Sociology

The Domestic Violence Against Women Generated through Incompatibility of Institutional ‎Interaction

Ali Feizolahi; Somayeh sadat Shafiei; khalil kamarbeigi; Zahra Raiisi

Volume 30, Issue 103 , January 2024, Pages 1-39

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.77792.2746

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify the reasons and consequences of ‎experiencing violence in the lives of battered women. The research is qualitative and ‎based on the method of grounded theory. The target population of the research is the battered ‎women who refer to the social ... Read More The purpose of this study is to identify the reasons and consequences of ‎experiencing violence in the lives of battered women. The research is qualitative and ‎based on the method of grounded theory. The target population of the research is the battered ‎women who refer to the social emergency of the Behzisti⸴s organization of Ilam city, and a sample ‎of 24 of them has been selected using the purposive sampling method. Data were ‎collected through semi-structured interviews and then coding. Findings indicate the role of familial factors such as learned violence, problematic ‎marriage practices; Social and Economical factors; and intervening factors such as mutual infidelity and deviancy have ‎been two-way. Women's reactions are mainly actions containing passivity, and the usual ‎perception of the role of a continuous victim for women is its consequence. The core category of ‎‎"domestic violence against women is the product of the interaction of women's experience of ‎economic deprivation and the social structure of men's idea of patriarchy" which is the result of ‎family management in the context of maintaining the functions of patriarchal culture along with ‎the structural transmission of violence in the cultural mechanism.Keywords: Domestic Violence, Patriarchal Culture, Aggrieved Woman, Ilam. IntroductionThe domestic violence against women has had a history in society in during of centuries. Thus domestic violence against women is one of the social issues that can be seen in all societies and numerous reports have confirmed this issue in Iran as well. in general, it has affected the institution of the family and the society. but it has been discussed mainly as a social issue in the last century. “Typically, social problems have been thought of as social situations that a large number of observers felt were inappropriate and needed remedying” (Eitzen, Zinn and Smith, 2012:9(.Some theories consider the subject of domestic violence to be problematic as a modern matter and consider it to be a problem arising from the perception and understanding of the society and important social groups of its problematic nature. The researches conducted in recent years about the different types of violence indicate that domestic violence against women is problematic. the main goal of this research is to understand the phenomenon of domestic violence from the perspective of women who have experienced violence. Therefore, the research questions revolve around the subject under which causal conditions and contexts have the subjects been victims of spousal violence? What strategies did they used to deal with these violent acts and what consequences did bring to them? Literature ReviewThe theories and theoretical concepts whose main core is to explain the matter of violence against women can be grouped into two main categories: some of them have emphasized the individual characteristics of perpetrators and victims of violence, and others have emphasized the structural characteristics of society. In this research, the following concepts have been selected to create theoretical sensitivity: resources and power imbalance; blaming the victim‏‏ (‏Gracia & Tomás, 2014‎‏), learned violence (Jasinski,2001), the ideology of male dominance (Goode, 1971: quoted by Kim and Sung, 2000), feminist perspective (Renzetti, Edleson & Bergen, 2001), exchange theory (Turner, 2014), The Battered Woman Syndrome (Walker:1984), the concepts of forced control (Stark, 2007), resource imbalance, dependence and bargaining power (Kim and Gray, 2008) have been selected and have been considered in the analysis of research findings.MethodologyThe research is qualitative and ‎based on the method of grounded theory. The target population of the research is the battered ‎women who refer to the social emergency of the Behzisti⸴s organization of Ilam city, and a sample ‎of 24 of them has been selected using the purposive sampling method. Acceptability criteria has been used for validation and being trustworthy was achieved through auditing method. Data were ‎collected through semi-structured interviews and then coding.ResultsFindings indicate the role of familial factors such as learned violence, problematic ‎marriage practices, Lack of familial support; Social factors such as the ‎patriarchal image, erosion of social capital; Economic factors such as coincidence of Livelihood ‎hardships; and intervening factors such as Interference of others, mutual infidelity and deviancy have ‎been two-way. Women's reactions are mainly actions containing passivity, and Victimization of children, scared life and usual ‎perception of the role of a victim for women is its consequence.ConclusionThe result of the process of domestic violence against women can be analyzed under the title "Domestic violence against women is a product of the incompatibility of the institutional interaction caused by the experience of economic deprivation of women and the social structure of patriarchy in the victim-blaming society". The incompatibility of institutional interaction indicates the malfunctioning of the social institutions of the family, economy and cultural system in the target society of the study. In other words, when the patriarchal postulate mixes with the lived experience of women's economic deprivation and immingled with the cultural approach of blaming the victim society, it causes the situational violence against women to be ignored. In addition, it should be noted that such a phenomenon occurs in a society where tradition and modernity are continuously interacting with each other. Tradition and modernity are co-integrated in this society in such a way that they form an interwoven mosaic society that is experiencing the challenges of modernization and types of individualization. The permanence and stability of the idea of patriarchy in this society is rooted in the way that women in such a society link traditional expectations with modern life. In other words, this particular type of social and cultural structure as well as women's selective strategies against domestic violence, along with the destructive consequences of violence on women's lives, leads to continuation of the cultural foundations of accepting domestic violence against women.

Sociology

Political Systems and the Issue of Developmental Reforms in Educational Systems; A Comparative Study of the Four Countries of China, South Korea, Turkey and Egypt

