Sociology
Somayeh Rahmani; aboutorab talebi; Mohammadsaeed Zokaei
Abstract
Subjectivity is the reflexive experience of awareness and individual agency in interaction with self and the real, symbolic and institutional others. The purpose of this study is to understand the social and semantic complexities of the Kurdish women subjectivity. This study has been conducted using ...
Read More
Subjectivity is the reflexive experience of awareness and individual agency in interaction with self and the real, symbolic and institutional others. The purpose of this study is to understand the social and semantic complexities of the Kurdish women subjectivity. This study has been conducted using in-depth individual interviews, within the framework of interpretive-constructivist approach and grounded theory method. Based on the findings the subjectivity of Kurdish women can be understood through the experience of suspension as a central phenomenon. This experience was classified under the four concepts of suspension of cognition and agency, suspension of lived experience, conscious suspension of fear, and suspension as a strategy. Normative institutions, regulatory institutions, being in the minority and economic status are among the categories related to background conditions and institutional relations, experience of subjugation, social connections and resources available to the individual are considered as intervening conditions. Protection strategy, resistance strategy and negotiation were recognized as three types of strategies. by showing the complexity of subjectivity in Kurdish women's experiences, this study shows that the subjectivity of Kurdish women is slippery and combined, mixed and multiple, and in the three categories of female subjectivity, passive-unembodied-internal subjectivity vs. Embodied/active and delocalized subjectivity are placed.
Sociology
Fatemeh Havasbeigi
Abstract
The purpose of the current research is to identify the components of national cohesion for use in the content of textbooks. The research paradigm is interpretive, the approach is qualitative, the research strategy is qualitative content analysis and the field of study includes teachers and experts. A ...
Read More
The purpose of the current research is to identify the components of national cohesion for use in the content of textbooks. The research paradigm is interpretive, the approach is qualitative, the research strategy is qualitative content analysis and the field of study includes teachers and experts. A semi -structural interview was used to collect information. The sampling method is purposeful and continued until the theoretical saturation stage, and interviews were conducted with 14 experts and 18 teachers. The data format was based on audio and for data analysis two steps of open and axial coding were used. In the first step, the coding of 451 initial code and 87 sub -categories were obtained. In the second stage of coding, 16 main categories were obtained after categorization. The extracted categories are: language homogeneity, diversity in introducing celebrities, Territorial symbols, legitimizing cultural pluralism, rethinking and writing women's texts, strengthening trust, distributive justice, Merit based, strengthening national identity, paying attention to multicultural economy, introducing ancient artifacts, political legitimacy, redefining educational policy, strengthening National-transnational compatibility, creating social security, and reforming media policy. Based on the findings, the necessity of a review and a more comprehensive look at the structure of national cohesion is felt.
Sociology
Tahereh Khazaei
Abstract
The expansion of the virtual world has made widespread changes to the Iranian society by providing a sphere for the construction of personalized narratives of the social lifeworld. Physicians are a social class with a dubious presence in the virtual world, especially in X as an elite media. The genealogy ...
Read More
The expansion of the virtual world has made widespread changes to the Iranian society by providing a sphere for the construction of personalized narratives of the social lifeworld. Physicians are a social class with a dubious presence in the virtual world, especially in X as an elite media. The genealogy of medicine is known with professionality entwined with ambiguity, authority and authenticity. This is while, the modern world is characterized with deconsecrating and demystification. The current research is a netnography of the physicians’ twits in the X social media in 2023. The four dominant conceptual patterns extracted in our thematic analysis include: the emergence of the patient subject and the impeachment of the doctor, the emergence of a traditional discourse that de-monopolizes health, the physician’s constructs from mafia to the martyr of health, and the unactualized self/self-alienation of the physician. The findings show that with the expansion of virtual social media, the sacred, ambiguous aura around the physician is cleared. Also, as a result of the physicians’ disempowerment and demystification, the Iranian physician faces a call to the center and self-narration as part of a reflexive procedure in which she narrates herself and her lifeworld as a physician.
Sociology
ali Ayar; Moosa Anbari
Abstract
Using the critical ethnographic method, this study examines the effect of development interventions on the social sphere and economic activity of local communities in Ilam and Lorestan provinces. The findings of the research show that the development has put the pre-intervention ecosystem which was dominated ...
Read More
Using the critical ethnographic method, this study examines the effect of development interventions on the social sphere and economic activity of local communities in Ilam and Lorestan provinces. The findings of the research show that the development has put the pre-intervention ecosystem which was dominated by the social issue under the attack of the economic issue. In the process of development intervention, the cultural capacities and traditions that connect and help local economic perceptions have been neglected, and instead official and capital-oriented government programs have been expanded in objective and subjective dimensions; The result of the weakening of popular traditions is the rise of new pseudo-technocratic groups that consider local cultural values such as hard work, contentment, cooperation, and generosity as symbols of backwardness. In fact, native activists, as new self-directed productive managers, have become those who are caught in the trap of donations, loans and hires to market their labor force and provide their livelihood. In order to show this reduction, we have used the metaphor of a walnut tree as a symbol of a hardworking, connected and diligent nature-oriented society, and a eucalyptus tree as a symbol of borrowed intervention, a consumerist, pretentious and discrete society,
Sociology
Abdul Reza Navah; karim rezadoost; said moidfar; narges khoshkalam
Abstract
With the emphasis on social distancing, the outbreak of Corona caused social interactions within ethnic contexts to undergo changes in terms of quantity and quality. Based on this, the current research is focused on the phenomenology of the lived experience of Borujerd city speakers of social interactions ...
Read More
With the emphasis on social distancing, the outbreak of Corona caused social interactions within ethnic contexts to undergo changes in terms of quantity and quality. Based on this, the current research is focused on the phenomenology of the lived experience of Borujerd city speakers of social interactions after facing the outbreak of Corona. The current phenomenological research has used the Moustakas technique to analyze the data. The number of 16 samples was selected purposefully and until theoretical saturation, and the data was collected by in-depth interview method. Collaborative observation (10 field observations) was also used to collect more data. Based on the results of coding and field data analysis, the concept of "post-corona ethnic interaction" includes 8 main clusters, which are: 1)the opportunity to find human agency, 2)the socialization of interaction, 3)the continuity of ethnic members, 4 )the digitalization of interaction, 5)the scientific-rationalization of the epistemic base of interaction, 6)the purposeful interaction, 7)the hyper-digitalization of interaction, and 8)the appearance of the role of inhuman agency. In general, the threat of Corona has acted as a shock that has provided the opportunity for the members of the ethnic community of Lak to express their individuality.
Sociology
Mohammadtaghi Karami Ghahi
Abstract
The specificity of the coronavirus pandemic is indebted to the ironic fact of returning to the ancient tradition of quarantine at the threshold of the 21st century and the utmost progress of medicine and hygiene. Considering the gender aspects of home quarantine, this research aims at understanding ...
Read More
The specificity of the coronavirus pandemic is indebted to the ironic fact of returning to the ancient tradition of quarantine at the threshold of the 21st century and the utmost progress of medicine and hygiene. Considering the gender aspects of home quarantine, this research aims at understanding women’s gendered experience of COVID-19. Under the verstehen interpretive paradigm, we analyze the experiences of twenty-three 30-52-year-old, married women who were interviewed during the first home quarantine in 2020. The content analysis of these women’s experiences gave us four conceptual patterns include crisis, female double subjectivity and endurance, feminine suspense and body management under the panic, and masculinity and the deconstruction of the dominant image by returning to the importance of fathers’ status. Overall, the calling of women to the center of the crisis and the disruption of the usual social order offers the Iranian women a historically subjective role and the opportunity to construct a different image of their feminine self in individual, family, and social levels. Meanwhile, the genealogy of pandemics shows that the centrality of the “housewife” as the dominant discourse under crisis is temporal, as the society returns to its misogynist origin with the passage of the crisis..
