Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 PhD of Sociology, University of Terhan, Iran
2 Professor of Sociology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to study the situation of Iranian women in the Qajar era (1789-1925). The present research has been done by historical method. The findings of this study showed that women in the Qajar era had very few social rights. Women were the second sex. They were second-class citizens. Domestic violence against women was common. Marriage of women in the Qajar period was forced marriage. They had no freedom in marriage. Girls had to get married as children (10 to 12 years old). Women had to have children quickly. They had to have many children (at least 7 to 8 children). Their children also had to get married between the ages of 10 and 12. Women became grandmothers in their 30s. The aging process was very fast. Life expectancy in women was very low. During the Qajar period, polygamy was common. Patriarchy prevailed in the family and society. Women were completely dominated by men. In the Qajar period, women were considered inferior to men. Therefore, they had to obey men.
Keywords
Abrahamian. E. (1377/1998). Iran bayne 2 Engelāb [Iran between two revolutions]. Translated into Persian by Ahmad Golmohammadi & Mohammad Ebrahim Fattahi. Tehran, Iran: Nashr-e Ney Publication. [in Persian]
Afary, J. (1385/2006). Enghelāb-e Mashroote-ye Iran 1285-1290 [The Iranian Constitutional Revolution]. Translated into Persian by Reza Rezaei. Tehran, Iran: Entešārāt-e Bisotun / Bisotun Publication.
Bamdad. B. (1347/1968). Zan-e Irani az Enghelāb-e Mashrootiyat ta Enghelāb-e Sefid [Iranian woman from the Constitutional Revolution to the White Revolution]. Tehran, Iran: Ebn-e Sina Publication. [in Persian]
Barrett, M. (1980). Women’s Oppression Today: Problems in Marxist Feminist Analysis. Thetford: Thetford Press.
Benjamin, S.G.V. (1989). Irān va Irāniān dar asr-e Nāsreddin Shāh [Persia and the Persians]. Translated into Persian by Mohammad Hosein Kordbache. Tehran, Iran: Jāvidān Publication.
Brugsch, H.K. (1374/1995). Dar Sarzamin-e Āftāb [Im lande der Sonne]. Translated into Persian by Majid Jalilvand. Tehran, Iran: Nashr-e Markaz Publication.
Colliver Rice, C. (1383/2004). Zanān-e Irāni va Rāh-o Rāsm-e Zendegi-ye Anān [Persian women]. Translated into Persian by Assadollah Azad. Tehran, Iran: Ketābdār Publication.
Connell, R. (2002) Gender, Cambridge: UK: Polity Press.
D'allemagne, H.R. (1999). Az Khorāsān ta Bakhtiyāri [Du Khorassan au Pays des Backhtiaris]. Translated into Persian by Gholamreza Samiei. Tehran, Iran: Tāvous Publication.
Dehkhoda, A.A. (1362/1983). Maghālāte Dehkhodā [Dehkhoda Articles]. Sayyed Mohammad Dabir Siyaghi (Ed.). Tehran, Iran: Tirajeh Publication. [in Persian]
Dieulafoy, J. (1371/1992). Irān, Kaldeh va Shoosh [La Perse, la Chaldée et la Susiane]. Translated into Persian by Ali Mohammad Farahvashi, Tehran, Iran: Tehran University Publication.
Digital Archive of "Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran", Affiliated to Harvard University, Document No. 1261A5, from the collection of "Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies", 1328 AH / 1910. http://www.qajarwomen.org.
Digital Archive of "Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran", Affiliated to Harvard University, Document No. 15158F2, from the "Iran-i naw Collection", 1327 AH / 1909.
Digital Archive of "Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran", Affiliated to Harvard University, Document No. 15158F12, from the "Iran-i naw Collection", 1327 AH / 1909.
Digital Archive of "Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran", Affiliated to Harvard University, Document No. 15158F40, from the "Iran-i naw Collection", 1328 AH / 1910.
Digital Archive of "Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran", Affiliated to Harvard University, Document No. 15158F65, from the "Iran-i naw Collection", 1328 AH / 1910.
Digital Archive of "Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran", Affiliated to Harvard University, Document No. 15158F79, from the "Iran-i naw Collection", 1329 AH / 1911.
Digital Archive of "Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran", Affiliated to Harvard University, Document No. 15158F86, from the "Iran-i naw Collection", 1329 AH / 1911.
