Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The issue of the immigrants’ adaptation to the destination society has always been one of the main subjects in immigration studies attracting researchers and politicians. Like any other immigrant community, Iranian diaspora in France whose presence in the country goes back at least to the Qajar period are struggling to adapt to their new society. The theme of cultural adaptation involving from complete rejection to total conformity it puts people in different positions on the spectrum, obviously, people from both ends of the spectrum usually make up a few number of immigrants and most of this community is between these two places. Different generations are also facing their own challenges; the first generation is engaged with cultural rebuilding and reconstruction. The second generation is struggling with identity issues that are much deeper and more complex than the first generation. The third generation has neither integration nor identity problem, and generally, the extent of his connection to the original community depends only on the efforts of his family, otherwise he could be a French citizen or a universal citizen without hometown in the true sense of the word. In this article, the researcher tries to present his anthropological analysis, regarding his own experienced life and the observations and interviews he has had in France, in more than five years.

Keywords

-      Abbasian, S. & Müller, D. K. (2019). "Displaced diaspora second-home tourism: an explorative study of Swedish-Iranians and their second-home purchases in Turkey", in: Tourism, ISSN 1332-7461, Vol. 67, no 3, p. 239-252.
-      Abrahamian, E. (1998).Iran between Two Revolutions (Princeton University Press, 1982). Translated into Persian by A. GolMohammadi and M.E. Fatahi, Tehran: Ney Publication.
-      Alinejad, D. & Ghorashi, H. (2015)."From Bridging to Building: Discourses of Organizing Iranian Americans across Generations" in: Mohabbat-Kar, R (ed.), Identity and Exile: The Iranian Diaspora between Solidarity and Difference, pp: 62-75, Berlin: Heinrich Böll Foundation.
-      AMAE, Archives des Ministres des Affaires Etrangères, Correspondance; Commerciale (CP), Perse, Français au Service de Perse: mendecins.
-      Arabestani, M. (2019). The Sabeans of Mandaea and their changing world (in Persian). Iranian Anthropological Research, 17 (9), 31-49.
-      Berry, J. W. (2005). “Acculturation: Living Successfully in Two Cultures.”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 29, pp. 693-312.
-      Berry, J. W. (2008). “Acculturation and Adaptation of Immigrant Youth”, Canadian Diversity, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 50-54.
-      Bozorgmehr, M.; Sabagh, G.; Der-Maritosian (1991), Religio-Ethnic Diversity among Iranians in Los Angeles, Los Angeles: Center for Near Eastern Studies.
-      Broomand, M.R. & Nobakht, R. (2014). An overview of new theories in the field of immigration (in Persian). Journal of population, 89&90 (21), 73-90.
-      Cronin, S. (1997). The army and the creation of the Pahlavi State in Iran, 1910-1926,
-      Deitch, S. & Vannelli Mr. (2019). The Diaspora of Iranian Intellectuals in the 20th Century: Emigration and the Rise in Academic Internationalism, PSU History of Modern Europe, St. Mary's Academy.
-      FarzadFarhangian, A. (2007). History of cultural relations between Iran and France (in Persian). Quarterly Journal of Foreign Relations History, 32, 71-92.
-      Floor، W. & Herzig، E. (2015). Iran and the World in the Safavid, Age. I.B.Tauris.
-      Ghafari, A. (1989). History of Iran-France relations: from the assassination of Nasser al-Din Shah to the First World War (in Persian), Tehran: University Publication Center.
-      Giddens, A. (2008). Sociology. Translate into Persian by Manoochehr Saboori. Tehran: Ney Publication.
-      Gholami, R. (2016). Secularism and identity: non-Islamiosity in the Iranian diaspora. Studies in Migration and Diaspora. Ashgate, Surrey, England and Burlington, VT, USA.
-      Hatami, M.R. (2017). Geographical rereading of the diaspora (in Persian), International Relations Studies, 37, 65-81.
-      Hedayat Lalabashi, Riza Quli Khan, (1960), Rawzat al-safa-yi Nasiri, Jamshid Kiyanfar, Tehran.
-      Hellot-Bellier, F. (2008). France-Iran: quatre cents ans de dialogue, Paris: Association pour l’avancement des études iraniennes.
-      Hurewitz, J. C. (1972). Diplomacy in the near and Middle East: A Documentary Record, vol. 1: 1535-1914, New York: Octagon books.
-      Lombard-Latune, M.-A. (2016). « Les espoirs de la diaspora iranienne en France » [archive], Le Figaro, samedi 30 / dimanche 31 janvier 2016.
-      Mahdi, A. A. (1997). "Migration ad transnational identity: the case of second generation Iranians in USA", The Iranian (an electronic magazine), n 9.
-      Malek, A. (2015). Displaced, Re-rooted, Transnational Considerations in Theory and Practice of Being an Iranian outside Iran", in: Mohabbat-Kar, R (ed.), Identity and Exile: The Iranian Diaspora between Solidarity and Difference, pp: 24-31, Berlin: Heinrich Böll Foundation.
