Social Sciences

Abstract The structures of human behaviours-inspite of all complexities and differences-are not infinite, but are orderly and requlated, and can be considered universal. On the other hand, as human behaviours are formed not only by biological elements, but also by historical and cultural components, and therefore are not randomly created. Behavioural similarities in human beings and their structured forms, may be covered through their variations in the appearances. During the past four decades, the writer has realized that people all over the world reveal similar cooperative behaviours theoughout human history. In fact, primitive forms of such a cooperation and participation can be observed among animals. This article tries to demonstrate that "Cooperation" is ubiquitous in human societies.

Abstract Stability of nation-states depend largely on the internalization of democratic behavior and norms in a given society. Thus, any effort to obtain sustainable development and social peace needs primarily political development. The aim of this case study was to describe and analyze the level of political participation of villagers in local and national affairs. The study Focused on 5 diffrent parameters: gender, kinship, media, urban influence and local-national relations. The Findings show irregular positive and/or negative influence of these parameters on political participation. Moreover, the low level of political participation was very low, mainly as a result of the survival of the kinship and tribals relations, as well as limitation of political institutions (rural councils) in villages.

Abstract This paper is based on a survey from citizens of over 18 years, living in the city of Tehran in Iran, to study the impact of the respondents' individual and personality characters on the kind and level of their social participation. A sample of 827 people was randomly drawn from the population, and the data was collected using a questionnaire. Based on the Parsonsian theoretical framework, three hypotheses were formulated and tested. The study revealed that the predominant form of social participation in our population was traditional and informal, and that the formal social participation was not institutionalized yet. Moreover, the study showed that activeness, trust, belonging, social commitment, hopefulness, education and nonmaterial values had direct and significant association with the level of social participation.

Abstract Political participation is one of the main indexes of political development. The general aim of this research was studying social and cultural factors of political participation. These factors are: economic condition, occupation, education, urbanization, mass media, powerlessness, and trust to government. Our general hypothesis was that the improvement of social conditions leads to enhancement of political participation, both formal and informal. The method of research was survey using questionnaire. The unit of analysis was family heads of four villages around thd city of Bushehr. Using random sampling, three villages namely Chah kootah, Abtavill and Talashki were chosen to represent three levels of high, average and low development. Then 250 questionnaires were administered proportional to the population of these villages. Toe results showed that there were considerable differences between formal and informal political participation. Informal participation increased as the level of education, urbanization and using mass media increased. But, formal participation was highly related to the level of confidence to government. These findings show that informal political participation is related to the indexes of development positively, which confirms modernization theories.

Abstract Institutionalized participation, on the one hand, leads to the development of democracy and legitimation of the states, on the other hand increases the level of national security. Moreover people's confidence in the government increases the stability of the state, and enhances development and national security. From the Islamic point of view, the role of people is not limited only to legitimizing the goverments, but they have a basic role in raising their efficiency. The present research was conducted to achive the following objectives: 1) Measuring the level of politico - social alienation, politico - Social participation, and participation in the national security. 2) Finding correlations among the variables of politico - social alienation, politico - social participation and the national security. 3) Studying the relationship of variables such as age, gender, religion, race, marriage, education and income with the level of politico - social participation. The result of the research shows that socio - political participation is very effective in increasing or decreasing national security coefficient; and that politico - social alienation seriously threatens national security.