence of a "rural" image in the neighborhood; 4. In the last four decades, a dynamic and self-sustaining economy in the field of waste, livestock sales and chicken sales started in the neighborhood, which made the face of the neighborhood ugly in terms of morphology. ".