Women Studies
Somayeh Shafiee
Abstract
In the light of the constitutionalist discourse, women activists entered the field in line with aspiration of constitutionalism and challenged the dominant gender order by entering the public sphere. The present study focuses on the women mobilization for fundraising and seeks to clarify its dimensions ...
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In the light of the constitutionalist discourse, women activists entered the field in line with aspiration of constitutionalism and challenged the dominant gender order by entering the public sphere. The present study focuses on the women mobilization for fundraising and seeks to clarify its dimensions through the method of documentary analysis.Findings are presented and analyzed in five categories: donation spending, motivations, mechanisms, participants' characteristics, and women's collective action strategies. The purpose of collecting donations was to help the families of the Constitutional warrior also the accumulation of initial input to establish the National Bank. All was based on the patriotic motives of women for national independence. This feminine collective also action reflects the formulation of the identity politics of activists who suffered from discriminatory relations and gender stereotypes and sought opportunities for social participation in mobilization. Being unemployed and lack income, women used tactics such as donating gifts, selling personal property, and allocating dowry to provide resources for mobilization. Women's participation from different socio-economic backgrounds has given a supra-class dimension to mobilization. Avoiding consumerism, calling for solidarity, and financing through alternative means such as charity have been the main strategies of the actors encountering available resources, constraints, and barriers.
Women Studies
Mohammad Saleh Tayebnia; Rahele Kardavani; Saeedeh Yaraghy
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to explain the factors related to the attitude of students of Isfahan University towards the phenomenon of marriage, in the framework of a combined approach and using the exploratory-sequential strategy. The grounded theory method was used in the qualitative phase of the ...
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The purpose of this research is to explain the factors related to the attitude of students of Isfahan University towards the phenomenon of marriage, in the framework of a combined approach and using the exploratory-sequential strategy. The grounded theory method was used in the qualitative phase of the research, and the survey method was used in the quantitative phase. The results of this research show that the factors related to students' attitude towards marriage are able to explain the variance of this variable in a medium to high level. The effect coefficients have also shown the direct and significant effect of the variables of marriage imagery, subjective self-evaluation, academic atmosphere and consequentialism on students' attitude towards marriage, and the quantitative results of the research confirm the qualitative results to a large extent.IntroductionMarriage, as the foundation of family and social life, has taken on various forms and shapes in the contemporary world. In Iranian society, attitudes towards marriage and marital behavior have been influenced by the transformations of the modern world, as well as changing obstacles and challenges compared to the past. Despite its significance for society and the continuity of its structures, marriage has faced challenges in recent decades. Students are considered one of the most important social groups, primarily in the age range for marriage. The weakening inclination of students towards marriage and consequently the delay in their marriage can lead to significant cultural, social, and economic issues for the Iranian society in the future.The present study aims to adopt a pragmatic paradigm and utilize a combined strategic, action-oriented, and result-oriented approach in this regard. By applying this combined approach, the study seeks to find practical and implementable solutions to strengthen the inclination of students towards marriage and reduce the delay in their marriage.Literature ReviewResearch on various aspects of marriage has been extensive. However, no research has been conducted on the identification and explanation of factors related to students' attitudes towards marriage in the city of Isfahan. Sohrab Zadeh and Parnian (2016), in a qualitative study titled "Categorization of Girls' Inclination towards Marriage," identified seven categories of inclination towards marriage, including enclosed inclination and hierarchical categories influenced by postmodern discourse. These categories had characteristics such as acceptance of male dominance, women's citizenship, and the acceptance of religious and cultural obligations towards marriage. Avaresin and Nazari (2018), in their study titled "Attitudes of Islamic Azad University Tabriz Branch Students towards Marriage," using a descriptive-case study approach and an expectation measurement questionnaire, showed that realistic expectations of marriage were given higher priority, while pessimistic expectations had the lowest priority. Additionally, as age increased, the overall expectation of marriage decreased for realistic and idealistic marriage, while pessimistic expectations increased. It is worth noting that while the level of expectations from marriage was measured in this research, students' attitudes towards marriage were not investigated.Li (2014) demonstrated in their study on young people's attitudes towards marriage that children's attitudes towards marriage were highly dependent on the parent/family environment. Those whose parents experienced conflict, divorce, and post-divorce parental conflicts expressed a negative attitude towards marriage.The combined quantitative and qualitative approach, utilizing an exploratory-sequential strategy and developing a researcher-made questionnaire based on qualitative findings (identified concepts and categories), is one of the advantages of this research. Moreover, the