Farshad Jamali tanha; Ismail Aalizad; Mohammad Hossein Panahi

Volume 30, Issue 103 , January 2024, Pages 41-92

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.80977.2807

Abstract

Political systems always impose demands on their educational institutions in the form of transformational documents and reform instructions . In this regard, examining the experiences related to the executive development of governments, the impact of conflicts in the political structure of the ... Read More Political systems always impose demands on their educational institutions in the form of transformational documents and reform instructions . In this regard, examining the experiences related to the executive development of governments, the impact of conflicts in the political structure of the society, understanding the relations between the government-society-educational system on the development achievements of some selected countries became problematic for this research. . This work is an epistemological thing to show the deficiencies in the educational systems that are not on the path of development and to explain the political obstacles to achieving this goal. The research approach is qualitative, its method is integrated (documentary and comparative). The analytical strategy includes documentary analysis and George Brady's comparative model. Four countries are investigated (South Korea, China, Türkiye and Egypt). The results show that in terms of attention to institutional requirements in executive development and the implementation of proposed reforms for the education system, the level of this is higher in South Korea's political system than others; China has also been able to achieve success of the education system with development by applying some powerful policies; this is relatively evident with the participation of foreign actors in Turkey., Egypt is fragileKeywords: Developmental Education, Developmental Reforms, Institutional-Political Requirements of Developmental Reforms, Educational Justice. IntroductionPolitical systems that include an organized society with a specific ideology and a specific form of government; they always demand demands in the form of transformative documents and reform instructions from their educational institutions. It is in the form of these documents that laws are established for developmental reforms; to determine the role, structure and content of educational systems in the path of overall development; These policy-oriented demands contain special goals for the development and transmission of culture, reproduction and preservation of the social system and political structure of society. But in this context, paying attention to the ability and level of executive power of governments is a research-oriented necessity.Therefore, knowing and understanding the institutional-political requirements in some successful countries (South Korea) or those that have gone through a relatively favorable process in this field (China and Turkey) as well as countries that have not achieved much success (Egypt) in the order of the comparative study of this Research was done. The main indicators of the selection of these countries were, on the one hand, paying attention to the records of their efforts in the field of transformative policies or standardization of the consequences of educational policies at the national level; On the other hand, their applied reforms regarding policy making in educational systems have taken place after a period of political transformation. For this reason, according to the characteristic of the post-revolution political structure of 1357 in Iran, a kind of thematic convergence was seen in these countries despite the huge political, social, geographical and demographic differences with Iran, which convinced the researchers to prepare such a sample.Research Question(s)Now the central questions of this research are conceptualized as follows:1- How has the change in the political-institutional situation of the elected governments in recent decades affected the type of revolutionary demands for their educational system?2- In terms of the level of central development or anti-development, how can we compare the institutional-political situation of the government and the way of action of effective actors inside and outside the education system in the selected countries?Conceptual FrameworkThe conceptual approach of this research shows that the realization of developmental reforms in a part of the society, especially in the educational system, will not happen in a vacuum. Rather, how to formulate and determine the content of the goals and ideals of these policies within a cycle of mutual relationships between different elements of society and its political, social and economic context, and the process of implementation and realization of the aforementioned goals will depend on understanding how these elements and concepts interact. Especially in the field of government and society. Therefore, in order to explain the differences in the policy making capacity and the implementation of transformative policies, we are forced to examine the structural contexts and institutional conditions affecting the desired implementation trends. Because the ineffectiveness of educational policies is the result of structural weakness, tensions and inconsistencies in the political system and its relationship with society.MethodologyThis research is a qualitative-descriptive study with analytical and interpretative aspects. The method of doing it is a combination of documentary research and comparative method. Because the main issues of the research are such that it requires multilateral investigations. In this way, the need to understand the components related to historical-political developments and the desired wishes of educational policy makers in the selected countries along with the recognition of their political-institutional requirements dictated that we first use the documentary research method to prepare the necessary qualitative and background information. Then, to explain the differences in the different levels of the institutional requirements of the government and society to realize development-oriented reforms in the selected countries, let's use the "Beradi" comparative method. The method of analyzing the collected data is the thematic technique based on analytical induction.ResultsThe results of this research show that the field of education and the issue of development in it have complex relationships with other elements of society and the political system. Knowing the type of interests of effective actors inside and outside the education system, the way these social movements act is effective in understanding how control is distributed in the society and can clarify the path of development of the education institution. In the meantime, dynamizing the policy-making structure in overcoming the political and cultural dogmas of this field (the case of China, South Korea and Turkey), paying attention to the element of social participation (the case of South Korea, Turkey) and accordingly developing issue-oriented policy content along with the continuous convergence of demands Political elites and effective political currents reduce internal tensions and ultimately make the capacity and capability of the government suitable for cultural and executive development in the education system.In this regard, political-cultural obstacles appear for this dimension of development that cannot be overcome. For example, the political structure of the party-government of the People's Republic of China by applying authoritarian policies to industrialize education; The element of educational justice and equality in quality, which is one of the main indicators of development approaches as human empowerment, has faced a serious challenge. The attention of cultural policymakers to the fields and effective actors of the society is another important factor in the process of shaping the development of the educational system. For example, the way of distribution of cultural elements (Islamic and Confucian) as two effective forces in the societies studied in this research has affected the way of control by the government institution in this field. Facilitation of the mentioned elements in Türkiye and South Korea is the cause of harmony, cohesion and movement in the development path. The strictness of the mentioned religion in China and Egypt has sometimes created many challenges for the realization of reform policies.ConclusionFinally, reflecting on the evidence of this research showed the clarity of the theoretical vision of this project. Discussions that lie in the concepts and content of the critical view of some theoretical insights, around the critique of the development paradigms. Their emphasis on the necessity of passing these foundations and paying attention to the ability and capacity of the government to realize reforms is considered essential. This means that in the scientific investigation of the obstacles to the realization of planned reforms, it is not possible to simply describe or build a conceptual model of the institutions located in the cultural center of the society, such as the developmental education system. Rather, it is necessary here to examine structural-content requirements and obstacles in three dimensions: 1- formation, legislation and planning; 2- implementation and 3- follow the evaluation of the codified programs. Because each of the mentioned stages can potentially turn into conflicts and conflicts at the level of society in the political, economic and social arenas; Make the way for the implementation of the approved policies of that government, especially in the public institutions of the society.

Sociology

The Narrative of Migration and the Status of Former Afghan Government Military Personnel

