Social Sciences

Abstract In this article, first, the writer tries to clarify full and partial synonyms of Uparticipation. Then, he does his best to present an idiomatic definition of the term, comparing it with different concepts such as democracy, authority, organization, contribution, collective contribution, coopertation, and the like. Afterwards, the writer evaluates these expressions, in trying to combine them in a more fundamental conceptual framework. Finally, it has been concluded by the writer that the Iranian participation researchers do agree on the common identity of participation and cooperation, although there is not a general agreement on the different aspects of the term "participation" itself among them.

Abstract This article intends to analyze women's political participation in municipal centers in Isfahan Province. In the article, one of the basic propositions of the exchange theory regarding the women political participation is examined. According to this proposition, the more valuable a reward is for a deed, the more probably the deed will be carried out. The method for this research was surveying. Statistical population was all of the 20-39 years-old-women residing at municipal centers in Isfahan province. 1903 women were chosen using quota sampling method. The instrument for gathering the data was questionnaire through interview. Conclusions show that the level of women's political participation in the society is relatively low. The average on the negative I positive value spectrum is located on the negative side, implying high expenses and low rewards for political participation of women under consideration. The regression coefficient shows the significant effect of the women's evaluation from negative / positive values of political participation on their level of participation. About 9% of the variance of the women's political participation level in the sample was explained by the independent variable.

Abstract In this article, the indireet role of the Iranian women film - directors in political participation is discussed. The period of study is diveded into two phases: before, and after 23rd may 1997, the time Mr. Khatami was elected as president. The writer tries to show how social and political conditions can affect directors' capabilities in their socio-political activities, through analyzing the works and viewpants of two women directors. "Political participation" is itself a result of "political socialization". Meanwhile, high participation leads to high social cohesion (integration). Therefore, it is claimed that women directors of Iran participate politically in two different ways: firstly, in a formal and direct way through film making, and hence describing the condition of the people - specially of the women - in the Iranian society. Secondly, through expessing the problems of the society, which leads to the promotion of social awareness. Therefore, if appropriate social and political conditions are provided for artists, political participation will be raised.

Abstract Development is a comprehensive process with social, cultural, Political, and economical aspects. Political development, moreover, has an idelogical dimension. One aspect of political development is political participation. About 50% of our population is formed by women. Since men's political participation alone cannot satisfy all of women's political needs and interests, women's participation is required in all political activities. Political participation of women means that women should play a vital role in all democratic institutions. However, still certain cultural and political tasks are male dominated. Also, sex roles determine women's participation in scientific, political, and economic life. In this article, the writer, first conducts a survey, on the basis of the traditional definition of political participation, about university students. Then, criticising the traditional definition of politics, according to the viewpoints of women sociologists, she presents a new defintion of political participation. Finally, the obstacles to the women's political participation are discussed, and the strategy to remove such impediments are mentioned.

Abstract In this article, the indireet role of the Iranian women film - directors in political participation is discussed. The period of study is diveded into two phases: before, and after 23rd may 1997, the time Mr. Khatami was elected as president. The writer tries to show how social and political conditions can affect directors' capabilities in their socio-political activities, through analyzing the works and viewpants of two women directors. "Political participation" is itself a result of "political socialization". Meanwhile, high participation leads to high social cohesion (integration). Therefore, it is claimed that women directors of Iran participate politically in two different ways: firstly, in a formal and direct way through film making, and hence describing the condition of the people - specially of the women - in the Iranian society. Secondly, through expessing the problems of the society, which leads to the promotion of social awareness. Therefore, if appropriate social and political conditions are provided for artists, political participation will be raised.

Abstract This article intends to analyze the Iranian university students' attitudes towards women's political participation. The present theories about politics and women are reviewed including political socialization, structural approach, situational approach, theory of opposition, functionalism, and theory of interculturalism. Then, a combinational theory which is comatible to the present condition in Iran is suggested, along with an experimental model based on the presented theory. In this model, "the attitude towards women's political participation" is considered as the dependent variable, and the independent variables are: "social-economical stutus of the family", "social situation of the students" and "populational properties of the students". Six hypotheses in connection with age, sex, marital status, major, degree, and employment of the students, and four hypotheses relationg to the students' fathers' income, occupation, and education are tested. The research method applied is surveying. The statistical population are