fatemeh eshghi
Abstract
I would like to point out the major characteristics of communicative novel« Persian Letters » in the 1721. For the developing of social-educative purposes, he made a comparison with the cultural atmosphere of Iran, for the sake of natural thoughtful human’s understanding instead of ...
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I would like to point out the major characteristics of communicative novel« Persian Letters » in the 1721. For the developing of social-educative purposes, he made a comparison with the cultural atmosphere of Iran, for the sake of natural thoughtful human’s understanding instead of cultivated human of the 17th century who didn’t think deeply. Supposing judgment of Eastern foreigners about the social structure of the French and the entire Europe, Montesquieu paved the way for his reaction towards his universal point of view among signs and phenomenon, not only published the everlasting philosophical piece of work “Esprit des Lois” in 1745 which was formed regarding to this novel but also his contemporaries such as Voltaire influenced by these clear- view purposes, moreover gave consistency to his philosophical notions in order to penetrate the public culture. Therefore, researches on rational humanities about individuality and its influence on training women, also in religion and politics, considering the geographical conditions were used like a copy machine. Educational and social rules which were created at the end of 18th century, the time of revolution, one of whose founder is him did not reach the end in the same way, based on the will of intellectuals. Defections and misinterpretations of cultural investigations and incompletely formed teachings brought other cultural challenges for humanities, but opened a new season as humanity in 19th century. Researches on epistemology which found its rational way from this era, have passed long way of three hundred years besides universal theories and still being in existential ups and downs, continued those investigations. The eagerness for Iranology entered a new era from that date.
Mohammad Masoud Saeedi
Abstract
The growth of spiritual groups in society can be an indicator of a new direction in the transformation of the general culture; therefore, the scientific and objective study of these groups would have an important role in recognizing the needs of the modern individual and his or her expectations from ...
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The growth of spiritual groups in society can be an indicator of a new direction in the transformation of the general culture; therefore, the scientific and objective study of these groups would have an important role in recognizing the needs of the modern individual and his or her expectations from religion, and in general, recognizing the contemporary culture. One of these groups that more or less continues to grow despite legal prohibitions is the Erfan-e Halghe group. The special conditions present in the individual and his or her surroundings provide ample ground for their joining the Erfan-e Halghe classes and keeping on attending them with the motivation of reaching a state of calm. Such conditions include the individual’s unpleasant chronic state of mind, lack of efficiency of conventional religiosity, repulsiveness of traditional ceremonies, having a personality of reliance on feelings and emotions rather than on intellect, confidence in friends, and attraction of new classes. The person in the group experiences a process of moving from an unpleasant state of mind to a pleasant one through some tricks and attractive teachings. This self-conscious process does not happen for all members, and when it does happen, the relocation process is relative and certainly only survives so long as the person does not put aside his or her intimate relationship with his/her co-members in the group. In Erfan-e Halghe with the consequences which are self-consciously considered to be positive, there are some unconscious consequences regarded in the cultures of human societies as the person having been the victim of deception.
Abstract
This paper introduces the importance of comparative approaches in social research methods that are less known in the social sciences. The Decision tree is the one of the newest and most flexible analysis method for analyzing a large collection exploratory data analysis, Classification tree and interpretation ...
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This paper introduces the importance of comparative approaches in social research methods that are less known in the social sciences. The Decision tree is the one of the newest and most flexible analysis method for analyzing a large collection exploratory data analysis, Classification tree and interpretation of data through binary division. CART software; present a nonparametric analysis strategy to Homogeneous and non-homogenous, high risk and low risk subgroups for social researchers. Exploring the differences and similarities between social groups, and eventually predict their status in social planning is the most important application of this method. Clarifying the subject, in this paper, social demands of women in the four member countries of OIS (Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia) as ideal types of each subgroup are analyzed by this software.
Gholamreza Khoshfar; Mahboobeh Ilvari
Abstract
Gholamreza Khoshfar Mahbobeh Ilvari Date of Receive: 2014/12/9Date of Accept: 2015/5/11AbstractThe present study was conducted to identify the relationship between religiosity and marital adjustment. Since religion influences family relationships and regarding the fact that in the present conditions ...