Sediqeh Piri; Ahmad Ghiasvand; Mohammad Basirat

Volume 30, Issue 103 , January 2024, Pages 93-130

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.82120.2837

Abstract

One of the significant socio-political ruptures in Afghanistan occurred when the Taliban seized power for the second time. This development disrupted the country's political structure and social order, plunging society into chaos. Among the various social groups, military personnel experienced ... Read More One of the significant socio-political ruptures in Afghanistan occurred when the Taliban seized power for the second time. This development disrupted the country's political structure and social order, plunging society into chaos. Among the various social groups, military personnel experienced particularly challenging conditions, as they found themselves facing those they had fought against for years, leaving them with no choice but to flee. This article aims to explore the narratives of this group's shifting social status and position. The research field includes 20 military individuals who fled to Iran following the collapse of the Afghan government. The study employs thematic analysis. Key theoretical concepts include stratification, status, status anxiety, habitus, and social trajectory. The overarching themes identified in the study are: the nightmare of retaliation; arduous and monotonous labor; the emergence of hysteresis habitus; longing for lost values; statelessness and the gradual demise of a soldier; feelings of helplessness and the loss of life's meaning; and displacement and social distress. Military personnel endure a wide range of psychological and emotional injuries that, while not fatal like war, are nonetheless traumatic. The profound collapse resulting from the erosion of their core values and status constitutes one such traumatic impact. Keywords: Military Personnel, Afghanistan, War, Migrant, Status, Habitus, Iran. Problem Statement Afghanistan has experienced extensive political, social, and economic changes in recent decades. With the fall of the previous government and the takeover by the Taliban, fundamental changes occurred in social and political structures, pushing many social groups, particularly military personnel, to the margins. The military forces of the former government, who had fought for twenty years against the Taliban to secure the country, now face serious physical and social risks. These developments forced them to migrate. Upon entering Iran, they found themselves in a position lower than their previous social status. This research seeks to explore the status changes of these military migrants and examines how these transformations have impacted their lives. Theoretical Framework This study draws on Max Weber's theories of social stratification, the concept of social status, and Pierre Bourdieu's concept of habitus. Research Methodology This qualitative research uses thematic analysis. The study sample includes 20 military personnel who migrated to Iran after the fall of the Afghan government. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed in three stages: description, reduction, and interpretation. Findings The study identified seven key themes: - Nightmare of Retaliation: Migrant military personnel suffer from threats to their lives and social standing from the Taliban. Many of them, even in Iran, do not feel secure and are fearful for their lives and their families. - Hard and Monotonous Work: Former soldiers in Iran take on exhausting jobs such as construction labor, plastic recycling, and security work, which have no connection to their previous skills and status. - Emergence of Incompatible Habitus: Losing their military jobs and entering new work environments with different expectations and values has created many inconsistencies for them. - Longing for Lost Values: Participants consider the loss of social status and military ideals as the greatest blow to their lives. - Statelessness and Gradual Death: The distance from their homeland and the lack of belonging to the new community has created a sense of identity loss and grief among the migrant military personnel. - Feelings of Helplessness and Meaninglessness in Life: Former soldiers have lost hope and motivation to continue living due to unfavorable economic and social conditions. - Displacement and Social Distress: Social pressures, negative labels, and feelings of rejection from the host community have exposed them to psychological and social challenges. Conclusion The political and social transformations in Afghanistan, especially after the fall of the previous government and the rise of the Taliban, have had profound and widespread effects on various social groups. These changes have specifically affected the military personnel of the former government, causing fundamental shifts in their social, economic, and psychological positions. Former soldiers, who once held high status in the previous Afghan government, lost their social status after the collapse of the government and were forced to migrate to Iran. In the host community, they are no longer seen as important or valued, and most of them engage in non-specialized and hard jobs such as construction labor, plastic recycling, or security work. This sudden change has led to an identity collapse and status anxiety. According to Bourdieu's theory, the habitus formed during their military career has become ineffective in the new environment. Former soldiers, accustomed to order, authority, and respect, now face disorder, instability, and scarcity of resources in their new environment. This incompatibility between their expectations and the new reality has led to psychological, social, and emotional crises. For these military personnel, the concept of homeland is central and sacred, and losing it has brought a sense of statelessness and exile. This feeling, compounded by the distance from their families and concerns about the safety of their relatives from Taliban threats, has caused significant psychological distress. Migrant military personnel, who once saw themselves as protectors of national values, now live without a homeland and without meaningful social identity. Former soldiers are facing a range of psychological issues such as depression, anxiety, and a sense of meaninglessness. These issues stem from difficult economic conditions, loss of social status, and the feeling of rejection by the host community. Negative social labels, such as being considered a deserter or traitor, further exacerbate these psychological wounds. Exhausting and difficult work, low wages, and job insecurity have placed heavy economic pressures on the military personnel. Taliban threats against former military personnel and their families, not only in Afghanistan but also in Iran, have kept them in a constant state of fear. These threats, especially for those who served in elite military units, have turned into a "nightmare of retaliation." Overall, this research shows that Afghan military migrants have fallen victim to broad political and social transformations that have stripped them of their previous social status and position. While the host community also faces numerous challenges, the implementation of coordinated programs to support this vulnerable group can help alleviate the consequences of the migration crisis and provide a foundation for their gradual reintegration into a meaningful life.

Methodology of Social Sciences

Religious Experience and Sacred Space (Examining the Relationship between Religious Experience and Sacred Spaces in the City of Qom)

Aboutorab Talebi; Amirhasan Rezagholigol

Volume 30, Issue 103 , January 2024, Pages 131-166

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.78384.2764

Abstract

The aim of this article is to understand the relationship between sacred space and religious experience, and to explore the constructive connection between the two by examining how religious experiences are shaped in four key religious fields in the city of Qom. The research question asks: ... Read More The aim of this article is to understand the relationship between sacred space and religious experience, and to explore the constructive connection between the two by examining how religious experiences are shaped in four key religious fields in the city of Qom. The research question asks: What differences exist in the patterns of religious experience among participants in Qom's sacred spaces? How do individuals’ religious experiences differ in each of these fields? This article also investigates the mechanisms that generate specific religious experiences in these spaces, providing a contextual understanding of the issue. In this qualitative study, data were collected through 20semi-structured interviews and observations, and were analyzed and reported using thematic analysis. The results show that the religious experiences of participants are influenced by the uniqueness of sacred structures and spaces and are not uniformly shaped by religious space as a single religious environment. Moreover, these experiences are not solely derived from religious traditions and teachings. Instead, individuals form a significant part of their sacred understanding intersubjectively, shaped differently within sacred spaces that are part of the social fabric and everyday life. Therefore, there is no single, uniform template for religious experience across all sacred spaces. In each sacred space, unique interactions occur, leading to diverse and specific forms of religious experienceKeywords: Religious Experience, Sacred Space, Sacred Order, Social Structure of Religion, Sociology of Religion.IntroductionThe city of Qom is one of the main religious centers in Iran, housing numerous religious spaces and places. Each of these sites has its own specific forms of rituals, ceremonies, and sacred times. In this research, four of Qom's primary religious fields have been selected, and an effort is made to examine the relationship between individuals' religious experiences and each of these sacred fields, as well as the influence they have on one another. The study aims to show how the Objective and subjective manifestations within a sacred space shape individuals' perception and understanding of the sacred, and conversely, how their actions, values, goals, and insights contribute to the construction of the sacred space.Literature ReviewA review of previous studies reveals that the dimension of experience is a key aspect of religiosity. Moreover, paying attention to the concept of sacred place and space is a crucial point, where religious experience plays a significant role in this relationship. Regarding research on the city of Qom, we found that most studies assume a uniform and homogeneous form of religiosity, and no research has been conducted on the relationship between religious experience and the various sacred spaces in this city. The review of the literature highlights the need for a qualitative study, considering the diversity of religious experiences, with a focus on Qom's religious spaces.MethodologyIn this qualitative study, four main religious fields in the city of Qom were examined. Semi-structured interviews and observation were used as research tools. The interviewees consisted of twenty individuals over the age of twenty who had a deep and unique connection with each of these sites and, according to their own accounts, had specific religious experiences. The data collected through observation and interviews were then analyzed using thematic analysis. Thematic patterns were identified within the large volume of extracted data. Through summarizing extensive data and providing a detailed description of the gathered information, the relationship between religious experience and sacred spaces was demonstrated.DiscussionThe research findings reveal a diversity of religious experiences corresponding to the various sacred spaces in Qom. In the selected sites for this study, different forms of relationships exist between actors and sacred structures. For example, in the Shrine, a form of sanctity is observed that is closely tied to religious texts and Formal religiosity. In the Jamkaran Mosque, stories, actions, and myths with a religious theme have transformed into popular forms of practice, primarily embraced by non-clerical individuals and ordinary people. The general public, who often lack a deep understanding of religion, interpret and practice their faith according to their own preferences, needs, and understanding.In other locations, due to the interaction of various elements and the multifunctional nature of these spaces, the distinction between sacred and non-sacred is not as clearly visible. These spaces, while maintaining their sacred identity, also accommodate non-sacred elements.ConclusionIt appears that religious experience and sacred space have a reciprocal and highly impactful relationship with one another. On one hand, sacred spaces deepen individuals' spiritual experiences and enhance their faith. On the other hand, what transforms a religious site into a sacred space is the agency and actions of the individuals who, with their faith, emotions, beliefs, and perceptions, imbue a religious site with sanctity and create a divine atmosphere.In this study, by focusing on the four recognized sacred sites, we paid attention to the diversity of spaces and experiences. We found that each site has its own rules, rituals, elements, and actions. Some of these aspects result from the interaction and mutual influence between individuals, manifesting as external expressions of personal beliefs and interpretations. Others are shaped by obligatory structures and rules derived from religious tradition, within which individuals form their sacred understanding.Therefore, it can be said that there is not a single, uniform template for religious experience across all sacred spaces. In each sacred space, dynamic and unique interactions occur, leading to various and distinct forms of religious experience. From the perspective of religious experience, the sanctity of a space can be entirely personal and unique, meaning that one space may hold a particular form and level of sacredness for an individual or group, while other spaces may carry the same significance for others.

