Social Sciences

Abstract  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
سخن آغازین
 
اززمانیکهدولت- ملتهمراهباشکل‌گیریمدرنیتهدراروپاتشکیلشد، یکیاز مهمترینموضوعاتمورد مطالعهعلومسیاسی مدرن و جامعهشناسی سیاسی رابطه متقابلدولتوملتبودهاست. باشکل­گیریدولت-ملت درجوامع غیراروپایی در قرون 19 و 20،  موضوعِنوعمناسبرابطهمتقابلدولتو ملت  اولویت بیشتری پیدا کرد. البته باید توجه داشت که با وجود اختلافات شرایط تاریخی، فرهنگی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی جوامع بشری، تکوین دولت ملت در جوامع مختلف دینا فرایندیکسانی نداشته است، بلکهانواعدولت- ملت‌هاباویژگی‌هایمختلفتشکیلشدهاست. بعلاوه، دراغلبکشورهایبهاصطلاح «جهان سومی» یا «در حال توسعه» در فرایند تکوین دولت- ملت‌هاعلاوهبرعواملنامساعد داخلی، عوامل خارجینیزاثرگذاشتهو سبب شدهدولتایجادشده رابطهمتوازنومتناسبیباملتوسایرنهادهایاجتماعی برقرار نکردهو انواعکژریختی‌ها، ناکارکردی‌هاوکژکارکردی‌هارابه وجودآورد. در نتیجه، به سبب فرایند مختلف تکوین و اختلاف در شرایط اجتماعی- تاریخی دولت- ملت‌ها، نمی­توان بطور کلیشه‌ای رابطه مناسب یکسانی بین همه دولت‌ها و ملت‌ها یافت و آن را برای همه دولت- ملت‌ها تجویز کرد؛ بلکه باید برای هر دولت- ملتی متناسب با شرایط خاص آن جامعه موضوع مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته و روابط مناسب و کارآمدی شناسایی و تجویز گردد.  
 
این وضعیت شامل تکویندولت- ملتدرایراننیز می­باشد. عوامل داخلی نامساعدوعواملخارجیمداخله­گرسببشده­اندرابطهمتقابل دولتوملتدر ایران درابعادمختلفسیاسی،اقتصادی،فرهنگیواجتماعی متوازنومتناسبنباشد. در دورهپهلویشکافبزرگ و رابطه ناکارآمدیبیندولتوملت درهمهزمینه­هاوجود داشت،کهسبببحرانمشروعیترژیم پهلویودرنهایت انقلاباسلامیوسقوط آنشد. پسازانقلاباسلامیبادگرگونی‌هاو اصلاحاتیکهدراینرابطهانجامشد رابطهدولتوملتهماهنگ­ترو متوازن­ترگردید. امابخشیاز کژریختی‌هاو کژکارکردی‌هایِدورهقبلبه دورهجدیدمنتقلشدهوعواملداخلیوخارجیِجدید نیزبهآنافزوده شده،وسببشدهاستکههنوزدربعضیاززمینه­هارابطهمتقابل دولتو ملتوسایرنهادهایاجتماعیومدنیکارآمدیلازمرانداشتهوشکاف‌هایی وجودداشتهباشد،ودر نتیجهآنآسیب­هایجدیدربعضیاززمینه­های اقتصادی، سیاسی،فرهنگیواجتماعیبه وجودآید،کهلازماستبا بررسیومطالعهعالمانهو واقع بینانه اینروابطازمنظرعلوماجتماعی مختلفشکاف‌هایموجودشناختهشدهو راهکارهایمناسبجهترفع وکاهشآنهاپیشنهادشود. ازآنجاکه، همچنان که اشاره رفت،برایشناختوضعیتاینروابطو راهکارهایکارآمدجهترفعآنهافرمول استانداردوازپیش ساختهشده مناسبیوجودندارد،ضرورتدارداندیشمندانعلوم اجتماعیمختلف کشورباپژوهشورهیافتودیدگاه‌هایبومیموضوعرابررسی کردهو پیشنهادهایکاربردیوقابلاجرادرشرایطایرانمطرحکنند،ومسئولان جامعهنیزبابه­کارگیریراهکارهایپیشنهادیوانجاماصلاحاتلازم، هماهنگی، توازن،وهمدلیوهمزبانیبیشتریبیندولتودولتمرداناز یکطرف،وملت، شهروندان و نهادهای اجتماعیازطرفدیگربرقرارکنند،تاآسیب‌های اجتماعیموجود، ازجملهفقر،بیکاری،اعتیاد،فسادوغیرهکهغالباًنتیجه اینشکاف‌هااستکاهشیافتهوکیفیتزندگیمادیومعنویملت صبوروبردبارایرانافزایشیابد.
 