Introduction
COVID-19 as a critical global incident in the 21st century emerged in the utmost development of medicine and of global health metrics. The unknown nature of the pandemic and of the preventative and treatment methods, in addition to the fear of the high risk of contamination and death, added to the curiosity of the disease and the mismanagement of the whole condition. In consequence, the most they could do about it has been to apply the traditional Middle Ages method of quarantine. As the sole preventative and even treatment method, home quarantine turned home and family into the main alternative in front of governments in retreating COVIC-19. The social understanding of COVID-19 as a disaster in its primitive treatment framework finds additional gender orientations.
Research Question(s)
The current research answers two questions: 1) what is women’s gendered experience of themselves and the male other during COVID-19? And 2) how has the process of women’s subjectivity in their reflexivity of selves, the other, and the social world during COVID-19 been experienced?
Literature Review
Gender is the most important and original element in the construction and meaning of the self (Wharton, 2012: 37); thus, it provides the major source of knowledge for constructing the male or female self (Goffman, 1977: 301-331). It is constructed through the social process known as tenderization (Macé, 2015: 17-18), representing the social status, and the rationality and legitimacy of one of the fundamental divisions and various social orders that are observed in every society. It is the socio-cultural and micro-political produce (West and Zimmerman, 1987: 125-151) that is maintained in a body of gendered behaviors and expectations constantly obtained and lived as part of the socialization process (Holmes, 2010: 125-151). Understanding gender as a social phenomenon that has stood the test of time, adds to the significance of gender experiences in a crisis-relevant framework.
Disasters expose individuals to conscious action by interrupting the ordinary flow of everyday life and setting them free of the habitual norms of thinking and acting (Schütz, 2003: 19). Crisis is defined as a trial opportunity in terms of encircling people in painful situations that oblige finding new skills and creative problem-solving capabilities, mostly accompanied by pain and pressure (Martuccelli and de Singly, 2012: 73-80). The trial and the social experience that comes with it, are the intersection of individuals and the social structure, in which the rationale for action emerges during the trial situation and the social experience, itself composed of three segments: “integration”, “strategy” and “subjectivation” (Dubet, 1994: 136(. The social world is the context in which effective action takes place in the heart of experience and the knowledge of the surroundings. The individual’s knowledge of the social lifeworld is organized around the meaning of her actions under circumstances where she targets the control of her lifeworld and social relationships and locates herself at the center to recognize and utilize the elements that maximize this purpose (Schütz, 2003: 10-11). The social experience and the improvement of capabilities that are required for dealing with difficult situations are inclusive of the two processes of subjectivity and reflexivity.
Subjectivity is a fulfilled social process formed around the reflexive subject in which, in a process of working on the self, the subject attains new consciousness for the constant reflexivity, redefinition, moderation, and reformation of one’s consciousnesses and actions. In this process, personal life turns into a project open to new restrictions, worries, and concerns as well as new opportunities and untried experiences (Giddens, 2021: 22). Reflexivity is performed in a bedrock of the individual’s critical distanciation from and assessment of oneself, others, and the social lifeworld (Martuccelli and de Singly, 2012: 73-80). Therefore, reflexivity and “the narrative of individuation” in modernity are understood and experienced in the context of internal and external clashes (Bertucci, 2009: 43-55).
Methodology
After defining the individual and his conception of social reality as the prospects for understanding social phenomena (Martuccelli and de Singly 2012: 76), this research is conducted in the verstehen interpretive framework and constructivist epistemology. The method applied is basic qualitative research (Merriam, 2015: 46-48) and the techniques for gathering and analyzing data are semi-structured in-depth interview and thematic analysis. The sampling method is purposive while the population is made of 23 married women between 30-52 from Tehran and Alborz provinces while maximum diversity in age, appearance and class and religious affiliations has been observed in their selection. Due to the state of quarantine in 2020, the interviews were conducted via WhatsApp application and in the form of oral questions and answers that have been defined based on the research guidelines.
Results
Four dominant meaning patterns and their sub-meanings as identified in the thematic analysis of interviewee’s narratives include: crisis, subjectivity and double feminine resilience (the loss of the functionality of the concept of roles in explaining the complexity of feminine experience, the frustration with being oneself and the resulting duplication of crisis harms, the emergence of woman as the heroin subject), suspension of femininity and body management under disease panic (deference of femininity in the return to the natural body, the unbearableness of the lived time waiting for the disaster, the deferred gendered life in the panic of the moment of crisis), masculinity and the deconstruction of the dominant image in crises (the perplexity of masculinity in the entanglement of the spaces for social familial life, the lack of domestic work skills and men’s avoidance from the private sphere, expectation for disaster and the lack of masculine authority), and the return to the importance of paternal status in the experience of crisis (the absence of paternal emotional authority in waiting for disaster, gendered consciousness in the shared experience of disaster and the demand for the presence of father, financial support as the precondition for good fatherhood).
Demographic information table
City of Residence
Marital Status/Number of Children
Employ
Education
Age
Name
Number
Tehran
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
36
Sima
1
Damavand
1
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
36
Mehri
2
Tehran
1
Housekeeper/ Home job
Bachelor’s degree
38
Fatameh
3
Tehran
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
36
Saba
4
Karaj
2
Employee
Master
52
Hanieh
5
Mehr-shahr (Alborz)
2
Employee
Bachelor’s degree
48
Fahimeh
6
Karaj
2
Teacher
-
-
Mahoor
7
Tehran
2/ widow
Teacher
Master
44
Zeynab
8
Karaj
1
Employee
Master
38
Samareh
9
Tehran
1
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
30
Pariya
10
Karaj
1
Pharmacist
PhD in Pharmacy
38
Shamisa
11
Damavand
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
36
Sahar
12
Karaj
1+ Pregnant
Teacher
Bachelor’s degree
36
Sogol
13
Tehran
2
Employee
Bachelor’s degree
35
Mina
14
Tehran
1
Housekeeper
Master
38
Mehrana
15
Tehran
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
40
Azadeh
16
Tehran
1/Ddivorced
Teacher
Bachelor’s degree
40
Mahshad
17
Mehr-shahr (Alborz)
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
41
Asal
18
Roudehen
-
Employee
Bachelor’s degree
30
Soheyla
19
Tehran
2
Nurse
Master
39
Minoo
20
Kamal-shahr (Alborz)
1
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
37
Samira
21
Roudehen
2
Teacher
Bachelor’s degree
38
Mojgan
22
Roudehen
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
37
Elham
21
Conclusion
The COVID-19 crisis as compared to other disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and war, has been experienced around the center of home and family, leading to the disruption of the normal, everyday life order of the house. Defining home quarantine at the core of controlling the disease brings women to the central position in crisis management. At this central position, women begin to work on their feminine self, learn new skills, and improve these capabilities due to the demand that is created by the crisis and the disruption of the previous order of social life. Meanwhile, and especially because of the absence of the government, further pressure, mental and psychological, put on women for appropriate reaction. Overall, in the dominant discourse of social sciences which is defined with pathological approaches, being under such circumstances of extra pressure makes people, especially women, more vulnerable. This is while the COVID-19 crisis has been a historical moment in women’s subjectivity and individuality, especially for Iranian women. Nevertheless, the historical accounts of pandemics as crises and disasters show that though women are the subjects called to the center in all these accounts, as a result of which house and household management around the discourse of the “housewife” turns into the dominant discourse, this centralization of femininity is temporal and restricted to those historical moments. With the return of society to its normal order, women are once again deprived of the central position; in other words, the misogynist genealogy is back there as the dominant discourse.