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Gholamreza Khoshfar Mahbobeh Ilvari Date of Receive: 2014/12/9Date of Accept: 2015/5/11AbstractThe present study was conducted to identify the relationship between religiosity and marital adjustment. Since religion influences family relationships and regarding the fact that in the present conditions the strength of religious values in the family is one of the goals of our Islamic society, conducting research is necessary in this field. The method of research is descriptive survey. The population included 144406 married women who live in the city of Gorgan. Using Cochran formula, the sample size was 360 of married women. Multi-stage random sampling method was used for the study. For the first selection, 36 randomly selected neighborhoods were chosen, then in every process, in proportion to the number of settled households and using systematic random sampling, 10 married women were selected and studied. The questionnaires of religiosity -Lock Wallace test- and marital adjustment -Gelark and Stark test- were the tools of measurement in this study. For data analysis the results, Pearson correlation, and backward regression were used in addition to the methods of descriptive statistics. The results showed that there is a significant correlation between religiosity and marital adjustment. There are also significant correlations between three dimensions of religiosity such as belief, ritual and consequences with marital adjustment. The results of regression analysis indicated that the dimension of consequences is a stronger predictor of marital adjustment
talat allah yaari; esmat miri balchi
Volume 16, Issue 44 , May 2009, , Pages 193-219
Abstract
The airn of this research is tu measure job satisfaction and its effective factors among social workers in the city of Tehran. In order to achieve this goal, 134 social workers employed in the Ministry of Health. and Welfare Organization in the Ministry of Social Welfare, were studied. The result indicated ...
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The airn of this research is tu measure job satisfaction and its effective factors among social workers in the city of Tehran. In order to achieve this goal, 134 social workers employed in the Ministry of Health. and Welfare Organization in the Ministry of Social Welfare, were studied. The result indicated that: Most social workers were moderately satisfied with their jobs. Job satisfaction of social workers was related to their marital status. Job satisfaction of social workers had a negative relation to their age. Joh satisfaction of social workers was not related to their level of education. Job satisfaction of social workers had a meaningful negative relation 10 their working experience. Job satisfaction of social workers had no relation to the kind of agent')' they were employed in. Using the result of a factor analysis, factors of job satisfaction questionnaire were divided to six factors including: Nature of the work, job promotion, management, salary and privileges, working conditions. and staff relationships. Then the portion of each factor was clarified in the job satisfaction of social workers.
Azadeh Hashemi Monfared; Ali Rabiee
Abstract
Appearance of new technologies and widespread use of them have made facilities among people in a safe environment; this communication have increased presence of strange people in personal life. But this space is not real and user s present themselves acceptable based on social values. In this study, ...
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Appearance of new technologies and widespread use of them have made facilities among people in a safe environment; this communication have increased presence of strange people in personal life. But this space is not real and user s present themselves acceptable based on social values. In this study, we have surveyed the ways of present of self in Instagram regard to Goffman's dramaturgical theory and Mead’s social interaction theory. We have surveyed ten last post of 30 women and 30 men in their pages and we have surveyed their different ways that they present theirselves with different features. By categorizing of these, we have achieve to five present methods in this space and we have found the most favorite way of present in this social network, we have found this present help us to recognize others a little and we can’t have a deep recognition. We have realized this presenting stage have basic different from the stage that Goffman had spoken about. it is real that we can change presentation of self in Instagram. because this space have limited propertise for present. Also unfair laws have been created critical behaviors and neglecting this evolution will make new crisis in future.
Seyedeh Marjan Tabatabaee; Farough Amin Mozaffari; Mohammad Abbaszadeh; Samad Sabbagh
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to study the feminist discourse in the contemporary Iran. The data of our research are gathered from Zanan (Women) and the Feminist School magazines. Therefore, we looked at the feminist discourse in the texts of these magazines from 1992 to 2011. We also have used the ...
