Social Sciences

Abstract This study is an attempt to explain criteria of ideal journalism in Iran from the university professors and journalists' perspectives. It will try to present a desirable model for journalism activities. Understanding these viewpoints will help to shape the criteria of ideal journalism in Iran. Hence, in the review of the literature, press theories, professional ethical standards, and journalism styles have been introduced with respect to these discussions. From the literature, 68 statements were selected for Q analysis. The findings show that responsible journalism profession can operate only in situations where a desirable condition exists with respect to political, cultural, social and economic climate. The ideal journalism model can be considered in four respects: 1) the principles and professional criteria, 2) the journalism principles, 3) the press and the government, 4) the press and society.

Abstract This study has been conducted as to locate the life style indicators in the Iranian television advertisements. To achieve this, efforts have been made to first, present a comprehensive picture 'of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of commercial advertisements and second study the life styles as addressed in such advertisements. Using the content analysis method, this study examined some 370 sample advertisements of the 1999-to-2001 period with each advertisement being considered as one research unit. The results gained show that among the three styles of research , the modem style of life in front of the traditional life style has the most indicators as well as enjoying the most airing time in the television advertisements. Meanwhile, as far as life styles based on the social classes are concerned, the life style of high and middle classes cases outnumbers the lower class. On the other hand, the life style on the basis of goods consumption, the prestigious goods consuming style has heen proved u» be given priority comparing to that of culture-oriented goods consumption.

Abstract This paper surveys the subjective and objective transformations that have happened in the discourses of international relations; it tries to show the relation between international communications and the prevalent order of discourse at the intellectual and cultural shperes. The main claim is that if the world is turning toward the dialogue and has accepted the idea of dialogue among civilizations, it is a result of certain objective and subjective transformations. The paper surveys the ideas of Gadamer, Bakthin, Habermas, Mcintyre, and Rawls on dialogue, to show the subjective and intellectual transformations. Also, the unique contribution of each of these philosophers to the promotion of "dialogue" is reviewed. At the objecive level, the discourses produced at United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), using critical discourse analysis method, were analyzed. Three historically distinct discourses were revealed. The prevalent discourse in 1970s was "development and progress". A fair and balanced development with due attention to human aspects and centrality of nation-states as the main players in the field of ground for the construction of the theory of dialogue among civilizations.

Abstract The influence of Mizogini from Aristotle's theory that has been taken from classic schools in 18th century was continued till the end of the Century. The men who tried very hard for human right didn't have the right judgement in every way. Montesquieu's political anylasis is used as reference; while he got to some optimistic view about women but he had a traditional attitiude toward women right. This kind of thinking was continued by Diderot and some of the writers of Encyclopedias and at last by Rousseau. This had a great effect and influence on making law about women right during the French revolution. At the same time, the criticism and defending of women writers, other philosophical of the Encyclopedia such as Dalarnbert and Condorcet and followers of their kind of thinking helped to open a way after the revolution and was continued and completed afterward.