همایش «بررسی نظری و عملی روابط دولت و ملت در ایران» به این منظور برگزار گردید که  نخبگان علمی کشور به این موضوع مهم توجه خاصی نموده و در این زمینه تامل و تفکر و تحقیق کنند تا شناخت بهتری از نوع روابط موجود دولت و ملت در ایران حاصل شود، شکاف‌ها و آسیب های احتمالی موجود شناخته شود، و سیاست‌های مناسبی برای ترمیم و اصلاح و کارآمد کردن این روابط پیشنهاد شود. این ویژه نامه فصلنامه علوم اجتماعی حاوی تعدادی از مقالات ارائه شده در همایش است، که امید است بتواند حساسیت بیشتر متخصصان کشور را به این موضوع اساسی جلب کند، تا علاوه بر ملاحظه تنوع موضوعات موجود در این زمینه و بهره‌برداری از این مقالات، تحقیقات بیشتری را در این حوزه به انجام رسانند. بدیهی است که سایر مقالات ارائه شده در کنفرانس در مجموعه مقالات کنفرانس به طبع خواهد رسید.
 
 
 
                                                 دکتر محمد حسین پناهی
 
                                             مدیر مسئول فصلنامه علوم اجتماعی
 
                                       و دبیر همایش بررسی نظری و عملی رابطه دولت و ملت در ایران 
 

Abstract Relations Between Government and Nations in Constitutional’s Commands
Alireza Mollaiy Tavany[1]
Received: 5/1/2016
Accepted: 9/6/2016
 
Abstract
Constitutional’s command is the first of official text in modern Iran that defines the relation between government and nation. This command caused changing the foundation’s relation between government and nation and started a new era in Iranian’ life and their political trends. Shah issued three commands. The First and the second ones didn’t accept by oppositions but the third command accepted by oppositions. The sanctuary in England’s embassy and emigration’s ulema to Qume come to end. Therefore the question is why did shah issue three commands? Why did these commands bring about disputes between government and oppositions? This article attempted to analyze these commands and studies relation between government and nation. It concludes that the main cause of dispute between government and oppositions was determining nation’s position. These commands recognize the Iranian’s rights for participating in political power for the first time.



[1]. Associate Professor in Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
    alireza mollaiynet@yahoo.com

Abstract  
Current situation and positions of the rural community can be the result of functional relationships and operation of the local community in relation to external factors as the state and city, which led to the transformation of the social, economic and production systems in the rural community. In this process of transformation, the traditional villages, from a closed, self-sufficient, self-managed and resilient society, based on the production and value of work, cooperative and participatory institutions and local community; has been changed to nontraditional community, which is dependent on consumption, vulnerable, based on individualism, money value and the official institutions. The idea of this paper is to review the changing process of traditional to quasi modern society and the necessity of reforming the path towards ecological sustainability of the society. This process has been investigated within the framework of the relationship between the state and the nation in terms of the concepts of local governance, sovereignty and good governance. In our view, the functional and practical currency in relation to the government is transition of local authority to rule the state. To change the situation and create a desirable society we should move towards good governance. The theoretical basis of this discussion is the idea of good governance and social and ecological views for the creation of ecologically sustainable society. The research method in this article is process review and description and analysis based on ideas, theories and practical experiences.