Sociology

Examining Pre-Evaluation Indicators of Development Programs in the Field of Social Problems

Morteza Ganji; Mohsen Kermani Nasrabadi

Volume 30, Issue 103 , January 2024, Pages 167-200

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.81394.2817

Abstract

Social damages, have become a sovereign concern in recent decades; Therefore, policy makers have tried to think of measures to control and reduce these damages in the form of various policies and laws such as five-year development plans. This attention and effort has been done in a situation where ... Read More Social damages, have become a sovereign concern in recent decades; Therefore, policy makers have tried to think of measures to control and reduce these damages in the form of various policies and laws such as five-year development plans. This attention and effort has been done in a situation where so far a very limited number of policy orders in these programs have been successfully implemented. One of the reasons for the failure of development programs is the lack of attention to the category of program evaluation. this article has been compiled while using the qualitative content analysis method with the aim of identifying the evaluation indicators of the judgments in the field of social damages in development programs. A review of the conceptual literature of policy evaluation shows that three types of evaluation can be distinguished; Pre-evaluation, process evaluation and post-evaluation. pre-evaluation can be focused on the process of formulating political rulings, the quality of the form of the rulings, and the quality of their content. According to the definition of social damages and the specific nature of society's involvement with it, it seems that among the three indicators of process, form and content, paying attention to process indicators is more important in the field of policy making in the field of social damages.Keywords: Social Damage, Program Evaluation, Pre-Evaluation, Development Programs, Social Situation.IntroductionConsidering the amount and severity of social damages in the last few decades has always been one of the concerns of policy makers and has been placed on the agenda as one of the priorities of development programs; Despite this attention and efforts, expert evaluations show that the success rate of development programs in controlling and reducing these damages has not been satisfactory. Experts consider one of the most important factors of this situation to be the lack of attention to the category of program evaluation and the lack of a clear and systematic mechanism to do it. Based on this, this article seeks to describe the category of pre-evaluation while identifying the types of programmatic evaluation.Research Question(s)What are the different types of evaluation of policy programs?What parts and elements does pre-evaluation of programs include?In the field of social damage, what kind of pre-evaluation is more important?Conceptual frameworkThe term evaluation, like many other concepts in the field of social sciences, faces a kind of conceptual confusion. This situation has been created in Latin literature due to the existence of words with the same meaning and equivalent in this field; And in the Persian language, due to the transfer of this conceptual ambiguity from the Latin language, on the one hand, and the use of different equivalent words for this concept in translation, on the other hand, it has become more complicated. For example, in this field, the concepts of evaluation, valuation, measurement and monitoring are also used, which are sometimes used jointly. Mikael Scriven, one of the pioneers of this field, defined 60 different terms, including measurement, judgment, assessment, analysis, evaluation, criticism, review, rating, inspection, judgment, rating, scoring, study and The test mentions in this context (Pourezat and Seyed Rezaei, 2018).MethodologyThis research is a type of basic research with a qualitative method, and the method of conducting it is a systematic literature review with a qualitative content analysis approach. One of the practical methods in the field of qualitative research is content analysis; Content analysis is a method based on which the linguistic features of a text can be known realistically and regularly. Content analysis means "applying a repeatable and valid method to obtain inferences from content in relation to situations or characteristics of its source". Qualitative content analysis is an experimental, methodical and controlled examination of contents using the rules of content analysis and the stages of its patterns without hasty quantification (Danesh Fard, 2016). For qualitative content analysis in this research, written and content sources in the field of policy making and law writing have been examined.ResultsEvaluation research can be divided into two parts based on whether it evaluates a program or its results. In the first type, the structure of the program and policy is examined; But in the second type of research, the results and effects are evaluated without paying attention to the structure of the program. For example, in the evaluation of a country's development plan, it is possible to focus only on the plan itself and its characteristics, such as the definition of development and whether the various aspects of development have been considered or not.But in evaluating the results of a program, the focus is not on the program itself, but the goal is to answer the question of whether the program has achieved its desired results or not (Haji Yousefi, 2021). Also, according to the criterion of the "stage of the policy-making process" on which the evaluation is based, it is possible to differentiate between three types of evaluation; which includes: post-evaluation, process evaluation and pre-evaluation (Ghorouneh et al., 2016). Pre-evaluation is an activity that starts at the beginning of the policy-making process, and post-policy evaluation is an activity that measures the realization of results during and after the implementation of the policy and deviations from the designed goals, actual time and additional costs. It identifies more than resources and other factors (Matti and Degaro, 2011). According to the investigations of this research, it can be said that the evaluation of plans and policies can be done in three situations:- Pre-evaluation: checking the status and quality of drafting plans and policies;- Evaluation of the process or during implementation: checking the status and quality of the policy implementation process;- Ex-post evaluation or evaluation of results: examining the success rate and various effects of programs and projects.ConclusionCompilation of the necessary indicators to evaluate the state of formulation and quality of policy rulings related to social damages requires paying attention to the definition of this concept and its components. Paying attention to the definition of social damage shows the collective and context-oriented aspect of this phenomenon; In other words, although the type and title of social damages occurred in different regions are similar to each other, each of these damages are still affected by the special conditions in the socio-cultural environment governing the said regions.According to the definition of social damage and the specific nature of society's involvement with it, it seems that among the three indicators of process, form and content; paying attention to process indicators is more important in the field of policy making. In this context, the argument is that policymaking is a cycle that cannot achieve significant success without considering the needs of the target community and considering their attitudes and tendencies; This issue is more important in the field of social damage, because if the policy maker puts an issue on the agenda that the society does not consider as a problem or damage, successful action in this field will not be possible. Also, putting social problems and damages on the agenda without attracting the participation and opinions of various elites and stakeholders will make it more difficult to control and reduce these damage and problems. Based on this, the process of identifying and determining priority issues and social damages and developing relevant programs and measures requires specific and clear indicators.