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The purpose of this research is to study the feminist discourse in the contemporary Iran. The data of our research are gathered from Zanan (Women) and the Feminist School magazines. Therefore, we looked at the feminist discourse in the texts of these magazines from 1992 to 2011. We also have used the historical and social data of Iran over this period. The results show that the basic structure of the discourse of feminism represents five different articulations. Each of the articulations was formed on the basis of five various nodal points; women's economic participation, religious innovation, human rights, secular religiosity and inter-movement coalition. Often the main antagonist between the feminist discourse and the dominant discourse is over unequal gender laws. This is due to the different perceptions of femininity in the two discourses. Eventually, this antagonism led to a shift in the discourse of feminism from a democratic discourse to a popular one.
Hamzeh Nowzari
Abstract
The theory of rational choice of economics in the analysis of economic action faces two basic problems. The problem of validity, that is, the empirical confirmation of its basic principles, and the problem of subjectivity, that is, the ability and capacity to pay simultaneous attention to the social ...
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The theory of rational choice of economics in the analysis of economic action faces two basic problems. The problem of validity, that is, the empirical confirmation of its basic principles, and the problem of subjectivity, that is, the ability and capacity to pay simultaneous attention to the social and mental factors of the actor. Different sociological traditions have tried to express different perspectives on the analysis of economic action. But these sociological approaches have explained at an analytical level different from the theory of rational choice of economic action, so they have not been a suitable alternative. The main question of the research is whether economic sociology can provide an analysis that in analyzing economic behavior simultaneously pays attention to social factors and active mentality, calculation and routines? The theoretical framework of this research is the relational approach and the way of interaction, action and situation structure, calculating mentality and routines. The research method is documentary and based on critical interpretation and review of the main sociological texts in order to analyze the theoretical approach of the sociological tradition to the theory of rational choice and the possibility of a suitable alternative to it. The two concepts of practical reasons and routines in Bourdieu and Schutz theories in two different theoretical traditions can provide a suitable sociological explanation for economic action. Schutz's theory is a good alternative for explaining economic action because of the simultaneous analysis of calculation and routines.
ayub amir kuasmi
Volume 16, Issue 47 , February 2009, , Pages 197-228
Abstract
Political democracy has mainly developed in respect to the rights for electing and being elected in recent centuries. But by the rise of new social movements, political democracy is inclined to different. issues. nonetheless, it would seem that the development of democracy is in such a way that it does ...
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Political democracy has mainly developed in respect to the rights for electing and being elected in recent centuries. But by the rise of new social movements, political democracy is inclined to different. issues. nonetheless, it would seem that the development of democracy is in such a way that it does not oppose the current political premises in advanced industrial societies, nor does it reject the present socio-economic models. Thus this study argues that new social movements are conservative mainstreams, because they lack an advanced socio-economic alternative. meanwhile, new social movements, from the functional point of view, have a reinforcing role of maintaining political democracy, in final analysis, therefore, the new social movements, in terms of their nature, belong to the conservative forces.
Sociology
Fatemeh Mohammadi; Tayebeh Farajzadeh
Abstract
The South Korean film business has captured the imagination of many young people nowadays, which disturbs many parents. This research seeks to understand the experiences of fandom in young Iranian women from Korean series and its relationship with virtual space. The current qualitative case study research ...
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The South Korean film business has captured the imagination of many young people nowadays, which disturbs many parents. This research seeks to understand the experiences of fandom in young Iranian women from Korean series and its relationship with virtual space. The current qualitative case study research was conducted using thematic analysis and semi-structured interviews, and the data were analyzed using coding. Twenty-three young girls between the ages of 19 and 27 who live in various places in Iran and are members of fan pages on Telegram made up the present research participants. Although many of them ascribed the start of their fandom to the period when popular Korean series were broadcast on TV, the results of this research confirm that their fandom is sustained thanks to the availability of virtual space. Furthermore, five main themes for the support of these young women were counted from their responses: a variety of genres in products, avoiding erotic scenes, fostering cultural similarities, teaching moral virtue, and attractive romances were among the reasons for their support.
