Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Assistant Professor of Sociology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract
At the present time, technology has become an integral part of the social existence of humans and is the most important factor in the social transformation of societies. However, different societies, given their cultural capabilities, have been various responses to technology. Some societies with the proper understanding of the nature of modern technology have used it as an unimaginable opportunity for their progress. Others have contributed to the importation of technology as a contingency, and now they are struggling with many cultural implications. The main question of the article is, what is our encountering with technology, and what analyzes and solutions have been provided by our thinkers in this regard? To answer this question, at first, various views on technology were put forward and strengths and weaknesses of each of them were elaborated in detail. Then, from the historical, philosophical, social, cultural and political point of view, we tried to analyze how our society encounters with modern technology. The results showed that in addition to the paradoxical approach to the technology in our society, systematic efforts to understand the problematic of technology have not been made.
Keywords
- Technology
- technology paradox
- Janus face of technology
- technology studies
- cunstruction of technology
- critical technology of theory
Main Subjects
- Abdul Karimi, B. (2014). Technology, disaster or power? Eshrag magazine, 8-9: 186-178. [In Persian].
- Abdul Salam, M. (2016). The flourishing of science in the Islamic world. Institute for Social and Cultural Studies of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. Tehran. [In Persian].
- Barney, D. (2004). The Network Society. Cambridge, Polity
- Belu, D. S. (2005). Thinking technology, thinking nature. Inquiry, 48: 572-591
- Berger, J. (2008). Cultural components of technology and its implications for adult education, Adult Education Research Conference. http://newprairiepress.org/aerc/2008/papers/10.
- Bijker, W., Hughes, T. P., and Pinch, T. J. (1987). (Eds.). The Social construction of technological systems: New directions in the sociology and history of technology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Bohrani, M. (2015). Constructionism social studies of technology. In Social studies of technology: Theoretical and interdisciplinary reflections. (ed., ) Reza Samim. Institute for Social and Cultural Studies of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. [In Persian].
- Borandegi, B. (2014). Cultural meaning of computer in Iranian social life: From 1991-2011. Doctoral dissertation, Social sciences department. Faculty of Literature and Humanities. University of Isfahan. [In Persian].
- Brey, P. (2005). Artifacts as social agents in inside the politics of technology agency and normativity in the co-production of technology and society. Hans Harbers (ed.) Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam.
- Brey, P. (2007). Feenberg on modernity and technology. Available at Andrew Feenberg’s website: www.sfu.ca/~andrewf/books/Feenberg_Modernity_Technology.pdf
- Chaparak, A. (2012). Evaluation the viewpoint of Soroush about technology. [In Persian]. Methodology of Social Science and Humanities. 73: 153-174.
- Crawford, C. S. (2004). Actor network theory, In: Ritzer G (Ed.) , Encyclopedia of Social Theory, Thousand Oaks, Sage, 1-3.
- Davari Ardakani, R. (1988). Philosophy in crisis. Tehran: Amir Kabir Press. [In Persian].
- Davari Ardakani, R. (2000). About the west. Tehran: Hermes. (In Persian(.
- Davari Ardakani, R. (2001). Civilization and western thinking. Tehran: Saghei Publishing Institue. [In Persian].
- Derakhshan, M., and Taklif, A. (2015). The Transfer and development of technology in Iranian upstream oil sector: considerations on the concepts, requirements, challenges and remedies. Iranian Energy Economics Research. 14: 33-88. [In Persian].
- Dowran, B. (2015). Typology of social studies of technology in Iran. In Social studies of technology: Theoretical and interdisciplinary reflections. (ed., ) Reza Samim. Institute for Social and Cultural Studies of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. [In Persian].
- Dusek, V. (2006). Philosophy of technology: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing.
- Farasatkhah, M. (2009). The adventure of university in Iran. Tehran, Rasa Press. [In Persian].
- Farasatkhah, M. (2015). A reflection on the socialization of technology in Iran. In Social studies of technology: Theoretical and interdisciplinary reflections. (ed., ) Reza Samim. Institute for Social and Cultural Studies of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. [In Persian].
- Fazeli, N. (2007). Cultural resistance to new innovations and technologies in Iran. The Growth of Social Science Education, 36, 9-4. [In Persian].
- Fazeli, N. (2008). Culture and university: Anthropology and cultural studies. Tehran, Sales Press. [In Persian].
- Fazeli, N. (No. d). Computer as a sign and classroom. Retrieved: http://www.farhangshenasi.ir/persian/node/620 [In Persian].
- Feenberg, A. (1991). Critical theory of technology. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Feenberg, A. (1996). Marcuse or habermas: Two critiques of technology. Inquiry, 39: 45-70
- Feenberg, A. (1999). Questioning technology. New York: Routledge.
- Feenberg, A. (2003). Technology in a global world in: science and other cultures: issues in Philosophies of science and technology (eds) R. Figueroa and S. Harding eds., Routledge, 2003, pp. 237-251
- Feenberg, A. (2005). Critical theory of technology: An Overview. Tailoring Biotechnologies. 1: 47-64.
- Feenberg, A. (2009). Critical theory of technology In, A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology (Eds, ) Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen, Stig Andur Pedersen, Vincent F. Hendricks. 146-153
- Ghaneirad, M. A. (2010). Cultural dichotomies of technology (Cultural Sociology and technology Analysis). Journal of Iranian Cultural Research. 2 (4) : 107-146. [In Persian].
- Ghaneirad, M. A. (2015). Socio-linguistic theory and two faces of Janus of Technology. In Social studies of technology: Theoretical and interdisciplinary reflections. (ed., ) Reza Samim. Institute for Social and Cultural Studies of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. [In Persian].
