Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Professor, of Sociology, Allameh Tabataba'i University

2 PhD Candidate of Sociology, Allameh Tabataba'i University

Abstract

Abstract:
This survey research aimed to investigate the relationship between the use of foreign media and political cultures. For this purpose, 410 citizens aged 18 years and older living in 22 districts of Tehran were included in the sample by stratified sampling method, and using research data collected with a questionnaire, research hypotheses were tested. According to the descriptive findings of the study, the citizens of the statistical sample tended to liberal political values, socialist political values, and Islamic political values, respectively. According to the research results, with the increase in the use of foreign media, the tendency to liberal political culture increased, but the tendency to socialist and Islamic political cultures decreased. Another result of the research was that with increase of information and communication independence of individuals, the tendency towards liberal political culture increased but the tendency towards Islamic and socialist political cultures decreased.
Keywords: Foreign media, globalization, information and communication independence, political culture

Keywords

Aliabadi, A. (2016) Globalization and Culture Management in the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, Strategic Studies (6), Office of Strategic Studies and Planning, Tehran: Pouyeh Mehr Ishraq Cultural and Artistic Institute. [in Persian].
Almond, G. A., & Verba, S. (1972). The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Fourth Edition, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Ashraf, A. & Banuazizi, A., (2001) Iran’s Tortuous Path Toward “Islamic Liberalism”, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, Vol. 15, No. 2, Winter, DOI: 10.1023/a:1012921001777
Babi, E. (2002). Research methods in social sciences. The first and second volumes, translated by Reza Fazel, Tehran: Samat. [in Persian].
Baker, Therese L. (1998). How to do social research. Translated by Houshang Naebi, Tehran: Ravesh. [In Persian].
Bashirieh, H. (2005). An Introduction to the Political Sociology of Iran: The Period of the Islamic Republic. Third Edition, Tehran: Negahe Moaser Publications. [In Persian].
Bashirieh, H. (2016). The State and Revolution in Iran. Fourth Edition, translated by Ali Ardestani, Tehran: Negahe Moaser. [in Persian].
Bhaskaran, V. and LeClaire, J. (2010). Online Surveys for Dummies. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing, Inc.
Castells, M. (2014a). The power of communication. Translated by Hossein Basirian Jahromi, with introduction by Hadi Khaniki, Tehran: Institute of Culture, Art and Communication. [in Persian].
Castells, M. (2014b). Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. Translated by Mojtaba Gholipour, Tehran: Nashre Markaz. [in Persian].
De Vaus, D. A. (1997) Survey method in social research, translated by Maryam Rifatjah and Rokhsareh Kazem, under the supervision of Abdolhossein Nikoghar, Tehran: National Center for Public Opinion Studies. [in Persian].
Dittmer, L. (1977) Political Culture and Political Symbolism: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis, World Politics, Quarterly Journal of International Relations, Volume 29, Issue 04, pp 552 – 583.
Fowler, Floyd J. (2014) Survey research methods, Fifth Edition, University of Massachusetts, Boston: Sage Publications, Inc.
Giddens, Anthony (2008). Runaway World: Discourses on Global Integration. Translated by Ali Asghar Saeedi, Second Edition, Tehran: Elm va Adab. [in Persian].
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Ardèvol-Abreu, A., & Casero-Ripollés, A. (2021). WhatsApp political discussion, conventional participation and activism: exploring direct, indirect and generational effects. Information, communication & society, 24(2), 201-218.
Golmohammadi, A. (2015). An Introduction to the Cognition and Measurement of Political Culture, Tehran: Allameh Tabatabai University Press. [in Persian].
Huntington, ‌ S. (1999) The Clash of Civilizations and the Reconstruction of the World Order, translated by Mohammad Ali Hamid Rafiei, ‌ Tehran: Cultural Research Office
Inglehart, R. & Welzel, C. (2010). Modernization, cultural change and democracy. Translated by Yaghoub Ahmadi, Tehran: Kavir. [in Persian].
Iranian Students' Opinion Survey Center (ISPA) (2005). National Survey of the Political Culture of the Iranian People (First Wave). Tehran: Iranian Students' Opinion Survey Center. [in Persian].
Islamic Consultative Assembly News Agency (March 1, 2017). The rate of participation in the 11th term of the Islamic Consultative Assembly elections. [in Persian].