Social Planning

Alternatives to Residentail Demolition of Urban Poor Communites in Iran

Maryam Zareian

Volume 30, Issue 103 , January 2024, Pages 201-223

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.81228.2820

Abstract

Urban management has serious challenges because of unsuitable conditions in informal settlements, including unconventional housing, limited infrastructure, high vulnerability to natural hazards, environmental and health issues, high population density, social problems, lack of life facilities ... Read More Urban management has serious challenges because of unsuitable conditions in informal settlements, including unconventional housing, limited infrastructure, high vulnerability to natural hazards, environmental and health issues, high population density, social problems, lack of life facilities and services, informal employment and illegal possession of the land. Also, the deprivation of these areas from Public facilities makes them the focus of urban problems related to sustainable development. Evacuation and destruction of these areas is one of the common solutions facing city managers. This article examines the impact of forced evacuations and suggests alternative solutions with a documentary method. The results show that secure tenure and on-site upgrading,land Sharing and resettlement are eviction alternative. Surveys show that the solution of urban policy makers for urban poor communites in Iran has been in the form of resettlement and Secure tenure and on-site upgrading. Keywords: Eviction, Destruction, Informal Settlements, Regeneration, Iran. Introduction In developing countries such as Iran, where natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes occur a lot, and also development of urban infrastructures is underway, the mandatory evacuation of residents of unorganized urban settlements is recommended by urban policy makers. But even in cases where forced evacuation has justified reasons and is in the interest of the public, it is still not carried out in accordance with international laws and is usually carried out without prior notice and without going through legal procedures. Forced evaluation of unorganized urban settlements that are the habitat of poor families leads to the increase of poverty and economic problems of the residents of these communities. According to the Director General of the Sustainable Urban Regeneration Office of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, there are about 974 informal settlements in the country with a population of about 11 to 13 million people, which includes 20% of the country's population. And sometimes the demolition of these settlements by bulldozing is considered as one of the ways to deal with unorganized urban settlements. the question is, what are the consequences of the forced evacuation of these settlements and what are the alternative solutions? Research Question(s) what are the consequences of the forced evacuation of these settlements and what are the alternative solutions? Literature Review Studies show that the forced evacuation of residents of informal settlements has many social, economic and psychological consequences. These consequences include the following: Social disruption: the destruction of social networks and the loss of social capital in these societies (Barenstein, 2015). Conflict and tension: the possibility of conflict over limited resources as well as cultural differences between the new residents and the natives of the new area (Terminki, 2013: 101). Inequality: Unequal distribution of resources and services among different social and economic groups, which negatively affects women and vulnerable groups in particular (Dickinson, 2013;Quarantelli, 1985). Changing of lifestyle: changing the family structure, loss of livelihood resources and creating psychological problems such as stress and depression (Terminki, 2013: 101). Decreasing social prestige: decreasing of the power and influence of local leaders and increase instability in the management structure. Legal and economic problems: loss of land ownership, reduced access to vital resources, and increased poverty and homelessness (Terminki, 2013: 101). Studies show that these consequences are especially severe for women, the elderly, the disabled and other vulnerable groups. However, studies show that the negative consequences of forced evictions can be alleviated by adopting collaborative approaches and providing infrastructure services. The experience of some cities such as Surabaya and Karachi shows that informal settlements can be improved with the participation of residents and instead of evacuation turned into sustainable neighborhoods. Methodology This study is an applied research and its investigation method is a combination of documentary, descriptive and analytical research methods. Results Solution: The Iranian government to deal with the challenge of informal settlements, has implemented an urban regeneration plan with a dual approach. A few cases of actions in informal settlements: -Sanandaj Actions: Construction of a school, cultural center, educational workshop complex, park Reconstruction and handicraft production/supply complex -Bandar abbas Actions: improving urban infrastructure (water, electricity, sewage, lighting), improving urban services (health, education, cultural), empowering local management and residents -Ahvaz Target neighborhoods: manba ab neighborhood Actions: Resettlement of 811 households in a safer place and construction of 1680 residential units. In many of these projects, a lot of emphasis has been placed on the active participation of residents in decision-making and project implementation. Conclusion Informal settlements suffer from various problems including: Unsuitable living conditions, illegal occupation of land and non-compliance with construction regulations The traditional solution to deal with these settlements is forced evacuation, but it has many consequences. There are alternative ways to deal with these communities: including secure housing and neighborhood improvement and resettlement. But the important thing is to attract the participation and cooperation of the residents in the implementation of the solutions, and the decision-making and implementation of the plans should be done with the active participation of the residents. Their social needs should also be taken into consideration. studies show that in the measures taken in Iran regarding urban settlements, the general approach has been to focus on physical improvement and providing infrastructure services. Acknowledgments The initial version of this article was presented at the National Conference on the Social Situation of Iran, hosted by Allameh Tabataba'i University and supported by the Ministry of Interior's Social Affairs Organization in Murch 2022. The author would like to express their gratitude to the organizers and supporters of the conference for providing the opportunity to present this article and subsequently revise and expand it to its current form.

The Domestic Violence Against Women Generated through Incompatibility of Institutional ‎Interaction

Volume 30, Issue 103 , January 2024, , Pages 1-39

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.77792.2746

Abstract

Religious Experience and Sacred Space (Examining the Relationship between Religious Experience and Sacred Spaces in the City of Qom)

Volume 30, Issue 103 , January 2024, , Pages 131-166

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.78384.2764

Abstract

A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experience of Borujerd Lak-speakers of Social Interactions After Facing the Spread of Corona