Acknowledgments
I am obliged to the Allameh Tabatabae’i University for allowing me to conduct this research. I extend my gratitude to Dr. Dabbaghi, Faculty of the ATU for her kind assistance in compiling the research proposal and completing the interviews, Dr. Shf'ati for joining the team in the initial analysis of data, and Dr. Khazaei, Faculty of the University of Tehran and the main colleague of the project.
Sociology
Behnam Lotfikhachaki; Mansoureh Mahdizadeh
Abstract
With the aim of identifying and prioritizing the needs of the young elites and the typology of this group, the current research identified the needs of the elites in the framework of the Q method, while conducting in-depth interviews with the elites and examining the available resources. In the ...
Read More
With the aim of identifying and prioritizing the needs of the young elites and the typology of this group, the current research identified the needs of the elites in the framework of the Q method, while conducting in-depth interviews with the elites and examining the available resources. In the second part, 62 young university elites completed the final questionnaire. Then, four mental patterns were obtained. According to the findings, the "supportive elites" are mostly looking for support and facilities for livelihood, research, recruitment etc., and they adapt themselves well to quantitative criteria to obtain support and facilities. "Participating elites" believe that the existing support should be appropriate to the dignity and special conditions of each elite. This group needs to provide the basis for their influence through interaction with different levels of governance and with other elites. "Individual elites" seek public support in the fields of livelihood, research, and equipment, and prefer short-term and economic support to long-term and targeted facilities. "Operational elites" are also mainly looking for specific and targeted support such as commercialization of products, creation of knowledge-based businesses and application of research. Finally, operational and policy proposals were presented to meet these needs.
Sociology
bahram nikbakhsh
Abstract
Physical appearance as a form of capital has been the focus of sociologists in recent years because "aesthetic capital," like other forms of capital, can be accumulated and utilized in social exchanges. The general purpose of this research was to collect information about the dimensions and meaning ...
Read More
Physical appearance as a form of capital has been the focus of sociologists in recent years because "aesthetic capital," like other forms of capital, can be accumulated and utilized in social exchanges. The general purpose of this research was to collect information about the dimensions and meaning of appearance, and to do so, the questionnaire tool was used. The present research participants included all people between the ages of 15 and 60 in a statistical sample of 384 people in Ahvaz City. In this regard, statistical measures for both the "accumulation" and "utilization " dimensions of "aesthetic capital" were studied based on a parallel survey design using ordinal logistic regression (o-logit model). The findings showed that there are double standards based on specific norms regarding "accumulation" and "utilization " of "aesthetic capital." Furthermore, the existence of double normative standards depends on the "context" of society, in a way that these standards in "accumulation of capital" mean more approval of women's behavior, while the double standard in "utilization of capital" means more approval of men’s behavior. As a result, aesthetic capital, as something that depends on the context, regulates gender norms.
Sociology
Fatemeh Mohammadi; Tayebeh Farajzadeh
Abstract
The South Korean film business has captured the imagination of many young people nowadays, which disturbs many parents. This research seeks to understand the experiences of fandom in young Iranian women from Korean series and its relationship with virtual space. The current qualitative case study research ...
Read More
The South Korean film business has captured the imagination of many young people nowadays, which disturbs many parents. This research seeks to understand the experiences of fandom in young Iranian women from Korean series and its relationship with virtual space. The current qualitative case study research was conducted using thematic analysis and semi-structured interviews, and the data were analyzed using coding. Twenty-three young girls between the ages of 19 and 27 who live in various places in Iran and are members of fan pages on Telegram made up the present research participants. Although many of them ascribed the start of their fandom to the period when popular Korean series were broadcast on TV, the results of this research confirm that their fandom is sustained thanks to the availability of virtual space. Furthermore, five main themes for the support of these young women were counted from their responses: a variety of genres in products, avoiding erotic scenes, fostering cultural similarities, teaching moral virtue, and attractive romances were among the reasons for their support.
Sociology
Seyed Mahdi Etemadifard; Abdollah Bicharanloo; Nooshin Safaeian
Abstract
The most basic issue in this article is to understand how the hierarchy of authority in the family and its changes are represented in social melodrama films with family themes that were best sellers in the period from 2008 to 2018. In the current study, based on contemporary approaches in the ...
Read More
The most basic issue in this article is to understand how the hierarchy of authority in the family and its changes are represented in social melodrama films with family themes that were best sellers in the period from 2008 to 2018. In the current study, based on contemporary approaches in the field of sociology of gender, an attempt has been made to consider power and culture as the key elements in the analysis of films, beyond male and female, to understand power relations in the Iranian family. To analyze this issue in the period mentioned in the research samples, John Fiske’s semiotics model has been used so that while describing the distribution of family authority in these films, we can take a long look at the hierarchy of family authority and its changes. The results indicate that during a decade, we initially see the presence of hegemonic and less hegemonic masculinity and emphatic femininity in these films. In the middle of the decade, the presence of resistant women is more visible, but at the end of this decade, i.e. from 2016 to 2018, hegemonic men and emphatic women are the most important pattern of distribution of authority in the family in these films. What is important in this article is to pay attention to a different aspect compared to the results obtained from previous studies.
Keywords: Family, Femininity, Hierarchy of Authority, Iranian Cinema, Masculinity.
Introduction
The issue of how to divide tasks and perform roles in the family has been ponderable since the past. The hierarchy of authority in the family is based on the core relationships between men and women. It should be said that the most basic purpose of this research is to study "the hierarchy of authority in the family." The importance of the current issue is that the understanding of how the hierarchy of authority is represented in the family and the changes that have occurred in the field of sociology have been mainly focused by studies according to the status of women and the relationships that are created for men based on it. This research is trying to investigate the power relations among all family members using a comprehensive reading. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to analyze how the hierarchy of authority is distributed in the family and its changes in the movies of a decade from 2008 to 2018.
Main question: How is the hierarchy of authority in the family represented in movies, and what changes has it undergone?
Sub-questions: Do we see changes in the levels of authority in the family? Which position for women and men is more frequent in the hierarchy of family authority?
Literature Review
After reviewing the studies related to this field, the Persian researches in this field are categorized into two distinct categories. The first category is based on studies that have studied the hierarchy of authority in the family, which have been studied in different social, economic, cultural, etc. areas, regardless of the media dimensions of the family. The second category is related to studies that emphasize the media representation of the family or women as one of the important elements in the family. In this category, the representation of the family has been explored either in general or based on a particular issue. Foreign studies have paid more attention to the male dimensions of family hierarchy.
Theories Review
The modern theory of sociology of gender, which may have become famous for men's studies, has tried to provide a comprehensive and innovative intellectual system that can be used to examine the type and ranking of authority and power of all members of the family and recognize the traces of power. In this research, we are trying to go beyond the mere gender reading based on the theory of hegemonic masculinity of R. Connell, the theory of second sexism by Benatar, and the theory of expendable men by Baumeister. According to the theory of hegemonic masculinity, there is a cultural ideal type in society based on which the position of men and women is redefined. The second sexism theory and expendable men jointly address the idea of discrimination against men and believe that the problems that men struggle with have been neglected.
Materials and Methods
In this research, the purposive sampling technique has been used. According to the topic and purpose of the research, bestselling movies and dramas were selected. The best-selling social melodrama movies, including family themes have been selected based on the statistical calendar of the sales of cinematographic films published by the Vice-Chancellor of Technology and Cinematic Development of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. In the films in question, the sequences or sub-sequences that describe the linguistic interactions between men and women and other family members are selected for analysis. From 6 to 12 sequences, a variable for each movie, sequences that were purposively selected and analyzed based on John Fiske's triple codes. In John Fiske's view, semiotic analysis seeks to identify encoded semantic layers, and all codes have meaning. Codes have three layers: real or social codes (appearance, clothing, facial expressions, environment, behavior, speech, hand gestures, and voice), Technical codes (camera, lighting, equipment, dialogue, etc.) or representation, and finally, ideological codes (the main concepts and meanings hidden in the text).
