Social Sciences

Abstract The purpose of this research is to introduce the concept of “Makelmakelmakinegi” disease in order to provide a better understanding of socio-political situation in Iran. This disease involves the excessive use of nonrenewable and the most vital of all resources, namely water. The ramifications of this disease are not only in direct contrast to national or regional interests but in the long term as leading to immigration, war, conflicts, it threats friendship relations not only within Iran but also between neighbor regional countries.
 This paper also discusses aqua politics in Iran from a historical perspective. Qanat is rooted in the spirit of peace and collaboration whereas deep and semi-deep wells are associated with individualism and violent competition. “Makelmakelmakinegi” disease is a very dangerous and chronic subspecies of unearned economics. This economic situation is as the result of looting non-renewable Water resources.This pillage brings short-term unsustainable incomes which like the Dutch disease, and any other extraordinary revenues source not directly arising from production( but rather from extraction), wreak havoc on industry and national agriculture.Furthermore, The continuation of this process has devastating consequences including(but not limited to) water shortage crisis, political crisis, cultural and political conflicts, social disorders and war.

Abstract Water is simply the substance of life, and so important a factor in organizing the life of human beings in particular that its shortage would result, among others in a variety of social problems. The aim of the present work is survey on the Social Consequences of Water Crisis in Ardakan township. The method of this research is qualitative whose primary data and the statistical and background information are gathered respectively, through a semi-organized interview with a total of 22 experts and authorities of the region, and thematic analysis. The work is concluded with reflections on the particularly negative social feedback. Objective Social Consequences inclusive demographical changes , from the rise of unemployment and poverty along with the fall of life quality and the rise of violence, and Subjective Social Consequences inclusive cultural and religious shift of viewpoints, the loss of interpersonal trust and the social and political wealth and decrease of life expectancy.The results of this work, Negative Social Consequences in region, providence and contrast with environmental crisises suggest that defying with the water crisis is bound to better management of water resources, water-saving and improving the water-supply networks, and making farmers aware of using water as well as the traditional methods of water extraction in efficient ways.

Abstract The water crisis in Iran is so violent that Iranian social life can be thought of as possessed by the shattered environment. Meanwhile, it seems that the State has a key role to reverse this condition. But, we can ask whether the current Iranian State has the capability to do so, theoretically and practically? To answer the question firstly, I will demonstrate  that any resolution to water crisis in Iran demands  social strategy(and not only economic strategy); secondly, historically speaking, the dominance  of Capitalism-Colonialism paradigm both effects the politics of State on one side, and the Iranian social life on the other, resulting in the dominance of   “Market System” mechanisms in political structure and its consequences on the economic and cultural structure hence the water crisis in Iran in recent years; thirdly, if the State were environmentalist, it could theoretically and practically “transform” the institutions which exacerbate the water crisis in Iran. This paper, via historical and documentary studies, demonstrates that historically in Iran the phobia from Autocratic State results in the dominance of Capitalism-Colonialism paradigm in the decision-making system; consequently , mechanisms of “Market System” (privatization and to make competitive)are deemed as highly acceptable and win legitimacy in political as well as economic and cultural spheres. These exacerbate the water crisis thus the resolution lies in “transforming “of aforementioned paradigm through developing institutions pertaining to the “Environmentalist State”.

Abstract In the last century, with the proliferation of modernization school patterns, there has been a radical transformation in the methods of exploiting water resources, which has challenged these resources dramatically. The present paper examines the deep well drilling and its promotion in one of the Iran's first major modernization programs - the so-called Point Four Program  (1949-1970).  Here the main question is to look for the roots of the water crisis, in other words, the roots of the change in the pattern of water exploitation that led to this crisis. The research method for the current paper is based on library studies and the examination of historical documents, with emphasis on first-hand documents and resources. These documents include the National Library and Archives of Iran, the “Documents from point four program in Iran”, the Internet Archive of the US Department of the Interior, the US Agency for International Development's Internet Archive, Publications and Correspondence Related to point four program as well as documents from affiliated institutions such as University of Utah

Abstract In this paper, social and political capacity building for issues related to the environment, specifically the phenomenon of dust storm in the southwest of Iran which is studied and water diplomacy as a strategy for restoration of Hoor-Alazim wetland which its basin is in Iran, Iraq and Turkey and now is a source of dust storm was investigated. Water diplomacy includes wide spectrum of negotiations such as: disaster diplomacy, preventive water diplomacy and green diplomacy. Currently, Turkey uses its natural resources for development ignoring its environmental impacts. Thus, current dialog jn region is third world dialog. So, it is suggested using win-win dialog as a path to achieve green dialog and applying this dialog as well as game theory, the balance point of the wetland restoration should be determined. In addition, social and political networks among stockholder states for preparing public opinion and impacting on decision maker and decision supporter should be constructed. If policy makers of Iran and Iraq apply water and merchandise exchange diplomacy as a negotiation tool in dialog with Turkey, it will be a step to restoration of environment of region. In networking structure, we should use wide links, several statute and increasing satisfaction for network negotiations in conflict resolution of dust storm.