Volume 30, Issue 102 , November 2023, , Pages 143-189

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.76908.2722

Abstract

The spread of Corona, ‌with emphasis on social distancing, ‌caused social interactions within ethnic contexts to undergo changes in terms of quantity and quality. Based on this, ‌the current research is focused on the phenomenology of the lived experience of Borujerd city Lak-speakers of ... Read More The spread of Corona, ‌with emphasis on social distancing, ‌caused social interactions within ethnic contexts to undergo changes in terms of quantity and quality. Based on this, ‌the current research is focused on the phenomenology of the lived experience of Borujerd city Lak-speakers of social interactions after facing the Corona outbreak. The current phenomenological research has used the Moustakas technique to analyze the data. The number of 16 samples was selected purposefully and until theoretical saturation, ‌and the data was collected by in-depth interview method. Collaborative observation (10 field observations) was also used to collect more data. Based on the results of coding and field data analysis, ‌the concept of "post-corona ethnic interaction" includes 8 main clusters, ‌which are: 1) the opportunity to find human agency, ‌2) the socialization of interaction, ‌3) the continuity of ethnic members, ‌4 ) the digitalization of interaction, ‌5) the scientific-rationalization of the epistemic base of interaction, ‌6) the purposeful interaction, ‌7) the hyper-digitalization of interaction, ‌and 8) the appearance of the role of inhuman agency. In general, ‌the threat of Corona has acted as a shock that has provided the opportunity to express individuality for the members of the ethnic community of Lak tribe.Keywords: Corona, ‌Post-Corona, ‌Social Interactions, ‌Lak Tribe, ‌Phenomenology. IntroductionThe Corona epidemic, ‌with emphasis on social distancing, ‌suspended the current routine of social interactions in the first step. Although this danger has been curbed to some extent, ‌it seems that changes have occurred in social interactions within ethnic contexts. The Lak tribe living in Borujerd city, ‌although before the corona epidemic, ‌it had experienced some changes due to the cultural encounter with modernity, ‌but still the face-to-face ethnic interactions were very important for its members, ‌which seems to be during the confrontation with the corona virus, ‌the quantity and quality of these interactions have undergone changes. Based on this, ‌the current research is focused on the phenomenology of the lived experience of the Lak tribe of ethnic interactions after facing the outbreak of Corona.Research QuestionWhat is the lived experience of Borujerd city Lak-speakers of the transformation of their ethnic interactions after facing the danger of Corona?Literature ReviewImani Jajarmi (2019) showed with a quick assessment that social distancing has challenged social solidarity. The results of Motamed Jahormi and Kaveh's research (2021) also showed that the reduction of direct interactions during the outbreak of Corona has had destructive effects on people's social capital. Some other researchers such as Mirzaei (2019), ‌Kazemi (2019) and Sharaf-uddin (2021) have warned in quick assessments of the situation of the problem by sounding the alarm that the continuation of forced social isolation caused by facing the danger Corona will cause irreparable damage to social solidarity, ‌but others such as Žižek (2021) and Davis (2019) believe that a kind of "solidarity in separation" due to the conditions caused by facing danger, ‌which is definitely a new form of social interactions.MethodologyIn the current research, ‌the phenomenological method with the Moustakas technique was used. The community studied in the present research included the Borujerd city Lak-speakers. The sampling method was purposeful, ‌which means that the researcher deliberately went to those who had the lived experience of the phenomenon under study. The process of sampling and data collection continued until theoretical saturation; That is, ‌until no new data was obtained, ‌and finally 16 samples were studied. The method of data collection was in-depth interview and 10 participatory observation. The resulting data have been analyzed using the Moustakas technique, ‌in such a way that first meaningful units have been extracted from the expressions and descriptions of the participants. In the second stage, ‌the descriptive narratives of the horizons are coded with special terms under the title of themes. Then, ‌in the third stage, ‌the themes or horizons arising from the interview data are presented in clustering classes, ‌and in the fourth stage, ‌coherent descriptions of these clusters are presented.ResultsBased on the results of coding and analysis, ‌the concept of "post-corona social interaction" includes the following clusters: 1) based on digital literacy, ‌2) based on solidarity in separation, ‌3) based on planning, ‌4) based on human agency. 5) based on the ego of the relationship, ‌6) based on the knowledge of scientific-rational dialogue, ‌7) based on inhuman agency.ConclusionIn general, ‌facing the danger of Corona has caused the emergence of a new attitude towards the ethnic interactions between the members of the Lak tribe, ‌and the nature of these interactions has been pushed more and more from the ethnicist state to the socialistic state, ‌and with the approximate removal of racist elements. And based on its descent, ‌the members of the tribe have witnessed more tolerance in their interactions. This tolerance is caused by the tendency to preserve individual values in parallel with collective values. Facing the danger of Corona has provided an opportunity to express individuality, ‌an individuality that before facing Corona had no way but to disappear within ethnic relations. In addition to a research proposal to test the findings of the current research in future research, ‌to recognize the inhumane factors in sociological analysis, ‌and also to conduct ethnographic research in relation to the cultural consequences of exposure to danger. Corona in ethnic contexts (considering that the present research was a sociological research), ‌the following practical suggestions are also presented: 1) Creating and strengthening media interaction platforms and providing easy and cheap access to these platforms for Residents of areas with ethnic background, ‌instead of filtering social networks and popular and user-friendly messengers, ‌2) Digital literacy and media literacy training for different age groups, ‌especially the elderly, ‌in order to be resilient. Empowering and empowering members of ethnic communities against risks that may threaten and disrupt social relations in the future, ‌such as the risk of the spread of the corona virus, ‌and 3) providing a platform for people to access scientific knowledge and up-to-date knowledge in the field the pattern of preventive social relations and interactions (protecting one's own health and that of others) in order to eliminate social fear caused by facing danger and rebuilding social ties and generally reintegrating society members based on new scientific knowledge.

A Sociological Study of the Agency of Nomadic Women Through Their Lived Experiences (Case Study: Nomadic Women of Chah-Gholamali Village, Zarand County)

