Social Sciences

Abstract Mohammad Ebrahim Movahedi
Mohammad Hossein Panahi
Mohammadreza Tahmak
Date of Receive: 2014/3/7
Date of Accept: 2014/6/10

Abstract
changes of Local and regional governance institution in Iran, associated with socio-political conditions of the society, is a topic that have not been attended yet in historical researches. This research has investigated the above-mentioned topic in Bikhejat of Fars with singularity approach to the historical reality, by a mixed method of grounded theory and oral history. The findings show that changes in local and regional governance institution and public socio-political conditions in Bikhejat, on the one hand, has been affected by macro socio-political conditions of the country, and on the other hand, by special socio-political conditions of the region. This is debated in two dispersed patterns:  non-centralized sovereignty (from the onset of Qajar to about 1934, and from August 1941 to 1948) and centralized sovereignty (modern state) (from about Solar 1934 to August 1941, and from 1948 to now). The main rapture point is the establishment of a totalitarian modern
 
state in Iran, when local governments are abolished and dissolved; from then
on the changes in local governance follows the formation of the modern state. Moreover, the findings reveal that there is a difference between the history of conformation of non-centralized (federal) sovereignty and modern state in Bikhejat and Tehran; i.e. it is necessary to take into consideration the historical times and multiple temporalities of realities in theorizing state in Iran.

Abstract Nader Salarzadeh
Seyed Adel Hashemi Najafabadi
Date of Receive: 2007/10/14
Date of Accept: 2008/4/8

Abstract
Social welfare program is the most important part of development plan. This paper critically raised legal and constitutional welfare development programs of Iran (1990-2004) and analyzed the results with respect to social welfare approach in order to study comparatively social welfare programs of development plans with the relevant constitutional principles. To do this, qualitative content analysis was used. Findings indicate that in most cases, welfare goals were not defined operationally well and suffered from ambiguities and shortages. However, this was improved during third and fourth plans.

Abstract Nezam Bahrami Komeil
Date of Receive: 2014/2/28
Date of Accept: 2014/8/11

Abstract
Modernity is the subject that can be studied from different aspects, in which political dimension is the most significant one. As it will be shown, the importance of "political modernity” is that it provides an appropriate measure to differentiate the structure of societies and political conditions, especially the government. This research tries to answer the main question: what is the position of the components of political modernity in the thought of some prominent clergies who were pro and against the constitutional movement? To do this, historical research and conceptual analysis method are used. Result shows that critical clergies opposed the components of political modernity, while advocates could not fully cop with its contradictions with religious values.

Abstract Abolfazl Zolfaghari
Saeideh Karami
Date of Receive: 2012/10/2
Date of Accept: 2013/5/11
Abstract
Legitimacy is one of the fundamental bases of sustainability of political system. According to Beetham's definition; wherever power is achieved and applied according to justified rules and with evidence of consent, it can be called the right or legitimate power.  Giddens argues that the legitimacy of the political systems under the impact of modern information and communication technology and its manifestations, such as Internet and satellites is suffering from insecurity and crisis. This paper studies relationship between Usage of Internet and Satellite and the rate of legitimacy of political system among youth.
Analyzing mentioned relationship, survey research has been conducted among 376 youth (18-29 years old) in Khomein city by two-stages sampling. The results indicate that the proposed theoretical model has empirical support. So that there is relationship between quantitative and qualitative aspects of satellite usage which includes of average of usage during the week, access experience, usage type and usage pattern and between qualitative aspects of Internet usage which consists of usage type and pattern with rate of legitimacy of political system. According to the accepted definition of Beetham, the rate of legitimacy of political system in mentioned city is 0.59 percent.