Discussion and Conclusion
After analyzing each movie based on John Fiske's triple codes and examining the information obtained through the theory of modern gender sociology, a clear picture of the distribution of authority in each movie emerged. The most frequent masculinities and femininities were identified in 4 specific types: 1. Hegemonic man - emphatic woman 2. Less hegemonic man and emphatic woman 3. Hegemonic man - resistant woman 4. Less hegemonic man - resistant woman.
The most important issue represented in all the movies was protecting the cultural type of hegemonic masculinity. By studying the hierarchies of authority and the signs and elements of hegemonic masculinity of families in the movies, it became clear that the family members tried to maintain the family based on hegemonic masculinity despite the crises and hardships they faced. In a society or in historical periods, there may be different types of masculinity that are valued differently. So, hegemonic masculinity changes over historical periods (Connell 2005: 208-210). In fact, the main expectation from the research was that in the early years, we would see hegemonic men and emphatic women, and in the final years of this decade, we would see fewer hegemonic men and more resistant women. But the process of changing the hierarchy of distribution of authority in the family, in the movies from 2008 to 2018, has not only gone towards a more democratic family, but it has also become more hegemonic and authoritarian. As mentioned in the family typification section, the structure of hegemonic man - emphatic woman is the most frequent structure that has been represented in all the movies and in the last three years, i.e., from 2016 to 2018, it is the dominant and final structure. The initial impression was that by the passage from the 2000s to the 2010s, families in movies have taken a more democratic step; even the aforementioned studies have shown this issue at real levels, but the trend of bestselling movies shows something contrary to the social trend stated in other studies. This indicates a general picture that is being repeated in the studies, but it requires a more detailed investigation and the use of valid indicators in order to measure the authority relations in the Iranian family so that in the study of the construction of authority in the family, the process of becoming participative is not repeated and be sensitive to the occurrence of resistances, conflicts and also interactions that may arise between members.
Sociology
Hamid Sarshar; Javad Kashi; Ali Janadleh
Abstract
The present article aims to trace the understanding of Iran's collective identity in historical reference to the rationality of schools. The theoretical guide of the research is derived from the conceptual apparatus of Michel Foucault, and the methodological logic of the research is through the ...
Read More
The present article aims to trace the understanding of Iran's collective identity in historical reference to the rationality of schools. The theoretical guide of the research is derived from the conceptual apparatus of Michel Foucault, and the methodological logic of the research is through the genealogical approach and Foucauldian discourse analysis. The findings of the study indicate that "historical events" and "multiple developments" during the "confrontation" at the beginning of the confrontation with the civilization of the West made Iran susceptible to multiple situations. Modern education, on the one hand, arose such a desire from within the society that here education is mainly focused on progress in the socio-economic fields and does not have a relation with the collective identity. On the other hand, the structural encounter with the Western world, the mainly military necessity of the government, and the health crisis led to the understanding and "technical rationality" of knowledge. The rationality that later at the end of the century, with the rebellion of the "progressive discourse" from its initial principles and the problematization of collective identity, put modern education at the service of "the impossibility of open collective identity."IntroductionA redefinition of society as “a land and political territory in the modern rational and center-oriented form” has brought about a new stage for human collective settlements. Having had a theory/idea whereby a society is perceived as a state-nation concept as required by modern historical rationality, the problem of collective identity has been raised. Now, with the break of boundaries of “time-space” and the possibility for “a direct action towards the place”, once again our perception of “society” is about to be historically broken. However, the question of the “collective identity of Iran” still remains as one of the serious issues. The simultaneous intermingling of good and evil in modern political rationality has been the source of many misunderstandings and sufferings by confining our understanding of our identity in the form of geographical-political boundaries. But, understanding the collective identity beyond good and evil in history requires a transition from a moral point of view and a focus on historical circumstances.Literature ReviewStudies of collective identity in Iran have mainly focused on the issue of whether Iranian collective identity is a new phenomenon or a late phenomenon. In fact, the main controversy is whether collective identity is "discovered" or "constructed" in the contemporary world. Based on this, the three dominant approaches in the study of Iran's collective identity have been the "nationalistic" narrative, the "modern" narrative, and the "historical" narrative. The nationalist narrative considers Iran's collective identity as a pre-modern phenomenon. The modern narrative considers collective identity as a phenomenon related to the modern world and the formation of state-nations. The historical narrative considers collective identity as a pre-modern phenomenon that has changed over time and has emerged in the modern world in the form of national identity. Dominated by modern rationality, socio-historical studies on Iran which have assumed the collective identity as a sacred affair of fact within a state-nation framework, have been searching for the reasons for collective identity formation, often from a rationalistic and subject-oriented standpoint; so, the question on how such a phenomenon is realized in modern institutions which function as an area where the relations between dominant forces and rationality play the most essential role in organizing modern societies, seems to be the missing part of such socio-historical studies.Research ObjectivesThis research aims to examine the collective identity of contemporary Iran with reference to history in educational practices. This article intends to map the current history of Iran's collective identity with a genealogical approach, in order to record the evolution and heterogeneity of the collective identity outside of a uniform finality by refusing to look for origins. In analyzing the collective identity in the discursive and institutional fabric of contemporary Iranian history, our focus in this research is on the institution of education and educational practices.Theoretical FoundationsThis research is theoretically placed in the postmodern epistemological paradigm, and specifically, the theoretical guide of the research is derived from the conceptual apparatus of Michel Foucault. The author has aimed to trace back the contemporary collective identity of Iran by making historical references to scholastic rationality and educational acts within Foucault’s genealogy, conceptual framework, and logic. From the perspective of Foucault's genealogical approach, the possibilities and impossibilities of social phenomena and their nature can be deciphered in the knowledge-power system.Materials and MethodsThis research has been done using genealogical methodological logic and Foucauldian discourse analysis. Genealogy does not provide a precise methodological logic, but rather an insight to understand the phenomena. An insight that explores the logic of social order, social developments, and the actions of social agents in relation to power-knowledge. An exploration that looks for traces of today's events in the past. Genealogy goes back to history to investigate and understand phenomena, and in this regard, its main emphasis is on dominant rationalities and the formation of power relations.ResultsThe findings of the research indicate that "historical events" and "multiple developments" during the "confrontation" at the beginning of the confrontation with the civilization of the West made Iran susceptible to multiple situations. Modern education, on the one hand, arose such a desire from within the society that here education is mainly focused on progress in the socio-economic fields and does not have a relation with the collective identity. On the other hand, the structural encounter with the Western world, the mainly military necessity of the government, and the health crisis led to the understanding and "technical rationality" of knowledge. The rationality that later at the end of the century, with the rebellion of the "progressive discourse" from its initial principles and the problematization of collective identity, put modern education at the service of "the impossibility of open collective identity."
Sociology
Alireza Bizaban; Ali Imani
Abstract
The main issue of this article is national security. The question of this article is, which societies and why do they experience less potential and actual internal and external threats to national security, while some societies are constantly exposed to and experiencing dangerous threats? What ...
Read More
The main issue of this article is national security. The question of this article is, which societies and why do they experience less potential and actual internal and external threats to national security, while some societies are constantly exposed to and experiencing dangerous threats? What is the situation of Iran in terms of the power of the state and the nation and the dangerous threats to national security? In order to find a theoretical solution to the problem, with the help of nation-state building theories, the dimensions of the power of the state and the nation were extracted, and then, using the theory of historical institutionalism, the theoretical analysis of the relationship between the nation-state and national security was carried out. Furthermore, in order to find an empirical solution to the problem, the quantitative methodology and the secondary analysis technique were used at the macro level, and data related to the research variables for 130 countries were collected from various international sources and analyzed for the period of 2005 to 2022. The findings from the quantitative comparative analysis showed that the capacity of the state and the nation and the balanced construction of their power, as well as the balance of power between the state and nation, which provides the basis for the compatibility and synergy of their power, has a reducing effect on potential and actual internal and external threats and has an increasing effect on national security.