Volume 30, Issue 102 , November 2023, , Pages 107-141

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.77686.2741

Abstract

Nomadic women play a vital role in the economic and social spheres of their communities, contributing to sustainable development through their indigenous knowledge. Despite facing significant challenges such as deprivation of welfare and healthcare, they exhibit considerable agency. This study ... Read More Nomadic women play a vital role in the economic and social spheres of their communities, contributing to sustainable development through their indigenous knowledge. Despite facing significant challenges such as deprivation of welfare and healthcare, they exhibit considerable agency. This study challenges the perception that agency is exclusive to modern societies by demonstrating that nomadic women exercise their influence both overtly and covertly. Through a qualitative approach and thematic analysis of interviews with 17 women from Chah-Gholamali, two main themes (realized agency and resistance as hidden agency), four sub-themes (marital life management, persuasion power, decision-making agency, and facilitating agency), 10 concepts, and 115 meaningful phrases were identified. "Realized agency" refers to agency that is visibly observable. In the case of "facilitating agency," women do not hold a decisive role but act as facilitators. Findings show that while these women often hold decisive roles in family decisions, they also maintain the symbolic authority of men. The study highlights the complex and varied ways nomadic women experience and exert agency within their family structures.Keywords: Nomadic Women, Agency, Resistance, Gender Division of Labor, Bargaining.IntroductionNomadic women, who lead challenging lives, play a crucial role in economic and social activities, contributing to the sustainable development of tribal communities through their indigenous knowledge. In many rural and nomadic societies, these women face significant deprivation of welfare and healthcare services, enduring arduous labor in their daily lives. Despite these challenges, nomadic women are not powerless. At first glance, the concept of agency may seem exclusive to modern societies and may not appear to align closely with the characteristics of traditional communities. However, this study aims to demonstrate that such perceptions often arise from the assumption that centralists believe desirable traits and concepts are exclusive to urban and central societies, while peripheral communities are perceived as inferior. Such assumptions result from a lack of understanding. During the researcher's field visit, it became evident that nomadic women are far from powerless and, in fact, exhibit significant influence in critical moments, either openly or covertly exercising their agency. This article seeks to answer a key question: How is agency understood through the experiences of nomadic women?Literature ReviewThis section draws on four key concepts: agency, resistance, bargaining, and gender-based division of labor. Numerous definitions of agency exist in the social sciences. Emirbayer & Mische describe agency as the involvement of actors in various structural environments. For the concept of resistance, we have drawn on Foucault’s work, which links power relations with various forms of resistance. To explain bargaining, we refer to household decision-making bargaining models that clarify the mechanisms through which resources are allocated between men and women in households and the outcomes of such processes. Finally, we address theories related to the gender-based division of labor, including exchange theory and feminist perspectives.MethodologyThis study uses a qualitative approach with thematic analysis. The study population consists of 17 nomadic women from the village of Chah-Gholamali, located in the rural district of Zarand County in Kerman Province. Participants were selected through non-random, purposive sampling.ResultsFrom the analysis of in-depth and semi-structured interviews, two main themes (realized agency and resistance as hidden agency), four sub-themes (marital life management, persuasion power, decision-making agency, and facilitating agency), 10 concepts, and 115 meaningful phrases were identified. "Realized agency" refers to agency that is visibly observable. In the case of "facilitating agency," women do not hold a decisive role but act as facilitators. In other words, while they may not be the primary decision-makers or play a significant role in shaping decisions, they create conditions that facilitate the implementation of their desires. In this context, women notably encourage their families to migrate or focus on their children's education. In the case of "decision-making agency," women occasionally make decisions independently, or if they are not the primary decision-makers, they still play a decisive role in family decisions. For instance, they influence final decisions in matters such as their children's marriage or family finances. Agency is not always overt or easily identifiable; in many instances, it manifests subtly and covertly. The strategies employed by actors in hidden agency tend to have a more significant impact than direct or overt displays of power. One of the primary strategies women use to assert their resistance is persuading their husbands. Moreover, women are not solely focused on persuading their husbands; they also strive to manage their family lives through other methods discussed in this paper.ConclusionField observations and interviews with participants reveal that nomadic women are not powerless contrary to common stereotypes. On the contrary, they are influential and active participants in their families' and communities' economic and social spheres, consistently striving to play these roles through various means. However, it is essential to acknowledge that their efforts are not always successful. The findings indicate that, due to unavoidable circumstances, the full burden of family life, including principal and minor decisions, rests on their shoulders. For instance, when the father was ill or incapacitated, the mother assumed the household responsibility. Despite these significant responsibilities, the women in the study made deliberate efforts to preserve the authority of men, even when this authority was more symbolic than real. For example, even if they were the key decision-makers behind essential matters such as their children’s marriages or family migrations, they often chose to include men in the process, ensuring their involvement was acknowledged. The study concludes that nomadic women experience agency in diverse and intriguing ways within the family structure, with no uniform pattern across their experiences. Their agency manifests both openly and subtly, underscoring the complexity of their roles in family dynamics and the wider community. This diversity of agency is a testament to the multifaceted nature of their influence.

Analysis of the Dimensions of National, Ethnic, and Class Identity of Iranian Society

Volume 30, Issue 102 , November 2023, , Pages 1-29

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.81283.2816

Abstract

Through a secondary analysis of three waves of the Iranian Values and Attitudes Survey, this article endeavors to depict the political, cultural, and economic facets of Iranian society through the lens of identity dimensions, including national, ethnic, and class identities. The findings indicate ... Read More Through a secondary analysis of three waves of the Iranian Values and Attitudes Survey, this article endeavors to depict the political, cultural, and economic facets of Iranian society through the lens of identity dimensions, including national, ethnic, and class identities. The findings indicate a positive attitude towards national identity among all respondents. However, when this type of identity is juxtaposed with ethnic and linguistic diversity, varying relationships emerge between the two. While the interaction between national and ethnic identities has been synergistic in most provinces, certain vectors reveal a weakening of national identity and a strengthening of ethnic identity. Moreover, monitoring the trend of social mobility as an indicator of society's economic improvement reveals a declining trend in social mobility, leading to a shrinking middle class and an expanding lower class. The combination of this identity gap (national-ethnic) with economic deprivation and inequality provides an analytical tool for understanding and explaining the social and political actions of social forces and agencies in the current Iranian society.Keywords: National identity, Ethnic identity, Class identity, Social Status Assessment, Survey of Iranian Values and Attitudes. IntroductionSurveys have emerged as a pivotal tool for assessing social conditions. Their widespread application worldwide has made them indispensable for understanding social dynamics. More than five decades have passed in Iran since implementing the first national survey. During this period, numerous surveys have been conducted by both academic and governmental institutions. Among these, the Survey of Iranian Values and Attitudes stands out as the most renowned national survey, garnering significant academic acceptance among social scientists and policymakers. Since 2000, four waves of this survey have been conducted at the national level. This paper leverages the findings of this survey to study Iranian society, focusing on the dimensions of national, ethnic, and class identities.Research Question(s)This article endeavors to answer the following questions through an analysis of the results from surveys on Iranian values and attitudes:How has the social situation in Iran been theorized in these surveys?What are the main components and indicators used to measure Iran's social situation?How is Iranian society structured based on identity components?Conceptual FrameworkThe conceptual framework of value and attitude measurement (Chalabi, 2004) is essentially a conceptual map of society, aiming to provide a comprehensive and complete definition of Iranian society, including the entire society, its components, dimensions, and levels, and their interrelationships. This framework is influenced by general systems theory and consists of three levels of abstraction. The first level of abstraction shows the relationship between three components: action, actor, and the situation of action (the basic elements of the situation of action also include objects, goals, and norms). At the second level of abstraction, four types of action systems and their relationships are presented: the factual system, the preferential system (personality), the social system, and the cultural system. The third level of abstraction combines the four types of subsystems at the second level, forming the general concept of "action system" (Rezaei,2002:5-8). In conceptualizing "value and attitude" or value orientation and tendency, these two variables are considered to be the product of the interaction of the social and personal systems. Based on this, a list of data and outputs of the personal system is proposed for study in the present survey (Rezaei,2002:24). Ultimately, at the empirical level, considering some criteria such as the priority of social issues, theoretical importance, and the generality of the subject, this conceptual framework is limited to the levels of economic, social, cultural, and political attitudes.Materials and MethodsThis study employs a secondary analysis of aggregated data from three waves of a Survey on Iranian Values and Attitudes. The results are extracted and reported both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. For this purpose, aggregated data at the provincial level is utilized. Using a statistical weighting technique, a single score of -2 to +2 was calculated for each province's identity indices. These scales were then standardized on a 0-100 scale to enable comparison of results. A reconstructed table of scores for national, ethnic, and class identity components for all provinces is included in the article's appendix.FindingsData analysis of a two-dimensional vector encompassing national and ethnic identity indicates that a majority of the country's provinces exhibit a high degree of national identity coupled with a moderate level of commitment to teaching local languages. Nevertheless, there are specific instances that reveal an incongruity between these two components. Furthermore, an examination of class structure and mobility trends in Iranian society between 2000 to 2003 suggests a relative improvement in upward class mobility. However, this trend reversed in 2015, with a majority of the population experiencing downward mobility. Additionally, the class gap index reveals a consistent widening of the class gap over this period. This is attributed to a decline in the size of the upper and middle classes and a corresponding increase in the lower class. In summary, the data analysis indicates that over the past two decades, there has been a decline in individuals' class positions, a heightened sense of inequality, and an expanding class gap.ConclusionThis study suggests that Iranian society can be categorized into three types based on their national and ethnic identities. The first type includes provinces with a strong national identity and a moderate ethnic and linguistic identity, which is the majority. The second type consists of provinces with a strong ethnic and linguistic identity but a weak national identity. Lastly, the third type is characterized by a strong national identity and a weak linguistic identity. This categorization is based on subjective assessments and needs further validation through more rigorous studies and empirical data. The study also looked into the social class of the surveyed individuals and examined both the static and dynamic aspects of Iran's socioeconomic stratification system over time. The findings revealed a notable increase in inequality and class divisions within Iranian society. The combination of inequality, class divisions, and specific ethnic and local identities provides a useful framework for understanding and explaining the social and political actions of Iranian society.AcknowledgmentsThe initial version of this article was presented at the National Conference on the Social Situation of Iran, hosted by Allameh Tabataba'i University and supported by the Ministry of Interior's Social Affairs Organization in Murch 2022. The author would like to express their gratitude to the organizers and supporters of the conference for providing the opportunity to present this article and subsequently revise and expand it to its current form.