- Hardin, C., & Rottinghaus, A. R. (2015). Introducing a cultural approach to technology in financial markets. Journal of Cultural Economy, 8 (5) , 547-563.
- Heeks, R., & Stanforth, C. (2015). Technological change in developing countries: opening the black box of process using actor–network theory. Development Studies Research, 2 (1) , 33-50.
- Hess, D. J. (2019). Science studies: An Advanced introduction, New York University Press. Transleted by Reza Hemmati. Institute for Social and Cultural Studies of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. [In Persian].
- Hoodbhoy, P. (2005). Islam and science. Translated by Peyman Matin and Eskandar Gorbani. Tehran, Research and Development Institute of Humanities. [In Persian].
- Ihde, D. (1998). Philosophy of technology: An introduction. Translated by Shapour Etemad. Markaz Press. [In Persian].
- Ismaili, M. J. (2007). Sociology and semiology of cars: Iranian youth and cars. The growth of social science education, 36: 30-35. [In Persian].
- Jafari, P., and Samiie Nasr, M. (2009) Providing a model for effective transfer of technology in iran's automotive industries. Journal of Future Management Studies. 20 (81) : 159-169. [In Persian].
- Kellner, D. (2001). Feenberg’s questioning technology. Theory, Culture & Society, 18 (1) , 155-162
- Law, J. (1992). Notes on the theory of the actor network: ordering, strategy and heterogeneity, Systems Practice, 5 (4) , 379-393.
- Mahboubie Ardakani, H. (1991). History of new civilizational institutes in Iran, Vol. 1, Tehran University Press. [In Persian].
- Mahouzi, R. (2015). An analysis of the encountering of native culture and knowledge with western new technologies in Iran. In Social studies of technology: Theoretical and interdisciplinary reflections. (ed., ) Reza Samim. Institute for Social and Cultural Studies of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. [In Persian].
- Mansouri, R. (2007). The Traditional concept of science and its consequences. Etemad Newspaper, N 1494. [In Persian].
- Mirbagheri, S. M. M. (2004). The Intellectual system. Qom: Islamic Sciences Academy. [In Persian].
- Mirbagheri, S. M. M. (2010). Interactive approach to technology: a critique of modern technology. Kayhan Newspaper, N 19629 and 19635. [In Persian].
- Nasr, S. H. (1980). Science and civilization in Islam, Translated by Ahmad Aram. Tehran: Kharazmi Press. [In Persian].
- Nasr, S. H. (2004). Delbakhteye manaviat, Translated by Manoochehr Dinparast. Tehran: Andisheie Dinie Moaser Press. [In Persian].
- Nasr, S. H. (2012). Islam, science, Muslims and technology. Conversation with Muzaffar Iqbal. Translated by Hossein Karami, Tehran: Research Center for Culture and Thought. [In Persian].
- Parvin, S., Kalantari, A., Moradi, A. (2015). Metro and everyday life (case study of Tehran city). Iranian Journal of Anthropological Research. 5 (2) : 116-99. [In Persian].
- Paya, A. (2006). The future of humanities in Iran. Methodology of Social Science and Humanities. 12 (49) : 9-24. [In Persian].
- Paya, A. (2007). Critical considerations about the concept of religious knowledge and indigenous knowledge. Wisdom and Philosophy. 2-3: 39-76. [In Persian].
- Paya, A. (2009). An Iranian-Islamic model of development: is it feasible? Methodology of Social Science and Humanities. 60: 31-60. [In Persian].
- Postma, D.JvR. (2009). Deepening and broadening the critique of technology: An analysis of an ANT approach. Unpublished Dissertation. University of Pretoria.
- Prout A. (1996). Actor-network theory, technology and medical sociology: an illustrative analysis of the metered dose inhaler. Sociology of Health and Illness, 18 (2) , 198–219.
- Salazar-Acosta, M., & Holbrook, A. (2012). Some notes on theories of technology, society and innovation systems for S&T policy studies. A Report on the Economic Competitiveness of the District of North Vancouver blogs. Available it: sfu.ca/departments/cprost/wp-content/uploads/2012/.../0802.pdf
- Shahabi, M., Hoshangi, T. (2012). Youth and the car culture: analysis of meanings, motivations and functions of personal cars among Tehran’s youth. Journal of Social Sciences, 58: 111-147. [In Persian].
- Sharifzadeh, R. (2016). Technology, agency and decision. Rahbord Farhang. 9 (34) : 115-136. [In Persian].
- Sharifzadeh, R. (2018). Negotiating with the Things: Bruno Latour and the Actor-Network Theory. Tehran, Nye Press. [In Persian].
- Shayegan, D. (1976). Asia against the west. Tehran. Amir Kabir Press. [In Persian].
- Slack, J. D., & Wise, M. (2005). Culture and technology: A Primer. Second edition. Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., New York.
- Soroush, A. (2009). Tafarruj-e Sun'. Tehran: Serat Press. [In Persian].
- Tavakol, M. (2011). Sociology of technology. Tehran, Jameeshenasan Press. [In Persian].
- Veak, T. (2006). Democratizing Technology: Andrew Feenberg’s Critical Theory of Technology. State University of New York.
- Veak, T. (2000). Whose technology? Whose modernity? questioning feenberg's questioning technology. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 25 (2) : 226-237.
- Vermaas, P., Kroes, P., Poel, I., Franssen, M. (2012). A Philosophy of technology: from technical artefacts to sociotechnical systems. Translated by Mostafa Taghavi and Farrokh Kakaee. Tehran: Book of Ameh. [In Persian].
- Winner, L. (1983). Upon opening the black box and finding it empty: social constructivism and the philosophy of technology. Science, Technology, & Human Values 18 (3) : 362-378.
- Zarshenas, S. (2004). Modern science is collapsing. Baztab Andisheh, 52. [In Persian].
)