Digital Archive of "Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran", Affiliated to Harvard University, Document No. 15158F116, from the "Iran-i naw Collection", 1329 AH / 1911.
Digital Archive of "Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran", Affiliated to Harvard University, Document No. 15158F129, from the "Iran-i naw Collection", 1329 AH / 1911.
Digital Archive of "Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran", Affiliated to Harvard University, Document No. 14126A24, from the "Astan-i Quds Collection", 1198 AH / 1784.
Digital Archive of "Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran", Affiliated to Harvard University, Document No. 15161A54, from the "Meisam Ahmadi Kafshani Collection", 1321 AH / 1903.
Digital Archive of "Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran", Affiliated to Harvard University, Document No. 15161A60, from the "Meisam Ahmadi Kafshani Collection", 1309 AH / 1891.
Digital Archive of "Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran", Affiliated to Harvard University, Document No. 14142A517, from the "Amir Hossein Nikpour Collection", 1334 AH / 1916.
Digital Archive of "Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran", Affiliated to Harvard University, Document No. 16179A33, from the "Jamal Radfar Collection", 1328 AH / 1910.
Digital Archive of "Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran", Affiliated to Harvard University, Document No. 16179A67, from the "Jamal Radfar Collection", 1347 AH / 1929.
Digital Archive of "Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran", Affiliated to Harvard University, Document No. 14129A59, from the "Mahlaqa Mallah Collection", 1353 SH / 1974.
Digital Archive of "Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran", Affiliated to Harvard University, Document No. 14129A1, from the "Mahlaqa Mallah Collection", 1393 SH / 2014.
Drouville. G. (2009). Safarnāmeh-ye Derouvil [Voyage en Perse]. Translated into Persian by Javad Mohebbi. Tehran, Iran: Nikfarjām Publication.
Ettehadieh, M. (1373/1994). Zan dar Jāme-ye Qājār: Mogheiyat-e Ejtemā'i-ye Zanān dar Aghāz-e gharn-e 14 Hejri ghamari [Women in Qajar society; The social status of women at the beginning of the 14th century AH]. Journal of kelk Research, 55&56: 27-50. [in Persian]
Ettehadieh, M. Sa'dvandian, S. (1368/1989). Āmār-e Dār-ol-Khelāfeh-ye Tehran. [Statistics of Tehran Caliphate]. Tehran, Iran: Entešārāt-e Tarikh-e Iran / History of Iran Publication. [in Persian]
Fauvrier, J. (1388/2009). 3 Sāl dar Darbār-e Irān; Khāterāt-e Doctor Furieh Pezeshk-e Vijeh-ye Nāsreddin Shāh Qājār [Trois ans a'la cour perse]. Translated into Persian by Abbas Eghbal Ashtiani. Tehran, Iran: Elm Publication.
Firestone, S. (1970). The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution. New York: William Morrow.
Foran, J. (1382/2003). Moghāvemat-e Shekanandeh; Tārikh-e Tahavolāt-e Ejtemā'i-e Irān [Fragile Resistance: Social Transformation in Iran from 1500 to the Revolution]. Translated into Persian by Ahmad Tadayyon. Tehran, Iran: Rasā Publication.
Gobineau, A. (1383/2004). 3 Sāl dar Irān; Safarnāmeh-ye Cont Dogobineau [Trois ans en Asie (de 1855 a 1858)]. Translated into Persian by Abdul Reza Houshang Mahdavi. Tehran, Iran: Ghatreh Publication.
Holtzer, E. (1355/1976). Irān dar 113 sāl-e Pish [Iran in one hundred and thirteen years ago]. Translated into Persian by Mohammad Asemi. Tehran, Iran: Entešārāt-e Markaz-e Mardomshenāsi Iran / Anthropological Center of Iran Publication.
Hunnicutt, G. (2009). Varieties of Patriarchy and Violence Against Women: Resurrecting "Patriarchy" as a Theoretical Tool. Violence Against Women, 15 (5): 553–573.