inclusion of both male and female participants differentiates this study from previous ones.MethodologyThe research method used a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative approach involves the use of a questionnaire to collect data on students' attitudes towards marriage, while the qualitative approach includes in-depth interviews to explore the underlying factors influencing their attitudes. The participants in this research were selected from both male and female students, which allows for a comprehensive understanding of the topic. By including diverse perspectives, the study aims to capture a broader range of experiences and opinions related to marriage.The research process consists of several steps. First, a comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to identify existing theories and findings related to students' attitudes towards marriage. This review helped to establish a theoretical framework for the study and guideConclusionBased on the coding of the interviews, eight main themes were identified, including structured barriers, multidimensional self-evaluation, entrenched fear of failure, visualization of marriage, university environment, psychological-emotional consequences, social consequences, and economic consequences.Following that, the questions and hypotheses for the quantitative section were formulated:Question (1): What is the attitude of students towards marriage?Hypothesis (1): There is a difference in attitudes towards marriage between male and female students.Hypothesis (2): Qualitative variables have an impact on students' attitudes towards marriage.The results showed the following:a) The distribution of the research sample based on gender indicated that 8.34% of the sample were male students and 3.65% were female students.b) The average of the variable "attitude towards marriage" and its dimensions differs significantly from the hypothetical average. Therefore, factors related to students' attitudes towards marriage, on average, have the ability to explain the variance of this variable, indicating confidence in the findings.c) Furthermore, the values related to the estimation of the independent t-test indicate that there is a significant difference between male and female students in terms of their attitude towards marriage.d) The independent variables of the study, in total, explain 51% of the variance in the "attitude towards marriage" variable. Considering the values related to effect size and the coefficient of determination, this value is estimated to be large. In other words, the independent variables of the study have a high ability to explain the variance of the "attitude towards marriage" variable.
Women Studies
Hamideh Dabbaghi; Zeinab Rafieepour
Abstract
Motherhood is a central factor in the acquisition of women's identity, and it is crystallized as a clear, sacred, and consistent image in the gender socialization of women. Based on such a strong belief and core value around motherhood, infertility and not being a mother are considered a defect ...
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Motherhood is a central factor in the acquisition of women's identity, and it is crystallized as a clear, sacred, and consistent image in the gender socialization of women. Based on such a strong belief and core value around motherhood, infertility and not being a mother are considered a defect for women. Based on this, infertile women face many challenges and social problems beyond infertility, such as physical and medical issues, creating a different lived experience for them. After reviewing the theories of identity, interaction, cultural approaches, and biological-psychological-social approach, four concepts of infertility construction, infertility stigma, loss and grief, and role identity were used. Based on this, the central question of the current research is: what failures do infertile women perceive during their infertility experience, and what does it mean to them? This research is based on a qualitative approach and the application of thematic analysis using Max Q.D.A qualitative software. It is based on semi-in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 20 infertile women who live in Mashhad. The findings of this research show that women's experience of infertility refers to 3 main themes: suspended maternal identity, imperfect body perception and incomplete treatment.
Women Studies
Ali Janadleh; Zahra Pouya
Abstract
The disproportion between women’s presence in managerial levels and gender distribution of population as well as education have been an underlying basis to some studies regarding the examination of women’s barriers to accessing managerial levels. By using Cromie’s framework, in this ...
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The disproportion between women’s presence in managerial levels and gender distribution of population as well as education have been an underlying basis to some studies regarding the examination of women’s barriers to accessing managerial levels. By using Cromie’s framework, in this study, posed theories on barriers to women’s job promotion have been classified into two categories: Internal and external barriers, and consequently, the domestic empiricial studies conducted in this field have been explored based on that framework from 2006 to 2016. Broadly speaking, theories related to internal barriers have sought the barriers to women’s access to managerial positions in relation to their role requirements and job involvements. In contrast, theories concerning about external barriers accentuate such attitudinal factors as gender stereotypes and structural factors as glass ceiling and gender discrimination. Utilizing meta-analysis, in this article, we have chosen our reviewed studies based on systematic search through 4 domestic scientific databases. The results of 20 mata-analyzed studies indicate that the findings of these studies, by and large, confirm the external barriers. Moreover, in some cases, there is a meaningful difference between women and men in relation to their preference regarding internal or external barriers impacting on women’s access to managerial positions.