Domestic Violence Against Women in Hamedan (A Qualitative Study)

Morteza Parvizan; Jafar Hezarjaribi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 24 December 2020

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2020.35382.1922

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the type of interpretation of domestic violence by domestic violence and the type of exposure to domestic violence. Researchers have semi-structured interviews with thirty women who had previously been subjected to domestic violence, considering the field of interest ... Read More

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An Introduction to Habermas's Critical Position on Logical Positivism

Gholamreza Latifi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 April 2021

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2021.33463.1844

Abstract

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Producing Text in Accordance with Identity The Methods of Achieving the Identity Articulation of Surveyed Subjects within Discourse Analysis

Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Khoei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 28 October 2021

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2021.60247.2380

Abstract

The notion of ‘Discourse’ is among key concepts which have been used widely by scholars in social sciences research. Discourse analysis contains many forms which all are influenced by Michel Foucault’s theoretical considerations. One of the main approaches in discourse analysis is the ... Read More

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Post-Covid Lifestyle of Tehran’s Citizens

Elahe Abniki; Ahmad Ghiasvand

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.80006.2792

Abstract

This study sought to investigate the lifestyle changes of Tehran’s citizens. The method was survey. The statistical population was all citizens over 15 years in Tehran in 1402, and 404 were selected as a sample using a multi-stage sampling method. The findings indicated that the lifestyle changes ... Read More

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Analyzing the experience of elderly victims of domestic violence and providing policy recommendations

Mansour Fathi; Asiyeh Madahipour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.81164.2812

Abstract

The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the experience of the elderly from domestic violence and how to face it. The research method is qualitative. The participants were 18 elderly people with experience of domestic violence in Dehdasht city who were selected through purposive sampling. ... Read More

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Patterns and Determinants of Internal Migration in Iran

Rasoul Sadeghi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 December 2024

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.80798.2802

Abstract

Today, the contribution of migration to population dynamics and regional changes has become more noticeable. Migration is a dynamic process arising from changing social contexts that can affect not only migrants but also the origin and destination regions. The increase in migrations and displacements, ... Read More

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Analysis of social capital among Iranians (as a macro concept explaining the social situation)

reza safar ishali

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.81050.2810

Abstract

The sustainability of any human society depends on the level of social capital. In the present article, Is analyzed the social capital among Iranian people according to the findings of national surveys (2015, 2018 and 2021). The results show a decrease in social capital in some dimensions (especially ... Read More

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Concept of "Habitus" from Embodied Cognition Perspective: Reviewing "Body Techniques" by Marcel Mauss

leila Ardebili

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.81474.2824

Abstract

This article is in line with the efforts of researchers who have tried to eliminate the boundaries between cognitive science and social science. They have investigated the classic works of sociology and anthropology in order to extract concepts which are useful in creating a common language between these ... Read More

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Reducing social harms in the framework of cultural economy development: Deprivation by developing tourist attractions

fatemeh Deralhshan; Ali Entezari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.81700.2828

Abstract

Cultural and artistic capacities are enhanced by leveraging the cultural and artistic talents of vulnerable individuals, which strengthens their social skills and creates employment opportunities at both individual and community levels. Cultural and artistic empowerment programs have been successfully ... Read More

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Constructing meaning around Jafarabad neighborhood

siavash gholipoor; nader amiri; ziba ahmadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2025.78460.2766

Abstract

This article examines the process of construction of meaning in Jafarabad neighborhood in Kermanshah metropolis. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the opinions of Rob Shields about ‘social spatialization’. The research method is ethnography and data collection techniques ... Read More

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Meta-analysis of women's social security studies

fateme namiyan; muhammad amirpanahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2025.81757.2830

Abstract

So far, many researches have been carried out in relation to the issue of social security, but the findings show that the results of the researches in this field of study are scattered and uneven. In order to summarize and align the results of other researches, in the current research, an attempt has ... Read More

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The paleontology of the formation of the determination of the archaic discourse order in the cultural policies of the first Pahlavi (with an emphasis on the Organization of the Cultivation of Thoughts and the Scouting Organization of Iran)

reza parsamoghadam

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 28 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2025.75032.2675

Abstract

In this article ,whith use concept of governance, we will consider the moments of shaping the minds and bodies of the society in the governance actions of Reza Khan's government, with emphasis on the two organizations for the cultivation of ideas and the scouting organization of Iran. . The antiquarian ... Read More

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Factors affecting young adults’ use of urban public spaces

Maryam Zareian; vida razi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2025.81487.2823

Abstract

The aim of the current research is to find out how young adults use urban public spaces in order to identify the factors that reduce the presence of young adults in the public arena of the city. hence, 600 young adults aged 18-25 in Tehran were studied as a statistical sample based on multi-stage cluster ... Read More

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A comparative study of prostitution and ways to reduce it with an emphasis on Iran

fatemeh Deralhshan; davood parchami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2024.81660.2827

Abstract

Prostitution is a significant social issue present in all societies, characterized by various facets and influenced by numerous factors. Solutions often focus on addressing the root causes, which range from individual biological and psychological backgrounds to broader macroeconomic, social, cultural, ... Read More

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A new framework for measuring the social capital of political systems, Using computational social science methods

alireza Haddadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2025.81459.2821

Abstract

Using meta-analysis of social capital surveys in terms of conceptual and methodological and meta-analysis of theoretical literature and expert analysis, this article presents a framework for measuring social capital containing three pillars, eight indicators and forty indicators. Also, the mathematical ... Read More

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