Iranian Newspaper, Ālam-e Nesvān. (1300 SH / 1921). Nos. 2, 3 & 4. [in Persian]
Iranian Newspaper, Ālam-e Nesvān. (1301 SH / 1922). Nos. 1 & 5. [in Persian]
Iranian Newspaper, Dānesh. )1328 AH / 1910). Nos. 1 & 4. [in Persian]
Iranian Newspaper, Ghānoon. (1269 SH / 1890). No. 9. [in Persian]
Iranian Newspaper, Irān-e now. (1327 AH / 1909). Nos. 65, 69 & 78. [in Persian]
Iranian Newspaper, Jahān-e Zanān. (1300 SH / 1921). Nos. 3, 4 & 5. [in Persian]
Iranian Newspaper, Majles. (1285 SH / 1906). No. 6. [in Persian]
Iranian Newspaper, Nāme-ye Bānovān. (1299 SH / 1920). Nos. 1, 3, 5, 8, 9 & 10. [in Persian]
Iranian Newspaper, Nāme-ye Bānovān. (1300 SH / 1921). Nos. 11, 12 & 13. [in Persian]
Iranian Newspaper, Nāme-ye Farangestān. (1303 SH / 1924). Nos. 6, 7 & 8. [in Persian]
Iranian Newspaper, Nesvān-e Vatankhāh-e Irān. (1302 SH / 1923). Nos. 2 & 3. [in Persian]
Iranian Newspaper, Shokoufeh. (1331 AH / 1913). Nos. 3, 5 & 8. [in Persian]
Iranian Newspaper, Shokoufeh. (1332 AH / 1914). Nos. 19 & 20. [in Persian]
Iranian Newspaper, Tamaddon. (1325 AH / 1907). No. 12. [in Persian]
Iranian Newspaper, Tarbiat. (1325 AH / 1907). No. 433. [in Persian]
Iranian Newspaper, Zabān-e Zanān. (1338 AH / 1919). Nos. 6, 11, 15, 23, 29 & 31. [in Persian]
Iranian Newspaper, Zabān-e Zanān. (1339 AH / 1920). No. 54. [in Persian]
Jaubert, P. (1322/1943). Mosāferat be Armanestān va Irān [Voyage en Armenie et en Perse]. Translated into Persian by Mahmoud Hedayat. Tehran, Iran: Tābān Publication.
Kasravi, A. (1324/1945). Khāharān va Dokhtarān-e Mā [Our Sisters and Daughters]. Tehran, Iran: Tābān Publication. [in Persian]
Kasravi, A. (1363/1984). Tārikh-e Mashrooteh-ye Irān [History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution]. Vol. 1, Tehran, Iran: Amirkabir Publication. [in Persian]
Kawthar, F. (1376/1997). Bibi Khanoom Astarabādi va Khānum-e Afzal-e Vaziri; Mādar va Dokhtari az Pishgāmān-e Ma'āref va Hoghoug-e Zanān [Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi and Ms. Afzal Vaziri; A Mother and Daughter of the Pioneers of Education and Women's Rights]. Journal of Iran Nāmeh, 59: 487-498. [in Persian]
Kazama, A. (1380/2001). Safarnāmeh-ye Kāzāmā; Nokhostin Vazirmokhtār-e Japan dar Irān [Akiyo Kazama: A Japanese diplomat in persia: Journeys and memoirs]. Translated into Persian by Hashem Rajabzadeh. Tehran, Iran: Entešārāt-e Anjoman-e Āsār va Mafākher-e Dāneshgāhi / Society for the National Heritage of Iran Publication.
Kermani, Nazem-ol-Islam (1387/2008). Tārikh-e Bidāri-ye Iraniān [History of Iranians' Awakening], Tehran, Iran: Amirkabir Publication. [in Persian]
Lorber, J. (2012). Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics. 5th Edn. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
MacGregor, C.M. (1366/1987). Safari be Eyālat-e Khorāsān va Shomāl-e Gharbi-e Afghānistān [Narrative of a journey through the province of Khorassan and on the N. W. frontier of Afghanistan in 1875]. Translated into Persian by Majid Mehdizadeh. Vol. 1, Mashhad: Astān-e Quds-e Razavi Publication.
Mahboobi Ardekani, H. (1357/1978). Tārikh-e Mo’asesāt-e Tamaddoni-ye Jadid dar Irān [History of New Civilization Institutions in Iran]. Vol. 1, Tehran, Iran: University of Tehran Press. [in Persian]
Malcolm, J. (1379/2000). Tārikh-e Kāmel-e Irān [The History of Persia]. Translated into Persian by Mirza Ismail Heyrat. Tehran, Iran: Afsoon Publication.
Malekzadeh, M. (1382/2003). Tārikh-e Engelāb-e Mashrootiat [History of the Constitutional Revolution]. Tehran, Iran: Sokhan Publication. [in Persian]
Millett, K. (1969). Sexual Politics. New York: Avon.