Introduction
Today, all societies are faced with the problem of how to survive in the face of uncertainty, a never-ending set of new challenges, dilemmas, and crises, and random, unpredictable, and risky changes in the surrounding world and within themselves [the sources and roots of these challenges and changes are different; changes in relative prices, changes in demographic components, macroeconomic crises, ethnic conflict, civil wars, technological change, and security conflicts with other governments, etc.] and they should be resolved, controlled, and managed. But despite the increasing density, diversity, and complexity of threats, and the inevitable face of all societies with these threats, they do not have the same performance against these threats and only some societies are able to adapt to these random and unpredictable changes, defend their institutions, rules, values, and identity and modulate and manage threats and therefore have less vulnerability and more resilience. Therefore, the question is raised: which societies and why do they experience less potential and actual internal and external dangerous threats to national security and have more national security, while some societies are continuously exposed to experiencing dangerous threats?
Literature Review
Most of the studies carried out in explaining the factors and conditions affecting the Genesis and continuation of national security in Iran can be divided into three categories based on their focus and emphasis: government-oriented studies, studies that are subject to structural deliverism (external structures of society), and cognitive reductionism. The purpose of this article is to critically confront these studies and try to achieve a deep understanding of the concept of national security and the causal conditions of its Genesis and continuity, emphasizing the mutual relationship between the state and the nation, the mutual relationship between the internal and external structures of society.
Materials and Methods
This research has been done using the quantitative methodology and secondary analysis technique at the macro level. The unit of analysis in this research is the country or the entire social system, in other words, the nation-state. The sample to be studied is the nations that have a population of one million people and have the conditions to establish a nation-state (official and recognized nation-states). Data related to various factors in the recent 17-year period (2005 to 2020) were collected for 130 countries and then averaged from them, and using SPSS software, the correlation between the factors was investigated first, and then using linear regression. Multiple, the extent of influence of the structure and capacity of the government and nation on national security threats have been investigated.
Results
The findings from the analysis of the relationships between the research variables showed that the capacity of the state and the nation and the balanced construction of their power, as well as the balance of power between the government and the nation, which provides the basis for the compatibility and synergy of their power, have a reducing effect on potential and actual domestic and foreign threats, and have an increasing effect on national security.
The findings of the case study of Iran show that the state has little financial, bureaucratic, and political capacities and is also qualified to build a deeply unbalanced power. In fact, the state is more than a bureaucratic apparatus with high executive power and inclusive and maximal character, it is a state with a military-security and minimal character (due to the weakness of political power). It is for mobilizing and organizing oneself and participating to influence the construction of the state, and despite the [small and unstable] economic growth during the past decades, it is deeply unequal, multi-divided (center-periphery gap, class gap, etc.), and therefore has an unbalanced structure. Thirdly, the power of the government and the nation is unbalanced (excess power of the government over the nation), and therefore their relationship is asymmetrical and as a result, they are in a state of "gap" and inequality. In such a situation, i.e. "powerful weakness inside", not only is it not possible to take advantage of the technical and technological, scientific, commercial, and economic opportunities of the international system to restore the power inside, but also in the absence of dependence and mutual benefits with other societies, getting caught in the pitfall of the asymmetric and unequal structure of the world system, and being exposed to its increasing pressures and threats is inevitable.
Conclusion
Without a strong nation-state with a balanced power structure, the institutions, rules, vital values, and national interests of the societies will be exposed to dangerous threats. But the stability of the power of the state and the nation depends on the stability of their "equilibrium" and "balance of power," and when the balance of power between them is upset (the state dominates the nation or the nation dominates the state), their relationship is asymmetrical, and their power will be "asymmetric" and "synonymous" and not "synergistic," which undoubtedly has a reducing effect on both their power and national security. A comparison of the synergy of power and the gap between the state and the nation in different regions of the world shows that societies where the government and its nations do not have equal powers experience greater disparity, in contrast to societies where the state and the nation have equal powers aligned, they are constantly exposed to [experience] dangerous internal and external threats to national security.
Sociology
Taha Ashayeri; Tahereh Jahanparvar; Hanieh Adel
Abstract
Suicide means ending the social life and shows the decrease of human value and the peak of human suffering. Social capital has a preventive and deterrent role against suicide. The main purpose of the research is to study the effect of social capital on the tendency to commit suicide by relying ...
Read More
Suicide means ending the social life and shows the decrease of human value and the peak of human suffering. Social capital has a preventive and deterrent role against suicide. The main purpose of the research is to study the effect of social capital on the tendency to commit suicide by relying on meta-analysis of studies. The research method is a quantitative meta-analysis (CMA2), and the unit of analysis is the articles and treatises published in the period from 1385 to 1402, which by using the scientific database NoorMags, Magiran, and IranDoc, 48 documents were identified as the statistical population, and after screening (evaluation of entry and exit conditions for analysis), 26 cases of research (sample size) remained in the study process. The statistical method under investigation is Cohen's d and Fisher's f, and the sampling method is a deliberate-non-probability type. The results indicate that social capital has an inverse and significant relationship with suicide tendency, and its effect coefficient is -0.38. Furthermore, the relationship of social cohesion (-0.18), social support (-0.20), social trust (-0.31), and social participation (-0.17) has been significant and inverse with suicide tendency. Based on this, by strengthening and recreating social capital at the macro, medium, and micro levels, the tendency to commit suicide can be prevented in the provinces of the country.
Introduction
Emile Durkheim considers the currents of modernity and the transition from a traditional to a consumerist society as the beginning of the increase in suicide due to lifestyle changes, increased social expectations, and unlimited aspirations. Factors and network structure play an important role in suicide attempts, which include family members, neighborhood system, and close friends. As the capacity of the social network decreases, the possibility of committing suicide increases. Today, social capital has become one of the key variables in research and is a communication factor between people and social networks. The theoretical foundations of Durkheim's suicide classification have been analyzed and explained with the two variables of the degree of integration and social cohesion of individuals with society. Searching for the general word "suicide" in Iran Mag (1734), Normagz (10000), and Iran Doc (1690 research papers and reports) shows the abundance of suicide studies among academic and institutional researchers. The current study aims to investigate the relationship between social capital and suicidal tendency by relying on a quantitative meta-analysis method; examining based on this, the main goal of the research is to estimate the effect size of the social capital variable and its components on the tendency to commit suicide.
Literature Review
Suicide in Iran is a multidimensional matter and can be discussed and investigated from various approaches. In this context, Faizollahi's studies (2022), under the title "Furthercomposition of Suicide Studies in Iran," show that family disorder, abnormal family management, social pressure, tense marital relationships, inconsistency of tradition, access to suicide tools, sterilization of suicide, and social rejection are the grounds that have increased the tendency to commit suicide. Furthermore, Mehri (2001), in a research entitled "Meta-analysis of suicide studies in Iran," factors such as education level, marital status, self-esteem, family cohesion, early marriage, and anxiety about the family's economic situation and Barghamdi (2019), in his studies entitled "Meta-analysis of studies carried out in connection with the suicide of duty workers," showed that individual factors (aggression, sensationalism, narcissistic personality, antisocial personality, abusive personality, neuroticism, ataxia, obsession, morbid fear, psychosis, depression, non-interactive behaviors, lack of behavior control , dramatic personality, borderline personality, anxiety, extroversion/introversion, drug abuse, and paranoid), family factors (lack of social support, cohesion, and family problems), and managerial-organizational factors (commander's behavior, conditions of the service place, the borderline of the service place, and problem solving skill training) have played a decisive role in the tendency to commit suicide. Finally, Moradi and Sharifzadi's research (2019) titled "Metaanalysis of socio-economic factors related to suicide" shows that social capital (communication, support, trust, norms, and obligations), economic problems (employment, family poverty, low income, and disability in passing economic affairs), family problems (incompatibility with conditions, and distrust of family), and weak mental health (despair, depression, and stress) have had a significant relationship with the tendency to commit suicide.
