Social Sciences

Abstract This paper first focuses on the necessity of cooperation among human beings, and then offers objective and subjective reasons for higher cooperation among human beings compared to animals. The paper tries to proove that cooperation precedes war and is more normal than the latter. ln fact, the history of war and conflict both is shorter than the war in human societies, and more exceptional. War, in its sociological meaning, is even based on cooperation, while the existence of cooperation is not based on war. To support this argument, the author refers to anthropological, historical and archeological findings. The paper, rejecting the theories of thinkers such as Freud, Sieinmentz, Bouthoul, and social darwinists such as Gurnplowicz, Backlc, and futurists such as Martinetti, and accepting theories of people like Ralph Linton, Letourneeu, Derbij, Hobhouse, Summner and Keller shows that war is neither instinctual nor necessary or natural, and therefore, it is not eternal, rather it is a recent and cultural phenomenon.

Abstract During the years of 1981 - 1988, while the young men of the Iranian villages were dispached to the war fronts, management of the rural affairs was trasferred to women and the old. Observations indicate that the rural women, in adition to performing theese usual duties, managed rural organizations to support the Iranian army. In this relation, at the end of the year 2000, a pilot research project was conducted in rural area of Garmsar. This paper contains the results of the research.

Abstract According to the existing information, there are about 900,000 small or big herds, which can be considered as production enterprises. There is no detailed knowledge about herd structure and economic function of these units. Therefore statistical data or documents that refer to herd composition are too vague. Viewpoints which are presented on economic function of these units vary too. In this article that is based on the findings of a participatory research among herders of eastern Elburz, we tried to explain detailed composition of stable herds and culled part of flock to sale in each year. According to the results, separation of production from capital and other economic issues of herds such as accounting should be carried out via accurate and obvious manner.

Abstract A historical review of the literature on indigenous knowledge indicates a gradual broadening of this field, starting from technical indigenous knowledge onto the cultural and social values and practices of local communities. This could be in part attributed to the increasing awareness of social scientists of the socio-cultural roots of today's environmental and other development - related problems. Of course, the research and application of the local technical know-how and the socio-cultural indigenous knowledge will continue for a long time to come, but the latter holds the promise of having profound impacts on modern education, epistemology and development of new human settlements. Hence, an increasing number of social scientists believe that these impacts will no doubt bring about a global mind change. This global change in perspective will surely include a new approach to science that is more holistic and inclusive.

Abstract The main question of this research was whether there was any relation between delinquency and the educational status of the university students. Our specific objectives were to find out the relations between social delinquency and (a) educational achievements, (b) students' satisfaction from their field of study. To find out the answers to the above questions two statistically selected group of students were compared. There were 117 delinquent students in the study group and the same number of normal students in the control group. The data to test the hypotheses were collected through a questionnaire in addition to searching through documents and doing some observations in the field. The analysis of data was done by comparison of the frequencies and percentages, the Chi-square, Cramer's V and Kendall's Taub. The results show that: A: The educational achievements of the delinquent students - both before and after their acceptance in the university - and also their degree of satisfaction from their field of study was lower than the normal students. B: The quota system of acceptance did not have any effect in the results. C: In the affected group no relation was found between students' social class and their grade point average (G.P.A.), however, in the normal group we found that as the social class of the students increased, their (G.P.A.) also increased.

Abstract The issue of informal sector in all developed and developing countries has been a fact a long formal sector and is considered a completing part of it. The informal sector in the third world and, in particular in urban areas, is very wide. As a result, considering this sector is important not only because of the duality in employment structure and economy but also because of the duality in various aspect of their urban, rural, regional, social, cultural, gender and education systems. This paper is based on a research undertaken to study informal economic sector in an area in tehran. The outcomes show that the issue of informal economy within urban economy and even within national economy is so important that it cannot be ignored. Consequently, any planning about urban quarters and different regions must include sufficient understanding of informal sector and its importance and role in the community.

Abstract In the spring of 1995 a research was conducted in Shahed University to reveal why some of the students achieved greater progress than the others? Two groups of students were selected: the first group consisting of the students whose average scores in two semesters was 15 out of 20. The second group consisted of the students whose average grades during the same period were below the accepted level. Based on the theoretical framework several variable were high lighted and some 20 hypotheses were tested. Findings suggested that educational progress did not correlate with such variables as age, living system, employment, social status, housing situation, type of high school diploma, date of diploma, number of participation in contests and the year of acceptance to the university. On the other hand, variables such as gender, family problems, level of interest in liesure activities, course of study, calss attendance and social awareness proved to have an impact on students' educational progress.

Abstract One of the most important discussions in political sociology and in the current Iranian society is the type of relations between religion and state. Review of sociolgical literature shows that there are two groups of theories: The first group argues that religion dominates and controls the state, and the second suggests the reverse. Ali Shari'ati - a contemporary Iranian sociologist - argued that in view of Alavid Shi'a state serves religion and in Safavid Shi'a the case is the reverse. Shari'ati suggested that in Alavid Shi'a, Imam is the ruler of society and in his absense (gheibat of the 12th Imam), religious clerics (ulama) should govern. He, also, identified the "Committed Democracy" as the best islamic govermment

Abstract This Research is comparing two generation of the Iranian author filmmakers regarding their role in the progress of Iranian cinema. we have focused on two aspects: 1- To determine and to introduce the Iranian author filmmakers, based on author's theory - formulated by the French critics of "Cahiers du Cinema" magazine in the fifties. 2- To define the progress in cinema and to determine indicators of this progress in the Iranian cinema which are: Box -- Office: domestic Box -- Office (or the number of spectators) in Tehran, and Foreign Box -- Office (exporting films in order to be screened abroad). Artistic success: domestic and foreign awards, and votes of critics (based on their yearly votes in Film Monthly Magazine). The follawing results wer obtained: A - Older generation of the Iranian author filmmakers have more distinction and fluency than the younger generation. B - Older generation of the Iranian author filmmakers have more important role in the post -- revolution 'Iranian cinema than the younger generation. This means that the Iranian outhor filmmakers who did less transformations in their films' motives (the older generation) have more success than the younger generation. This group's Frequency Distribution of indicators of progress in their films are more than the younger generation's films.