Islamic Consultative Assembly Research Center (2014). Satellite Studies (1) A Review of Satellite Perspectives and Policies in Iran. Office of Cultural Studies, Department of Media and Mass Communication, Prepared and edited by: Mehdi Adiban and Seyed Ali Mohsenian, Scientific Supervisors: Sina Kalhor and Fardin Alikhah, Tehran: Deputy of Socio-Cultural Research, Published: July 7, 2014, Serial Number: 1998. [in Persian].
Kalton, G. (2014). Introduction to Survey Sampling. Series: Quantitative Applications in the Social Science, Iowa City: Sara Miller McCune, Sage Publications, Inc.
Kavanagh, D. (1972). Political Culture, London: Macmillan.
Khomeini, S. R. (1994). Velayat-e Faqih, Second Edition, Tehran: Moasseseh Tanzim va Nashre Asare Imam Khomeini. [in Persian].
Khomeini, Seyyed Ruhollah ... (1998). Political and Divine Will of Imam Khomeini, Fourth Edition, Tehran: Moasseseh Tanzim va Nashre Asare Imam Khomeini. [in Persian].
Moaddel, M. (2008). Religious Regimes and Prospects for Liberal Politics: Futures of Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. Population Studies Center, University of Michigan: Institute for Social Research. http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/pdf/rr08-641.pdf. Retrieved: Fubruary 08, 2017.
Naficy, H. (1993). The Making of Exile Cultures: Iranian Television in Los Angeles. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
Office of National Plans of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance and National Center for Social Monitoring of the Ministry of Interior (2016). Findings of the National Survey of Iranian Values ​​and Attitudes; Third Wave (2015), Country Report. Scientific director of the project: Mohammad Reza Javadi Yeganeh, executive director of the project: Gholamreza Ghaffari, consultant of the project: Mohsen Goodarzi, scientific supervisor of the project: Mohammad Amin Ghanierad, Tehran: Research Institute of Culture, Art and Communication. [in Persian].
Panahi, Mohammad Hussein (2007). Sociology of Women's Political Participation. Tehran: Allameh Tabatabai University Press. [in Persian].
Panahi, Mohammad Hussein (2013). Sociology of the slogans of the Islamic Revolution: The political culture of the revolution. Second edition with additions, Tehran: Elm Publishing. [in Persian].
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Pye, L. W. (1991). Political culture and political development. Translated by Majid Mohammadi, Nameh Farhang, Nos. 5 and 6, Autumn and Winter, pp. 37-47. [In Persian].
Pye, L. W. et al., (2001). Crises and sequences in political development. Translated by Gholamreza Khajehsaravi, Tehran: Publications of the Research Institute for Strategic Studies. [in Persian].
Pye, L. W., & Pye, M. W. (1985). Asian Power and Politics the Cultural Dimensions of Authority, USA: Harvard University Press.
Pye, L. W., & Verba, S. (1965). Political culture and political development. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Saris, Willem E. and Irmtraud N. Gallhofer (2007) Design, Evaluation, and Analysis of Questionnaires for Survey Research, Wiley Series in Survey Methodology, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sen, A. K., (2010) Development as Freedom, translated by Mohammad Saeed Nouri Naeini, third edition, Tehran: Nashre Ney. [In Persian].
Shao, P., & Wang, Y. (2016). How does social media change Chinese political culture? The formation of fragmentized public sphere. Telematics and Informatics, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.05.018. Retrieved: March 28, 2021.
Sue, Valerie M. and Loisa Ritter (2007) Conducting Online Survey, Los Angeles: Sage Publications, Inc.
Swedlow, B. (2013). Political Culture, in: Encyclopedia of Modern Political Thought, Publisher: CQ Press, Editors: Gregory Claeys, pp.624-626. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274073884_Political _Culture . Retrieved: May 17, 2020.
Tabrizi, M. (2017). Family health and media consumption. PhD Thesis, Cultural Sociology, Supervisor: Mohammad Hossein Panahi, Tehran: Allameh Tabatabai University. [in Persian].
Tessler, M., & Gao, E. (2009). Democracy and the political culture orientations of ordinary citizens: a typology for the Arab world and beyond. UNESCO: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Wojcieszak, M., Nisbet, E. C., Kremer, L., Behrouzian, G., & Glynn, C. (2019). What Drives Media Use in Authoritarian Regimes? Extending Selective Exposure Theory to Iran. The International Journal of Press/Politics, Vol. 24(1) 69–91. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1940161218808372. Retrieved: March 29, 2021.