Tahereh Azari; Ali Asghar Kia
Tahereh Ghaderi; Sajad Kaveh
Volume 22, Issue 71 , October 2016, , Pages 199-240
Abstract
In recent decades, with an increasing number of consumer-oriented middle class households in developing countries, particularly in Asia and the increasing number of Asian firms which supply unnecessary and market-oriented goods, the concept of “New Asian Middle Class” has become the focus ...
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In recent decades, with an increasing number of consumer-oriented middle class households in developing countries, particularly in Asia and the increasing number of Asian firms which supply unnecessary and market-oriented goods, the concept of “New Asian Middle Class” has become the focus of attention instead of the concept of “Global Middle Class”, and a large body of research is done about this new Asian middle class. This article, by using documentary-library studies and reviewing the latest research works, is seeking to investigate the nature and various aspects of this process, and is trying to give a comprehensive and more complete picture of this subject. The article , first, studies the massive number of new Asian middle class households that have emerged as the result of economic and political reforms of the governments in Asia, and then, by assessing various criteria which have been used for measuring the new middle classes , proposes more accurate and more comprehensive criteria. Finally, the article examines the reactions of the members of this class to different issues ; reactions depending on socio-economic and socio-political backgrounds, and shows that to what extent assigning large missions on this new consumer middle classes, without considering the historical contexts and circumstances and the stages of economic growth of their countries , would be fragile. Keywords: global middle class, the new Asian middle class, emerging economies, consumerism.
mohamad mir shekari
Volume 13, Issue 34.35 , November 2006, , Pages 199-222
Abstract
According to Pahlavi texts, one might say that rose Flower has been holy in ancient Iran and in Islamic era it has been still holy. Moslims attribute rose to their prophet, Mohammad (Peace be upon him). Iranians of ten use flowers in their cremonies and since flowers are short-Jived they produced rose-water, ...
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According to Pahlavi texts, one might say that rose Flower has been holy in ancient Iran and in Islamic era it has been still holy. Moslims attribute rose to their prophet, Mohammad (Peace be upon him). Iranians of ten use flowers in their cremonies and since flowers are short-Jived they produced rose-water, to substitute with rose flower. This paper is about the history of rose flower and rose-water in Iran and in the Islamic culture, geographical distribution of the flower and rose-water production centers, methods in producing rose-water, and utilization of rose-water in national and religious rituals.
Seyed Abbas Hoseini Davarani
Abstract
Iranian sentiments and the development and backwardness are the focus of the upcoming article. According to the general belief and what is generally believed and shown, especially in scientific products, the Iranian sentiments as an independent variable has negative characteristics that are always a ...
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Iranian sentiments and the development and backwardness are the focus of the upcoming article. According to the general belief and what is generally believed and shown, especially in scientific products, the Iranian sentiments as an independent variable has negative characteristics that are always a roadblock in the path of various types of development, and this has gone so far that it is recognized as an assumption. This is the fact that many assumption breaking elements can be presented. On this basis, the basic question of this research is that what the position between "Iranian sentiments" in the issue of "Development" is? To answer this question; we used a three-level model. The first level deals with the effects of sentiments on development. The second level uses 10 assumption-breaking items to pose question about Iranian sentiments as an independent variable, and the third level advances institutionalism as a level of integration, where Iranian sentiments are classified into the dependent variable of development. In the end, this article concludes that Iranian sentiments do not have an essential influence on the process of development, but there is a kind of connection between them that is influenced by the institutions, and this connection changes with the institutional changes.
Omid Ghaderzadeh
Nasrollah Asgari
Abstract
Nasrollah Asgari Date of Receive: 2013/5/10Date of Accept: 2013/9/9Abstract:As a part of a long tradition, animal farmers of Zavardasht village in Alamut identify their prospective shepherds a few days after the New Year celebration. Shepherds proceed to move the herd towards pasture lands which are ...
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Nasrollah Asgari Date of Receive: 2013/5/10Date of Accept: 2013/9/9Abstract:As a part of a long tradition, animal farmers of Zavardasht village in Alamut identify their prospective shepherds a few days after the New Year celebration. Shepherds proceed to move the herd towards pasture lands which are rented from neighboring villages. This migratory move towards the highlands follows a pre-planned timetable. For the period of their stay the shepherds use their knowledge of local plants to divide the pasture into grazing zones based on the vegetation of each region. This zone allocation is way to optimize the yield of milk as a result. This paper reports on native knowledge of shepherds about small portion of plants and vegetation of the region.