Abstract  
Society is classified into two groups, the political elites who govern the people and non-political people who are governed.  The relationship between these groups has been always one of the perpetual and the everlasting question in political philosophy and political sciences. The subject of political sociology is the current relation of people and governors, and the subject of political philosophy is the appropriate relation of them. Although in some periods of the history some ethical elites came to power and struggled to organize those relations, in conflicts of bitter objective limited facts, rough facts could overcome ethical norms, so it put an end to the honeymoon of the temporary relation of the governors and the people. A suitable relation between the governors and people could make to get knowledge about people’s situation, their shortage or satisfaction (getting their insight), also it could make to understand the feeling and emotion, calling or curse, and pain or joy of them (getting their attitude). These two prerequisites bring about rational and appropriate behavior of the politicians toward Ra’iyyat (whom the government is responsible for).
In this article, we try to study the relations of people and rulers, then with pathology, present some suitable solutions. The method of gathering data is library research, and the method of analysis is qualitative and interpretive content analysis.

Abstract  
Abstract
Social policy, along with the provision of welfare and the realization of social justice, acts like “social cement” and can be highlighted as an important tool to create a bond between the state and the nation. Social policy has been experienced in a wide range of political systems, from totalitarian to democratic ones, and is by no means limited to welfare states. Working on the assumption that the development of social policy as part of the tasks of the political system for the creation of distributive justice and procedural justice along with the character of accountability and efficiency can be considered as one of the tools of the driving state-nation-building: has social policy in Iran have the driving force for building a nation-state? Using the qualitative method and the comparative analysis of secondary data, the problematization of social policy in Iran, both in the theoretical and applied discourses, is highlighted. Theoretical analysis shows that, in a situation where the state is responsible for providing social and welfare services for the fulfillment of social citizenship, the presence of a social policy which is “abandoned” and “everyday” and suffers from “imbalance and non-coordination” will compromise the efficiency of the political system in carrying out its duties and pose a potential challenge to the legitimacy of the political system. A condition in which any reduction in the provision of social services, has led to the widening of the gap between the state and the nation and impeded the process of nation- state building in Iran.

Abstract  
Abstract
Women are one of the most important social forces and interconnected nature of the political and social has made them to engage in politics. In Iran, after the Islamic Revolution, different states have made efforts to solve women's socio-cultural problems. This article seeks to examine the social status of women in employment and unemployment, taking governmental administrative position, education, and being head of households from the fifth to the eleventh states in the Islamic Republic of Iran. To achieve this goal, secondary analysis was used and the following results were obtained: The presence of women in governmental administrative position has a rising trend in two decades, but in the basic and middle levels of management. The employment status of women in the 70's was relatively better than the 80's and the unemployment rate for women has been increasing since the 80's. On the other hand the employment and education of women did not rise harmoniously. Education and employment of women was better in the second term of President Khatami and the first term of President Ahmadinejad compared to the periods before and after. Prior to this period,  the rate of employment passed education rate, but in the second term of
 
 
Ahmadinejad until Rouhani's state this has reversed and education has
 passed employment. In the field of household, the percentage of female-headed households has raised from 7.5 percent in the first state of Hashemi Rafsanjani to 12.9 percent in the administration of Rouhani. During this period the identity of the female-headed households has changed in a way that single and divorced women mainly comprise female-headed households.

Abstract  
Abstract
In this article, the author presents a General and Multidimensional Model of power. Then providing a model, State agency power and Nation agency power are measured in the developing countries. Accordingly, State power divides four dimensions: Economic power, Political power, Military power and Executive power. And Nation power divides Four Dimensions too: Economic power, Political power, Social power and Cultural power. 
Moreover, on the basis of both the State Power and Nation Power, using the term of property space different patterns of relations between nation states in various countries have been recognized. As a descriptive article, the findings of the research indicate that the most of developing country encounter with the power cleavage/ gap < span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  problem between State and nation.