Social Sciences

Abstract Nowadays, due to young population, generation gap is one of the important topics in Iran. Many believe that socialization is not taking place properly causing weaker commitment of the new generation to the Iranian social beliefs, values and norms, hence ending in a deep generation gap. The pupose of this article is to test this hypothesis, and evaluate the impact of education on generation gap. Based on theories, occurance of the Islamic revolution, and the ensuing rapid and widespread social changes, we could expect considerable generation gap. However, does the existing data support that? To answer this question, generation disparity and gap were distinguished, and each were divided into value and norm types. Using the exiting data analysis, we found that there was no significant value-generation gap while norm-generation gap was significant. Moreover, this study reveals that the impact of education on the existing generation gap, concerning selected values and norms, was not even, so that it strengthened some and weakened others.

Abstract Social movements as one of the important subjects in sociology, lately have achieved special position, so that Alen Touran means sociology as a knowledge of social movements. In this essay interim emphasizing on social movements and their theoretical dimentions, using documentary method, we point out to formation contexts of Jungle movement as one of the independent and popular movements which was formed following requests of inability of state, constitution movement and in effect of factors such as inequalities conflict of interests international conditions (first world war) exploitation and class oppression. Jungle movement in spite of internal and external agitated conditions, meanwhile presenting its ideology and platform and announcing republic. hoisted flug of fighting to oppresion and defencing independence and liberty of Iranian peopel. Mirzakoochak as a leader of this movement - that was accompanied by constitution intellectuals and libertiants and in order to fighting to internal oppression and external exploitation resorted to resisting to revolutionary compaign and mobilizing material and spiritual resources successed during colonists and internal depotism and initiated formost repulic system in Iran. Finally this movement because of international comprising between the Soviet republics and Great Britain and internal comprising between state of Iran and Soviet repablice, on internal problems attacking military forces of state, defeated.

Abstract Urban management as a democratic approach aims to administer cities. However as governmental management is dominant in Iran. this approach has not been developed. ln spite of civic movements triggered by constitutional revolution. urban management in Iran is still non-democratic. The time period covered in this study (approximately a decade) coincides with the first socioeconomic development plan. This plan aimed for liberalisation and privatization policies on evonomy and on a minimal government. Tehran municipality as a public institution has followed this strategy. This article intends to clarify methods and policies adopted in this regard. Our main objective is to understand and to assess factors influencing decision making in urban management. The theoretical framework and analytical model adopted claims that urban management in Iran has been influenced by power structure and socioeconomic system in Iran. This article aims to answer questions like the impact of management structure in society on municipality policies, the impact of mayor's power on decision making processes in municipality, the effeciency of tools employed to administer urban issues and the impact of macro economic objectives and policies on incomes made by the municipality.

Abstract One of the fundamental subjects in social psychology is the study of stereotypes through the surveys which have been repeatedly studied. This sort of the human social behaviors can not be observed through the application of the traditional assessment. Automatically, as they influence on the individuals attitude, understanding their dynamics are of special importance. Such studies indicate the deep intluence of implicit stereotypes on human relations. This article describes shortly the stereotypes, their implicit memory system that consists of implicit stereotype which are studied through the priming method and subsequently acknowledges the related researches relating to the stereotypes