Sociology
Mohammad Mahdi Zadeh Taleshi; Mohammad Maghamian Zadeh
Abstract
Today, with the pervasive influence of media, celebrities have acquired a significant position in popular culture. They serve as emergent referents in modern society, possessing the capacity to form devoted and enthusiastic fan communities. The study of fandom is important as it plays a foundational ...
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Today, with the pervasive influence of media, celebrities have acquired a significant position in popular culture. They serve as emergent referents in modern society, possessing the capacity to form devoted and enthusiastic fan communities. The study of fandom is important as it plays a foundational role in shaping the individual and collective identities of fans. The present research focuses on adolescents and the phenomenon of subculture fandom, seeking to explore the ways in which Iranian teenagers identify themselves through their fandom of Amir Tataloo. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 16 teenagers who manage Tataloo fan pages on Instagram; and a thematic analysis ran over the data using MAXQDA software. The findings suggest that Tataloo fans abide by group norms such as supporting Tataloo and not denying Tatality identity, individualism, respecting diverse tastes, purposeful living, optimism toward the future, and ultimately, following Tataloo's lifestyle. Thus, Tatalities can be considered as members of a digital subculture that differentiates themselves from others through the aforesaid identity components. Moreover, regarding the second research question, the forms of involvement of Tatalities with tataloo were examined by the study to shed light on the levels of engagement and relationship of the fans with their celebrities.
Somayeh Sadat Shafie
Abstract
Somayeh Sadat Shafiei Date of Receive: 2013/1/9Date of Accept: 2013/8/26AbstractThese days, studying leisure is at the heart of science in various subjects such as cultural studies, life style, sociology of leisure, social psychology and etc. So, historical analysis of women’s culture and lifestyles ...
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Somayeh Sadat Shafiei Date of Receive: 2013/1/9Date of Accept: 2013/8/26AbstractThese days, studying leisure is at the heart of science in various subjects such as cultural studies, life style, sociology of leisure, social psychology and etc. So, historical analysis of women’s culture and lifestyles as an ignored object in recent researches in a country like Iran with ancient history should be contemplated. Regarding rapid cultural changes of recent eras, Qajar is one which has plenty of staggering sources.In this article by using documentary method, researcher studies itineraries and memories to portray women’s leisure. Such attempts give some critical clues about gender culture and life style of women in this era. Besides, this has eligible hints for explanation of models of women’s leisure in contemporary society. Social statues, gender separation and affordability are among significant related factors of women’s leisure. Also it should be said that women mostly participated in collective activities.
Mohammadreza Shadro; Hossein Mohammadzadeh
Morteza Mashalchi; Abolfazl Morshedi
Abstract
Although tradition religious association in traditional Iranian society had specific and well-established religious and social functions, with the extensive changes in Iranian society and its increasing modernization, the relationship of these tradition religious association with the characteristics ...
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Although tradition religious association in traditional Iranian society had specific and well-established religious and social functions, with the extensive changes in Iranian society and its increasing modernization, the relationship of these tradition religious association with the characteristics of the new society has been "Problematic". This means that although on the one hand, all tradition religious association, as "Intermediary Institutions" that provide an opportunity for people to interact and collaborate, play an effective role in strengthening the characteristics of civil society, but on the other hand, not all of them act in the same way. In this study, the three "Ideal Types" of the tradition religious association, reflexivity, Identity-oriented and Movement-oriented, were separated and their relationship with some components of civil society was examined. The type of reflexivity moves towards strengthening civil society by striving for "Civic Education" of members of society and spreading civic messages. By focusing on strengthening the "Shiite Identity", the Identity-oriented type moves more towards the creation of "Traditionalist Societies", and Movement-oriented type, focusing on strengthening the "Jihadi organization", pursues the ideal of "Wilaii society".
mahmood alavi
aboutorab talebi
Abstract
This paper investigates an aspect of new sectarianism with special emphasis on New Spirituality in Iran. It uses the theory of subjectivism proposed by Canadian thinker, Charles Taylor, alongside Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis to analyze signs of new spiritualism. Data was collected through ...