Mostofi, A. (1343/1964). Shārh-e Zendeghāni-ye man yā Tārikh-e Ejtemā'i va Edāri-ye Dowre-ye Qājāriyeh [Description of my life or social and administrative history of the Qajar period]. Vol. 1, Tehran, Iran: Zavvār Publication. [in Persian]
Nahid, A. (1360/1981). Zanān-e Irāni dar Jonbesh-e Mashrooteh [Iranian women in the constitutional movement]. Tabriz, Iran: Ehyā Publication. [in Persian]
Naples, N.A. (2020). Companion to Women’s and Gender Studies. Wiley Blackwell.
National Assembly Deliberations. (1290/1911). The Second Period, Session 280. [in Persian]
Olivier, A. (1371/1992). Safarnāmeh-ye Olivie [Travels in the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Persia]. Translated into Persian by Mohammad Taher Mirza. Tehran, Iran: Ettelā'āt Publication.
Orsolle, E. (1382/2003). Safarnāmeh-ye Ghafghāz va Iran [Le Caucase et La perse]. Translated into Persian by Ali Asghar Sa'idi. Tehran, Iran: Entešārāt-e Pažuhešgāh-e Olum-e Ensāni va Motāle'āt-e Farhangi / Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
Pilcher, J. & Whelehan, I. (2004). Fifty Key Concepts in Gender Studies. Sage Publications.
Polak, J.E. (1368/1989). Safarnāmeh-ye Polāk; Irān va Irāniān [Persien das land und seine bewohner]. Translated into Persian by KayKāvus Jahandari. Tehran, Iran: Kharazmi Publication.
Rawat, P. S. (2014). Patriarchal beliefs, women’s empowerment, and general well-being. Vikalpa, 39 (2): 43–55.
Sanasarian, E. (1384/2005). Jonbesh-e Hoghough-e Zanān dar Irān; Toghyān, Ofoul va Sarkoob az 1280 ta Enghelāb-e 1357 [The Women's Rights Movement in Iran; Uprising, decline and repression from 1280 to the 1978 revolution]. Translated into Persian by Noushin Ahmadi Khorasani. Tehran, Iran: Akhtarān Publication.
Serena, C. (1362/1983). Safarnāmeh-ye Mādām Cārlā Serenā; Adam'ha va Ayin'ha dar Irān [Hommes et Choses en Perse]. Translated into Persian by Ali Asghar Saeidi. Tehran, Iran: Zavvār Publication.
Shamim, A. (1387/2008). Irān dar Dowre-ye Saltanat-e Qājār [Iran During the Qajar Kingdom]. Tehran: Iran: Behzad Publication. [in Persian]
Sheil, L.M. (1368/1989). Khāterāt-e Laydi Sheil [Glimpses of Life and Manners in Persia]. Translated into Persian by Hosein Aboutorabian. Tehran, Iran: Nashr-e Now Publication.
Smith, M. D. (1990). Patriarchal Ideology and Wife Beatings: A Test of a Feminist Hypothesis. Violence and Victims, 5 (4): 257–73.
Taffazoli, A. & Motazed, Kh. (1377/1998). Az Forogh-ol-saltaneh ta Anis-ol-doleh; zanān-e Haramsarā-ye Nāsreddin Shāh [From Forough Al-Saltanah to Anisa Al-Dawlah; Women of Nasreddin Shah Harem]. Tehran, Iran: Golriz Publication. [in Persian]
Tāj-ol-Salṭaneh. (1353/1974). Khāterāt-e Tāj-ol-Saltaneh [The Memories of Taj Al-Saltanah]. Tehran, Iran: Entešārāt-e Tārikh-e Iran / History of Iran Publication. [in Persian]
Tonsing, J. C. & Tonsing, K. N. (2019). Understanding the role of patriarchal ideology in intimate partner violence among South Asian women in Hong Kong, International Social Work, 62 (1): 161 – 171.
Walby, S. (1991). Theorizing Patriarchy. New Jersey, Wiley-Blackwell.
Willis, E. (1984). Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism. Social Text, 9/10: 91–118.
Wills, C.J. (1368/1989). Irān dar yek gharn-e Pish; Safarnāmeh-ye Doctor Wills [The land of the lion and sun]. Translated into Persian by Gholām Hosein Qaragözlü. Tehran, Iran: Eghbāl Publication.
)