Materials and Methods
The current research method is quantitative meta-analysis CMA2. Meta-analysis is the estimation of the effect size of studies in one main unit. In this method, the researcher evaluates the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables by referring to published articles, research year, correlation coefficient, and significance level. To receive and collect articles from NoorMags, Civilica, IranDoc, and Magiran website with the keywords "social capital and suicide" in the period of 2006 to 2023, the statistical population (47 studies) was identified and after control in terms of method, reliability, validity, and scientific findings, the number of 26 documents have been entered into the software, and the size of the final effect of each research and the total final effect have been estimated by the Fisher and Cohen formula.
Results
The results indicate that social capital has a significant effect on suicide tendency in all studies, and only social capital in the studies of Qadri and Nazari (2018), and Karimi (2019) had no significant relationship with suicide.
The effect of the general index of social capital on the tendency to commit suicide:
Social capital has an inverse and significant relationship with suicide, and its effect coefficient is -0.38. Furthermore, the relationship between the components of social capital, including social cohesion (-0.18), social support (-0.20), social trust (-0.31), and social participation (-0.17) has been significant and inverse with suicide tendency.
Discussion
The main goal of the current research is to study the effect of social capital on the tendency to commit suicide in Iranian society. In this context, about 26 survey documents have been conducted between 1385 and 1402, and it is based on the assumption that suicide in Iran is a function of the amount of social capital or not. To answer this question, researchers have conducted a meta-analysis by collecting survey-based research related to "social capital and suicide." After screening the research and describing the general characteristics of the studied research, the statistical results of Cohen's d and Fisher's f show that social capital is strong support for dealing with the issue of suicide and has a preventive effect against the act and tendency to commit suicide. Social capital includes values and norms that facilitate access to social benefits and goals and give people social credit and dignity of the type of collective identity. As a result, a person resists loneliness, isolation, depression, and rejection, and when faced with crises, he does not understand himself as helpless, the usefulness of social capital, and the creation of a cooperative is cooperation and social support of its members against social risks.
Conclusion
By increasing the amount of social cohesion, the tendency to commit suicide decreases, and its effect size is equal to -0.189. The greater the intensity of social cohesion, the tendency to commit suicide is also reduced.
- Increasing social support has reduced suicide, and its effect size is equal to 0.200 effect size. By increasing the amount of social support of family and society to individuals, the risk of suicide decreases.
- Increasing social trust reduces suicide, and its effect size is equal to 0.319-effect size. The higher the amount of social trust, the more suicide motives decrease.
- The greater the intensity of social participation by the same amount, the tendency to commit suicide decreases, and its effect size is equal to -0.175.
- Social capital, by creating collective resources (material and immaterial) through community, communication, and social relations, empowers people and protects them in a stable collective network when facing individual-social crises. The tendency to commit suicide (meta-analysis of research), suicide prevention mechanisms (according to the findings).
Keywords: Suicide, Social Capital, Meta-Analysis, Risky Behaviors, Social Differentiation.
Sociology
Ardeshir Bahrami; Parvaneh Danesh; Zahra Mohammadi
Abstract
Varamin City has faced an increasing growth in suicide attempts nowadays. The purpose of this research is to study the bases for committing suicide in this city. The approach of this research was qualitative, and the data-based strategy was used to code and analyze the data. The study participants ...
Read More
Varamin City has faced an increasing growth in suicide attempts nowadays. The purpose of this research is to study the bases for committing suicide in this city. The approach of this research was qualitative, and the data-based strategy was used to code and analyze the data. The study participants were all young people from Varamin City who were referred to counseling and welfare centers because of a suicide attempt. Sampling was done in a purposeful and theoretical manner and theoretical saturation was achieved after an in-depth individual interview with seventeen people. The validity of the data was also obtained through review by experts and participants, and citations. The findings indicate that the central phenomenon of attempted suicide among young people under study is reproductive inequality. Causal conditions are disorganization of family boundaries, fear of subjectivity and instrumental view, skeptical self-concept, regressive marriage, and obstruction in self-perpetuation (meaningful agency). The bases also showed themselves in the form of categories such as limited charity, unstable mosaic texture, barren kinship/family chains, emotional poverty, and limited environmental awareness. The results show that in order to reduce suicide among young people, it is necessary to organize their action spaces so that they recognize themselves as agents and identity effectors and resist adverse conditions.
Introduction
Varamin City has faced an increasing growth in suicide attempts. The present study was conducted with the purpose of studying the contexts of suicide in this city. The distribution of suicide rate in Tehran province shows an increase in the suicide rate in the southeast of Tehran. According to the report of the Social Emergency Center of Iran's Welfare Organization (2021), the suicide rate in Varamin City ranks second among the eastern cities of the country after Pishva with 5.8 percent and 5.1 percent (the Social Emergency Center of Iran's Welfare Organization, 1400). Furthermore, in the year 2021, in order of priority, Tehran (1044 cases), Varamin (188 cases), Shemiranat (162 cases), Shahryar (160 cases), Islamshahr (145 cases), Shahr Ray (145 cases) attempted suicide that they have received specialized services from welfare centers. As can be seen, after Tehran, Varamin ranks second in Tehran province with 188 suicide attempts. In addition, in terms of suicidal thoughts in the years 2017 to 2020, after Pakdasht City, Varamin City ranks second among the cities of Tehran province with 57 cases of suicidal thoughts and attempts.
Literature Review
Parvin et al. (2018) investigated "Intentional Suicide: Contexts and Consequences" among young people of Pakdasht. The findings show that the social contexts that caused suicide can be investigated in two dimensions, macro and interpersonal. In the macro dimension, these fields are "weakness in temporal integration, generational poverty, and social backwardness." At the interpersonal level, social contexts include "group tensions, unfulfilled sexual desire, unstable family boundaries, and immature relationships." Delam et al. (2019), in a study titled, "Suicide Attempt by Teenagers: A Qualitative Study," showed that the breakdown of emotional relationships, conflict with family, the collapse of family structure, psychological problems, and the use of ineffective coping strategies are causes of suicide in teenagers. Kouchakian and Kaldi (2020) in "Suicide; A Response to the Elimination Cycle” showed that arbitrary behaviors, forbidden behaviors, valuing romantic feelings and a transcendental attitude towards marriage at the individual level, conflicting power hierarchies, lack of discussion and dialogue and participation, conditional support from parents, and limited interactions and lack of commitment are the main causes of suicide in Tehran. Vanberg et al. (2021) in a study titled, "Suicide Attempts and Suicide of Young Women in Turkey," showed that social and economic conditions such as job, family status, rejection, poverty, long-term physical diseases, and also family conflicts in the form of family violence and betrayal lead to suicide among women. Meng (2020) in "Rebellion and Revenge: The Meaning of Female Suicide in Rural China" showed that suicide in China has a different meaning for women of lower status in the family. Suicide as an act of revenge is understood. Suicide for women is a protest against the existing social and economic pressures that have rejected them morally. Keely et al. (2022) have studied the role of youth's perception of social support in explaining suicidal behavior. The results showed that the relationship between the perception of low school support and suicidal thoughts is stronger in those who do not have parental support.