Abstract Mohamma Taghi Sabzeii
Date of Receive: 2010/2/18
Date of Accept: 2011/1/1

Abstract
The present paper that is performed via documentary study and comparative technique is aimed to introduce and present sociological comparative analysis of similarities and differences of Iranian and western approaches to civil society. To do this, at first related opinions of famous thinkers of both approaches are recognized and then selected aspects, concepts and components of civil society are compared with each other.
Today, there are four contemporary approaches to civil society in the West: liberal, collective, republican and discursive approach. According to western approaches civil society is made up from three main elements namely non-governmental organizations (NGOs), public sphere and social movements, which have different functions for social order. Freedom (negative and positive), equality, common good, collective wisdom, plurality, autonomy, independent, civilization and civil rights are main concepts of western civil society.
Regarding "religion" as an index, Iranian approaches are divided into two categories: religious and secular (liberal) approaches to civil society. By religious approach one can recognize two sub approaches: pro- and anti-approaches in relationship with the compatibility of religious society andcivil society. Opponents of the compatibility of religion and civil society
recognize more the differentiations of religious society and civil society in the indices such as freedom, equality, principle of majority, human, legislation, state, relationship between state and society, plurality and tolerance. Therefore they come to conclusion the Islamic society are not compatible with the civil society.  Adherents of the religious civil society stress on similarities between two religious and western civil societies in the indices such as independent public sphere, civil organization, pluralism, legality, collective wisdom, civil rights, rights of minorities, respect to human. Hence they argue the realization of a society, which can be as religious and as modern, as possible and as necessary. In liberal or secular approach to civil society, civil society has components, aspects and concepts such as non- governmental organizations, social movements, public sphere, public opinion, collective wisdom, free economy, law state, which can be realized in all of societies (religious and non-religious) and can be also accomplish in Iran.

 

Abstract Sana Chavoshiyan
Date of Receive: 2011/10/7
Date of Accept: 2012/4/8

Abstract
Facing history in its details and fragmentations in order to portray an idea is what Walter Benjamin followed in his life-long projects and can be an ambition for all cultural researchers who investigate their cultural heritage in relation with present time.
This paper relies on epistemological and ontological capacities, found in Benjaminian methodological concepts, study Ursprung (Origin) and Konstellation (Constellation) to open up a new horizon to cultural history, in which, past is used to illuminate present. "Concept", "idea" and "phenomena" are defined as the key concepts in making constellation and their relation with "origin" as their historical context is elaborated.
The resulted "dialectic Image", is the hoped-for product of a method which the fragments themselves could not demonstrate, nor theoretical formulations predict.

Abstract Nematollah Fazeli
Meisam Ahrabian Sadr
Date of Receive: 2009/5/24
Date of Accept: 2010/4/28

Abstract
In the thirteenth century Iran, there was triple full-covering clothing – Chador-Ruband-Chaqchur – in which women were encompassed, during their public and civic presence, so that almost no part of her body could be seen. Such clothing was creating various possibilities, routines, and margins; in other words, in the context of social behavior, this kind of clothing was used, evaluated, and connected to the texture of everyday action, but its very essence found its importance and prominence in connection with two basic functions: covering and deforming. Women’s clothing went to fight with defined forms and specific shapes. This clothing surrounded bodies, and wiped out their boundaries. So, anything surrounded by Chador and Ruband disappeared and remained hidden from eyes. Secrecy, like a shield, like a hiding fortress, drew a secure shell around bodies, removed them from objective surface and gently pushed them into the depths. Nevertheless, one can ask at what time and in what regularity women’s clothing became a social problem, and why and in accordance to what specific objective necessity the request for revising was arisen? In the way of answering to this question, a wider process can be considered. In fact, from the middle ages of


thirteenth century, confronting with obstacles were on the way of Iran’s new changes, actors were invited to struggle with manifestations and appearances of secrecy.
After a short introduction, discussing the issue, and referring to some theoretical and methodological topics, this text presents a historical review of secrecy process in thirteenth century Iran, in three phases: in the first part, there is a description about daily use of women’s clothing, its conditions and requirements; the second part talks about the routine and flexible functions of this kind of clothing; and finally, based on descriptions and implications of previous parts, the last part refers to the results of this process, considering the perceptible ruptures and breaks that the rule of covering could create at that time.