Abstract Analysis of the content of social science textbooks in elementary, secondary and high school educational levels, the results of which are presented in this paper, aims to answer the question of “How well have water-related concepts and messages been addressed in social science textbooks?”. To find a solution to the aforementioned question and carry out a research on preliminary theoretical studies, the model was determined for content analysis, and consequently, the analysis began subsequent to determining the validity and reliability of the model.  Content analysis method, in this research, has been used in the form of quantitative analysis. The statistical population of the research is the social science textbooks of the first-grade elementary school up to the end of high school. Accordingly, the statistical sample is equal to the statistical society; in other words, the content has been analyzed on the basis of census method for more precision in the results. Findings show that water-related content is missing from the textbooks. That being said, there are only two articles available on the issue; one on saving and the other on the optimal use of water in social science textbooks. It seems, in this regard, that some chapters in social science textbooks in different levels of education need to be redefined due to insufficient attention to the teaching of optimal water consumption.

Abstract In this paper, it has been attempted to investigate the state of the future thinking in the field of water and the warnings made by various scholars in this regard as to why it was happened, despite the slight warnings relative to the elite population, but very vital in terms of importance, intellectual for operation There was not any comment on this area and did not succeed in bringing it to a conclusion. The importance of this issue is that it is no longer possible, by relying on current methods in similar countries in our country that faces a water crisis, to shape the future of the water and bring to the new and innovative paradigm, followed by fundamental changes, in line with the conditions and characteristics. Social, economic, and cultural needs would be needed. Otherwise and with ongoing current water management, water shortages will be driven from crisis to disaster
In order to prevent such crises, we need to have a serious rethink in the country's future thinking system, so as to be able to fix it and manage it before disaster. So, in this article, we try to explain why it would be happened with emphasizing on ..

Abstract Basing the analyze on the index of water balance and perusing the origins of water scarcity in Iran, leads the research beyond the field of hydrology and ascribed it to the spatial distribution of population alongside the political delimitation. The socio-demographic centralized process of urbanization of the last century, particularly in Central Plateau and Salt Lake catchment, caused the unsustainable water balance and inflicted the needs and logic of homo economicus to the natural geography. Not only imposing the Rationale of accumulative-consumptionist life of human beings to that of nature, this process aroused the inequality by growth and spread of concentrated poverty. Alongside, the incompatibility of politico-hydrological delimitation, which has been sedimented through centuries, by imposing the logic of politics (and economics) to nature, disturbing the hydrological order of catchments and transporting water between catchment, problematize sustainability. The topic of sustainability, as a taken-for-granted and unquestionable resolution to the social and environmental crises, in the specific condition of Iran in recent decades, brings about the necessity of analyzing, alongside criticizing the structural and internal contradictions of sustainability per se. Concentrating on water field and applying historical-statistical analyses of water resources management in Iran, the realization of sustainability is here probed.

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The present study aimed at introducing water as a problem and its destructive consequences on Iranian society, recognizing the reasons behind the water problem and offering solutions to control it. It was a descriptive analytical study supported by reliable experimental data and statistics. The results showed that Iran is suffering three water problems: water pollution, water shortage and drying of lakes and lagoons. Water problems have many threateningly natural, sanitary, political and socio-economic consequences for sustainable development of Iranian society. The theoretical framework of the study is based on sustainable development theory. The main reason for the current water problems in Iran arose out of a model of classic economy which does not follow the environmental principles of sustainable development. The other factors include climate chang, construction dams, industrialization, urbanization, population growth and Traditional agriculture with low productivity. The key solution for resolving the water problem is the Following the principles of environmental sustainability in industrial development plans. The other solutions are promotion of public culture, refining the harvest and consumption patterns of water in all sectors of the economy, especially agriculture, Optimizing water resource management, Increase the economic value of water,giving constitutional guarantee to environmental programs, and using modern technologies.