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This paper investigates an aspect of new sectarianism with special emphasis on New Spirituality in Iran. It uses the theory of subjectivism proposed by Canadian thinker, Charles Taylor, alongside Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis to analyze signs of new spiritualism. Data was collected through examining available resources and through deep interviews with advocates of this discourse. Examining available resources revealed that the semantic system of spirituality is as a discourse based on a number of themes and signs, including: centrality of the self, i.e. a journey from a life in line with external demands to an authentic, original life in the inside, individualism, holistic attitude, hybridity, and using psychology and individuality. Empirical studies have proven that the formation of new spiritualism as a discourse was an indication of internal conflicts and ambiguities in making sense of religious discourse. This issue was a challenge for the development of religious discourse and a threat to its face as the dominant discourse, which finally opened up the gates for discourse of spirituality. Studies indicate that this discourse is still in the phase of formation in Iran. In other words, it is not yet stable and its meanings are not yet clear, and, therefore, is far from turning into a hegemonic discourse.
Mohammadreza Taleban; Mehdi Rafie
Abootorab Talebi; Yoosef Khoshbin
Mitra Azimi; Simin Veisi
Abstract
Utilizing successful models of work value in different cultures that are compatible with our culture, will improve organizations. Non-governmental organizations were chosen because of their dynamics and Harandi neighborhood because of their importance and challenges. Adapting the field findings ...
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Utilizing successful models of work value in different cultures that are compatible with our culture, will improve organizations. Non-governmental organizations were chosen because of their dynamics and Harandi neighborhood because of their importance and challenges. Adapting the field findings that were obtained through observation methods, in-depth and semi-structured interviews, as well as focus groups, with work values, which were obtained from documents, indicating the general work values such as individualism with some collectivist characteristics, idioceentric and competition. On the other hand, by comparing the work values of these organizations with the three intercultural models including the Eastern model, the Scandinavian model, and the American model, some characteristics such as the existence of inaccurate contracts, high power distance, Importance of seniority, Lack of competency criteria, Less emphasis on learning and organizational memory and the existence of cross-sectional cooperations, soulless hierarchical structure, Less emphasis on welfare, inability to reconcile traditional and modern values, rejection of the power distance, rejection of long-term plans, lack of a unified national system, and a sense of injustice especially entitle type among them were seen. Formation of an integrated management system that can increase the commonalities and also provide the individual interests of the organizations seems necessary. IntroductionWork values include all the meanings and orientations of the organization, which are known as organizational identity with all symbolic and material elements. There is a lack of empirical investigation and presentation of the ideal type and comparison with transnational examples to take advantage of their positive points in Iran. First, we study the existing theoretical and empirical texts to create the ideal type of work value with two components: general and universal values and specific civilizational values. Then, we will put them to the test in the cooperation space of non-governmental organizations in Harandi neighborhood of Tehran, due to the dynamics of work values in such organizations and their particular challenges in this neighborhood.Literature ReviewHolt (1997) investigated the entrepreneurial values of 200 managers of public and private industrial companies in China and the United States and showed that Chinese managers are simply pragmatic, and selective in developing behaviors that reflect success, independence, choice and self-determination. Sanchez-burks & et al (2003) showed that job interns in China and Korea received more indirect messages than Americans, and this influence was mediated by independent personal interpretations. The results of Chou et al.'s research, which compared Chinese and American managers, indicate that Chinese managers shared less knowledge with other groups and this sharing was to the extent that it did not conflict with their collectivist values and collective interests.MethodologyIn the documentary section, by studying theoretical texts and previous researches, the essential dualities and the civilizational patterns of work values were extracted. In the field section, using the obtained model and using observation techniques, in-depth interviews and focused groups with managers and members of NGOs, residents of Herandi neighborhoods, clients of NGOs and managers of government offices, we sought to recognize the recognized values in the cooperative relations of NGOs in Harandi neighborhood of Tehran. Also, all the observations and the implemented text received from the interviews and focus groups were considered as the examined texts and thematic analysis was