Materials and Methods
The approach of the current research was qualitative and the data-based strategy was used to code and analyze the data. The study participants were all young people who tried to commit suicide in Varamin City and were then referred to counseling and welfare centers. Sampling was done in a purposeful and theoretical manner, and theoretical saturation was achieved after an in-depth individual interview with seventeen people. The validity of the data was obtained through review by experts, review by participants, and citation.
Results
The findings show that reproductive inequality is the central phenomenon of attempted suicide among young people under study. Causal conditions are "disorganization of family boundaries, fear of subjectivity and instrumental view, skeptical self-concept, regressive marriage, and obstruction in self-giving continuity (meaningful agency). The contexts also showed themselves in the form of categories such as "limited good, unstable mosaic texture, kinship/unproductive family chains, emotional poverty, and limited environmental awareness."
Conclusion
In this research, we wanted to study the bases for suicide attempts among the youth of Varamin City. Therefore, reproductive inequality was identified as the central category of suicide attempts. Causal conditions consist of six categories: "disorganization of family boundaries, fear of subjectivity and instrumental view, skeptical self-concept, regressive marriage, and obstruction in self-continuity (meaningful agency). The bases or contexts also showed themselves in the form of categories such as "limited charity, unstable mosaic texture, barren kinship/family chains, emotional poverty, and limited environmental awareness."
Keywords: Suicide, Fear of Subjectivity and Failure, Unstable Mosaic Texture, Limited Charity, Regressive Marriage.
Sociology
Saeedeh Amini; Fatemeh Omidi; Ardeshir Entezari
Abstract
Social protests, as non-institutional forms of political participation, are the undeniable reality of any society. The frequency and proliferation of this fact in history after the Islamic Revolution and its changes and transformations have doubled the need to pay attention to this form of collective ...
Read More
Social protests, as non-institutional forms of political participation, are the undeniable reality of any society. The frequency and proliferation of this fact in history after the Islamic Revolution and its changes and transformations have doubled the need to pay attention to this form of collective action. Within these protests, the protestors have chanted these slogans, which, on the one hand, express their wishes and demands for political and social changes and their ideals for fundamental changes. On the other hand, these slogans are constructs of domestic and foreign media and virtual and real social networks. In this article, using content analysis method and based on the framing theory of Snow and Benford, an attempt has been made to analyze the slogans of the protests of the last three decades based on three interpretive frameworks and the main themes. Slogans are defined in each framework and each period of protests to reveal the thematic changes of slogans over three decades. The results show that in the protests of June 1999, the motivational framework, the protests after the presidential elections of 2009, and the protests of January 2018 and November 2019, the diagnostic framework carried the most weight among the slogans. The results of the analysis of the theme of the slogans also showed that in the protests of June 1999, Libertarian themes; in the protests of 2009, political justice themes, and in the protests of 2018 and 2019, anti-religious themes were the most frequent among other themes.
Sociology
Zeinab Malekipour; Soheila Sadeghi Fasaei; Asemeh Ghasemi
Abstract
Analyzing the evolution of the family institution and understanding how to build emotional relationships in married life has been one of the main concerns of modern social theory. Accordingly, the present article, using a qualitative study and adopting a phenomenological approach and using thematic analysis, ...
Read More
Analyzing the evolution of the family institution and understanding how to build emotional relationships in married life has been one of the main concerns of modern social theory. Accordingly, the present article, using a qualitative study and adopting a phenomenological approach and using thematic analysis, seeks to answer the question of how couples experience fidelity and what semantic classifications the concept of fidelity has in the contemporary life of Tehrani citizens. The data collection tool was in-depth and semi-structured interview. The sample size included 31 interviews with women and men who were married for more than one year. The sampling method was based on the purposive sampling strategy and each interview lasted between 50 to 90 minutes. The findings of the research show that there are 3 distinct views on fidelity in married life: The first view of which is that fidelity is long-term and inviolable. Another view considers fidelity as fluid and changeable. And finally, a view that considers fidelity as a restorative and renewing issue that is read and invented within married life.
Sociology
Mohammad Amirpanahi; Fatemeh Namiyan
Abstract
The basic challenge of poverty reduction policies in Iran is to present a true and real picture of this phenomenon. Although many studies have been conducted in the field of poverty, most of the studies have been isolated, diverse and unrelated, and often concentrated on the field of economics. ...
Read More
The basic challenge of poverty reduction policies in Iran is to present a true and real picture of this phenomenon. Although many studies have been conducted in the field of poverty, most of the studies have been isolated, diverse and unrelated, and often concentrated on the field of economics. It makes it difficult to consider poverty in other dimensions. Due to the importance of understanding poverty and verifying the studies done, this study seeks for a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of poverty using meta-analysis and the study seeks to answer the question of what are the general factors affecting poverty and what are the shortcomings of poverty studies. The statistical population was 45 studies between the 2001-2021, of which 32 studies were selected based on sampling criteria. The findings of the research show that the studies of poverty in Iran are mainly focused on the field of economics and are descriptive, scattered, isolated and lack synergy. Even where they have focused on the causes of poverty, they are based on non-structural factors of poverty rather than deep structor of variables. These causes are: inflation, unemployment, lack of skills, economic capital, gender, dependency burden, social capital and education.
Sociology
SeyedehHajar Hosseini; Ahmad kalateh sadati
Abstract
The research was conducted with the aim of reviewing the foundational fields, study focus, and future prospects of the sociology of medical education, with a view on Iran's situation. The method is a non-systematic and narrative review. Data were collected to retrieval and analysis of written documents ...
Read More
The research was conducted with the aim of reviewing the foundational fields, study focus, and future prospects of the sociology of medical education, with a view on Iran's situation. The method is a non-systematic and narrative review. Data were collected to retrieval and analysis of written documents spanning the past 70 years (1950s to 2020s). The keywords were searched in scientific databases in Iran and around the world. The inclusion criteria were purposeful and cumulative, focusing on "Matching keywords," "Top-cited, indexed, and meaningful" articles related to "Medical students, physicians, institutions/medical system," with at least one writer in the field of sociology. Extraction and synthesis of information involved thematic content analysis and historical sequencing. The research focuses on the originality of documents and adherence to ethical standards. According to the results, the sociology of medical education is one of the focal points of sociological knowledge production, that is extensively studied around the world. However, its presence in the medical and sociological societies of Iran is not wellknown. There are only a few examples of theoretical and experimental works in this field in Iran. The possibility of moving within existing axes and exploring various potential "Epistemological and research perspectives" is considerable.
Sociology
Mohammad Mahdi Zadeh Taleshi; Mohammad Maghamian Zadeh
Abstract
Today, with the pervasive influence of media, celebrities have acquired a significant position in popular culture. They serve as emergent referents in modern society, possessing the capacity to form devoted and enthusiastic fan communities. The study of fandom is important as it plays a foundational ...
Read More
Today, with the pervasive influence of media, celebrities have acquired a significant position in popular culture. They serve as emergent referents in modern society, possessing the capacity to form devoted and enthusiastic fan communities. The study of fandom is important as it plays a foundational role in shaping the individual and collective identities of fans. The present research focuses on adolescents and the phenomenon of subculture fandom, seeking to explore the ways in which Iranian teenagers identify themselves through their fandom of Amir Tataloo. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 16 teenagers who manage Tataloo fan pages on Instagram; and a thematic analysis ran over the data using MAXQDA software. The findings suggest that Tataloo fans abide by group norms such as supporting Tataloo and not denying Tatality identity, individualism, respecting diverse tastes, purposeful living, optimism toward the future, and ultimately, following Tataloo's lifestyle. Thus, Tatalities can be considered as members of a digital subculture that differentiates themselves from others through the aforesaid identity components. Moreover, regarding the second research question, the forms of involvement of Tatalities with tataloo were examined by the study to shed light on the levels of engagement and relationship of the fans with their celebrities.