Women Studies
Najmeh Goodarzi; Fatemeh Ghasempoor; Mahdi Etemadifard
Abstract
College years are a golden time in any person’s life, and campus life is an important stage in the road to obtaining a university degree. Greater Tehran is home to most prestigious universities and colleges in the country, so there is fierce competition to get accepted in these universities. ...
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College years are a golden time in any person’s life, and campus life is an important stage in the road to obtaining a university degree. Greater Tehran is home to most prestigious universities and colleges in the country, so there is fierce competition to get accepted in these universities. If someone is admitted to a Tehran-based university, they practically begin a new chapter in their campus life. The present research delves deep into the challenges and difficulties of the campus life among female students of a number of Tehran’s universities. An attempt has been made to give some insight into the somewhat vague concept of female students living on the campus. Campuses set strict rules for daily life of female students, directly wielded by policy-making bodies in higher echelons in university administration. An in-depth qualitative content analysis of data collected by a semi-structured questionnaire filled in by 12 female students aged 21-41 attempted to make an understanding of the challenges of living on the campus. The analysis provided 10 main categories of difficulties. Decline of privacy, paucity of leisure time, non-existence of free will, re-imposition of stereotype gender roles, and law as the master signifier stand out among other categories.
Women Studies
Atefeh Aghaei; Mohammadtaghi Karami Ghahi
Abstract
In the current historical period, understanding sexual relationships is not possible, unless they are contemplated upon through the history of the formation of modern society, the alteration of the concept of love, relationship and intimacy. Thus, the present paper seeks to answer the following ...
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In the current historical period, understanding sexual relationships is not possible, unless they are contemplated upon through the history of the formation of modern society, the alteration of the concept of love, relationship and intimacy. Thus, the present paper seeks to answer the following question: how do Tehran middle class women as modern women understand their sexual relationship with their spouses, and how do they define it? The concepts of Giddens’ pure relationship, Bauman’s liquid love, and Foucault’s sexuality history were used to explain the data. In-depth interviews were conducted with 28 middle class women of Tehran in 2018-2019, and the requirements were the age limit of 45 and having been married for at least five years. The results showed that the women define the sexual relationship with their husbands as female marital duties, dealing with spouses, an opportunity to control their spouses, a way to secure marital life, and mutual intimacy and pleasure. The constrains of meeting this desire were male sexual dysfunctions, the husbands’ lack of knowledge regarding proper sexual relationships, feeling frustrated in the relationship due to early marriages, lack of verbal communication, and the husbands’ extramarital relationships. Women’s compensation mechanisms include financial compensation, and extra-marital relations.
Women Studies
Somayehsadat Shafiei; zahra hosseinifar
Abstract
Due to a lack of historical resources in the field of women and gender, women’s journalistic texts are invaluable sources which mirror women’s general conditions, situations, concerns, and demands in different time periods in Iran’s contemporary history. In order to investigate their ...
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Due to a lack of historical resources in the field of women and gender, women’s journalistic texts are invaluable sources which mirror women’s general conditions, situations, concerns, and demands in different time periods in Iran’s contemporary history. In order to investigate their social positions, the obligatory and necessary expectations due to their roles and also their role characteristics – as sociological categories in women’s journalistic texts during the era of modernization in Iran – the present study has examined the well-known and well-established monthly journal of Zaban-e Zanan in the period of the years 1942-1946, coincident with the onset of the second Pahlavi reign. Although the data of a few variables has been collected through a quantitative method, the main method of the study has been qualitative content analysis. The results show that although the writers of the journal had modernist orientations, the social status of women was only defined in the private sphere. The roles of motherhood, wifehood and maidenhood were each accompanied by obligatory expectations and role characteristics which were emphasized by the journal, and motherhood and wifehood were the preferred main roles for women. Furthermore, having these three-dimensional roles during that period, women were required by the sociopolitical conditions of the country to meet expectations such as receiving education and learning skills in line with patriotism and in order to raise men who were worthy and who would protect their homeland.