done.Results General work values have been created to some extent in the investigated organizations. On the other hand, they act individualistically, However, at the same time, the high context culture has caused the duality of self/other to emerge in the relations between NGOs with each other and their beneficiaries, as well as the formation of "temporary cooperation" and "sustainable competition" between them. Therefore, considering that they are getting the most benefits for themselves, they can do co-opetition with each other only with the formation of an organized cooperation environment. To be more precise, it can be said that the essential dualities of the work values have found new meanings in the Iranian cultural context, So that sometimes relatively opposite elements such as "individualism" and "being high context culture" are placed next to each other.By matching the local-civilizational values of work, it will be easier to understand these dualities, Because, as we said earlier, it is not necessarily possible to present a bipolar range of work values. By applying Eastern work values and work values that govern the cooperation space of NGOs in Harandi neighborhood of Tehran, we observed that the high context culture caused by collectivism has caused "inaccurate contracts". And on the other hand, the "lack of coordination" between NGOs has caused that despite the "high power distance" and "importance of seniority", the meaning of seniority is "interpretable" and each one should interpret it in her own favor and according to her own characteristics. The lack of training of members and the lack of organizational learning, or to be more precise, the "vacuum of organizational memory", has dealt a big blow to the cooperation space of the NGOs of Harandi neighborhood. So that they are not able to provide their information to each other to prevent parallel works, and also to transfer their knowledge and experiences to each other and the future generations. A flexible hierarchy can have positive functions for an organization, but as we said, due to the relative nature of the meaning of seniority, it is not possible to take advantage of the benefits of seniority and therefore the resulting helping other(degaryari). The senior members can, if necessary, make the less fortunate groups benefit from their resources or the more capable members, But due to the lack of a model for a flexible and efficient hierarchy, only " cross-sectional cooperations" (hamyari) are seen.By comparing the Scandinavian work values and the ruling work values of the NGOs of Harandi neighborhood, it was observed that The "feminineness of the culture" that shows itself in the flexibility of an organization, is only seen in some of them. NGOs in this neighborhood cannot "provide welfare" for themselves and their beneficiaries because they are still meeting their basic needs and competing with other organizations. The lack of balance between the basic principles of the organization and not observing them, and then, the lack of facing the current issues has caused these organizations to not be able to establish a link between "traditional and new values" in an organization; while the basic principles of an organization are still not in them, we cannot expect transformation and respect to the today issues. The important feature of the Scandinavian culture, which is in harmony with the Iranian culture, and specifically the cooperation space between NGOs, is "equality and individual progress at the same time". Therefore, the presumption of the stereotypical dual existence of collectivist/individualist organizations with all the attributes attributed to them in Iranian organizations is questioned. In other words, in planning for Iranian NGOs, the Iranian spirit, which is based on individualism and equality, should be taken into account.It can be seen that the previous dualities, especially when we compare Iranian and American organizations, have found an Iranian definition; The attitude towards justice in these organizations is more about being entitles, which is more consistent with individualism. "Competitiveness" and "individualism" are common features of Iranian and American teams. The combination of these characteristics with "not accepting power" has caused long-term collective plans to not be formed and on the other hand, some negative characteristics such as lack of transparency and parallelism have emerged. Only with the formation of an "integrated system" that manages the management of all organizations, we can talk about the continuation of cooperative behavior. Such a system should increase the desire for "sensitivity towards justice" that is more compatible with the essence of a NGOs instead of being entitle.ConclusionThrough the sharing of knowledge and organizational memory, specifying an agreed basis for the meaning of seniority, formulating transparent agreements and the like, it is possible to present the fields of creating co-competition, which is similar to traditional Iranian work values such as cooperation(hamyari) and self-help(khodyari), among NGOs. They should especially be able to harmonize traditional features with organizational changes and flexibility. It seems that these goals can be achieved through the formation of a national integrated system, which includes the existing organizations and ensures their interests and able to implement the agreed and applicable organizational principles in them and prevent the interference and impositions of official organizations in their affairs.