Sociology
Ali Yaghoobi Choobari
Abstract
Metaphors help individuals express mental knowledge in the form of objective facts, that is, most abstract concepts become objective through metaphor and allegory. Almost all abstract conceptualizations occur through conceptual metaphor and metonymy. The present article is about the role of metaphorical ...
Read More
Metaphors help individuals express mental knowledge in the form of objective facts, that is, most abstract concepts become objective through metaphor and allegory. Almost all abstract conceptualizations occur through conceptual metaphor and metonymy. The present article is about the role of metaphorical language in Bourdieu's thought as a new subject. By studying Bourdieu's works, his major metaphors were extracted and analyzed using a qualitative content analysis method and the "Metaphor Identification Procedure" model. The findings show that Bourdieu's metaphors are interconnected as a network of concepts. The main metaphor of Bourdieu's thinking is conflict, and his other metaphors are a function of this metaphor. He has used several “Source Conceptual Domains” such as field, habitus, capital, play, and so on to analyze “Social Life” as a “Target Conceptual Domain”. Bourdieu has used economic metaphors in his social analysis and believes a "Sameness" exists between the economic market and the linguistic market. In some of his works, he has used embodied metaphors such as habitus. Physical metaphors are also shaped through a symbolic order and the separation of binary oppositions. He tried to visualize or objectify the subtle and abstract social world with metaphors which are spatial, temporal, economic, and physical.
Sociology
Zahra Mirhosseini; Elaheh Ghorbani
Abstract
The phenomenon of labor children is one of the social problems that has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. However, in many cases, the female children of labor having been neglected. In the present paper, it has been attempted to investigate the lived experience of female ...
Read More
The phenomenon of labor children is one of the social problems that has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. However, in many cases, the female children of labor having been neglected. In the present paper, it has been attempted to investigate the lived experience of female children of labor using a qualitative research method and conducting phenomenological studies. To this end, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 23 girls of 6 to 16 years of age who had the lived experience of both working and living on the street. The research findings show that the girls’ perception and description of work on the street and the understanding of their narratives can be categorized into four main themes: “Contextual and ethnic characteristics”, “Typology of daily activities based on gender”, “Spatial domains of work”, and “Skills and techniques”. The research findings also show that the backgrounds and contexts of girls’ work on the street can be categorized into the following four categories: “Living in disintegrated families”, “Poverty and helplessness”, “Girls’ labor as support for the family”, and “The double exploitation and strict control of female children of labor”.
Sociology
Tahereh Khazaei
Abstract
The present research is aimed at understanding the experiences of Iranian women in France as immigrants regarding their body and dress norms. The study was conducted based on a comprehensive sociological analysis of the work of individuation of social actors and through a comprehensive survey and thematic ...
Read More
The present research is aimed at understanding the experiences of Iranian women in France as immigrants regarding their body and dress norms. The study was conducted based on a comprehensive sociological analysis of the work of individuation of social actors and through a comprehensive survey and thematic analysis. Deep semi-structured talks were held with the participants, composed of 24 Iranian women aged between 26 to 42 years old who had been living between one to 15 years in France. The results indicate that there are four types of comprehension of the body, including comprehension of the body as an aesthetic, banal, emancipatory and sexual object. Also, three strategies were recognized including integration, differentiation and singularization in the immigration interview. In the process of making their feminine selves reach hegemonic feminity with their dressing codification, the women have different experiences ranging from adaptation to consistent syncretization of French and Iranian dressing codes and heterogeneous norms.
Sociology
Siavash Gholipoor; Nader Amiri; Sara Korani
Abstract
This article seeks to examine the process of stigmatization of the Nukan neighborhood within Kermanshah. The theoretical framework is based on Rob Shields' concepts of "social spatialisation”. Shields considers the process of constructing meaning of a space to be a result of the objective procedures ...
Read More
This article seeks to examine the process of stigmatization of the Nukan neighborhood within Kermanshah. The theoretical framework is based on Rob Shields' concepts of "social spatialisation”. Shields considers the process of constructing meaning of a space to be a result of the objective procedures of everyday life that construct suppositions about meaning and form space-myths through various ways. The research method is ethnography and the data collection technique includes participatory observation and intensive interviews. The findings of the survey indicate that Nukan has topographically isolated geography and that some social borders have intensified this dissociation. Different procedures have a role in labeling Nukan as such. By announcing the image space to be "rural, " the municipality avoids providing any service to the area. By labeling the area as "violent" as well as a "crime hotspot, " the police force avoids interference in quarrels. The Department of Education declares students of schools within Nukan to be "chaotic" and "abnormal." Also, by not providing the essential substructures, they transfer students of certain grades to other regions, which results in even more labeling when students get into quarrels in those regions. On another hand, taxi drivers, shopkeepers, tenants and women gathering in alleys to talk and pass time propagate and sustain such suppositions. In conclusion, in the process of Nukan's stigmatization, not only coarse language and impressions, but also people's behaviors in everyday life play a decisive role.
Sociology
Masoud Chari sadegh; Ahmadreza Asgharpourmasouleh; Gholamreza Sedigh Ouraee; Mehdi Kermani; Mahdi Feizi
Abstract
This study explores the action, conditions governing the action, practical factors, and strategic approaches of the builders in the housing market. It is an exploratory, qualitative, applied, and cross-sectional research. Accordingly, a systematic analysis of the in-depth interview with 25 people in ...
Read More
This study explores the action, conditions governing the action, practical factors, and strategic approaches of the builders in the housing market. It is an exploratory, qualitative, applied, and cross-sectional research. Accordingly, a systematic analysis of the in-depth interview with 25 people in the housing market in Mashhad was conducted using the Strauss and Corbin's ground theory method. As a result, 256 sub-categories were obtained, and after several coding steps, finally, based on selective coding, the central phenomenon was called "technocratic builders in the struggle for interest and credit". The obtained paradigmatic model included a set of conditions. For example, ground conditions have been formulated as "the economic situation of the metropolitan of Mashhad" and "socio-cultural changes in the pattern of urban housing". Interventional conditions include "decline expertise of housing construction", and "the evolution of the share of land value in housing prices". Causal conditions include "the ability to manage multiple activities", "having the necessary capital or the possibility to absorb it" and "awareness of market conditions". Taking strategies such as "participatory construction", "continuous construction" and "change in construction pattern" lead to the consequences like the "periodic ups and downs at the level of builder performance", "involving with the challenge of balancing profit and loss".
Sociology
Saeedeh Amini; Mostafa Farzaneh
Abstract
Emotion in the field of sociology has been considered as a social structure, therefore, it can be concluded that social factors play a pivotal role in its development and interpretation. The present study intends to draw attention to the issue of unhappiness as an important emotion from the sociological ...
Read More
Emotion in the field of sociology has been considered as a social structure, therefore, it can be concluded that social factors play a pivotal role in its development and interpretation. The present study intends to draw attention to the issue of unhappiness as an important emotion from the sociological point of view and to examine its social backgrounds among university students. On the basis of theories in the realm of sociology of emotions (Symbolic Interaction, Ritual Interaction, Human Social Exchange, Dramaturgical Theory, Power and Social Base), this survey has been conducted as quantitative research on the sample of 381 students from Allameh Tabataba’i University who were selected through the stratified sampling method. The results showed a significant relationship between unhappiness and the variables of their place of residence and place of education. Therefore, the students who lived in dormitories felt more unhappiness than dwellers whose families were in the city where they studied and the self-supporting students of independent campuses. Furthermore, the relationship between the main independent variables (inability to manage emotions, social rejection, distrust, social unconformity, and feeling powerless) and unhappiness was meaningful. Feeling powerless, inability to manage emotions and social unconformity explained the most variance of unhappiness respectively.