-      Martin, Ch. (2013). (éd.), Les "Lettres persanes" de Montesquieu, PUPS.
-      Matin, A. (2014). Confederation (History of the Iranian Students' Movement Abroad 1953-1979). Translated into Persian by A. Azari, Tehran: Pardis danesh Publication.
-      McAlpin, M. (2000). « Between Men for All Eternity: feminocentrism in Montesquieu’s Lettres persanes », Eighteenth-Century Life 24 (2000), p. 45-61.
-      McAuliffe, C. (2015). Unsettling the Iranian Diaspora: Nation, Religion and the Conditions of Exile, in: Identity and Exile: The Iranian Diaspora between Solidarity and Difference, pp: 32-46, Berlin: Heinrich Böll Foundation.
-      McAuliffe, C. (2016). Visible minorities: Constructing and deconstructing the Muslim Iranian diaspora in: Hopkins, Peter (2016). Geographies of Muslim Identities, Diaspora, Gender and Belonging, London: Taylor&francis.
-      Moghaddari, S. (2015). "Engaging with Social Inequalities: The Stakes of Social Relations among Iranian Migrants", in: Mohabbat-Kar, R (ed.), Identity and Exile: The Iranian Diaspora between Solidarity and Difference, pp: 105-116, Berlin: Heinrich Böll Foundation.
-      Montesquieu, (1723). « Lettre persane (Montesquieu) Bernard Blier » [archive], sur Bibliothèques spécialisées de la Ville de Paris (consulté le 1er février 2018).
-      Mostaert, A. & Cleaves, F. W. (1962). Les lettres de 1289 et 1305 des Ilkhans Arghoun et Oldjaïtou à Philippe le Bel, Cambridge, Mass., 1962.
-      Mottaqi, H. (2005). Cultural Interactions and Historical Relations between Iran and France: According to Documents and Manuscripts (in Persian). Quarterly Journal of Foreign Relations History, 24 & 25, 245-286.
-      Naficy, H. (1984). Iran Media Index. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
-      Naficy, H. (1993). The Making of Exile Cultures: Iranian Television in Los Angeles. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
-      Naficy, H. (2001). An Accented Cinema: Exilic and Diasporic Filmmaking. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 
-      Naficy, H. (2011). A Social History of Iranian Cinema: Volume 1: The Artisanal Era. Durham: Duke University Press. 
-      Naficy, H. (2011). A Social History of Iranian Cinema: Volume 2: The Industrializing Years, 1941–1978. Durham: Duke University Press. 
-      Naficy, H. (2012). A Social History of Iranian Cinema: Volume 3: The Islamicate Period, 1978–1984. Durham: Duke University Press. 
-      Naficy, H. (2012). A Social History of Iranian Cinema: Volume 4: The Globalizing Era, 1984–2010. Durham: Duke University Press. 
-      Naficy, N. (2007), Persian miniature writing: An ethnography of Iranian organizations in Washington, D.C., (PhD), Rice University.
-      Nasehi, V. (2009). Iranian in migration (in Persian). Paris: Foroogh-e Iranian Publication.
-      Nassehi-Behnam, V. (2000). “Diaspora iranienne en France: changement et continuité”, Cahiers d’étude sur la Méditerranée orientale et le monde turco-iranien, n° 30, juin-décembre 2000, pp. 135-149.
-      Nategh, H. (1994). Kârnâme yé farhangui yé farangui dar Iran, 1837-1914 [Les écoles religieuses et séculières françaises en Iran, 1837-1914], Paris: Xâvaran.
-      Noiriel, G. (1997). “Représentation nationale et catégories sociales. L’exemple des réfugiés politiques”, Genèses, n° 26, avril 1997, pp. 25-54.
-      Oudenhoven, J. P. & Ward C. & Masgoret A. M. (2006). “Patterns of Relations between Immigrants and Host Societies”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 70, pp. 673- 651.
-      Persis, K. (1999) A World Between: Poetry, Short Stories, and Essays by Iranian-Americans, editor with M. M. Khorrami and contributing author. New York: George Braziller, Inc. Publishers.
-      Persis, K. (2006) Let Me Tell You Where I’ve Been: New Writing by Women of the Iranian Diaspora, editor and contributing author. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press.
-      Persis, K. (2013) Tremors: New Fiction by Iranian American Writers, editor with Anita Amirrezvani and contributing author. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press.
-      Persis, K. (2015) Returning Home: Iranian-American Women’s Memoirs and Reflective Nostalgia” in Identity, Diaspora and Return Narratives in American Literature, M. Antonia Oliver-Rotger, ed., New York: Routledge.
-      Richard, F. (1989). Les privilèges accordés aux religieux catholiques par les Safavides : quelques documents inédits., Dabireh 6.
-      Richard, F. (1995). Raphaël du Mans, missionnaire en Perse au xviie siècle, 2 vols., Paris: L'Harmattan.
-      Richard, Y. (2006). L’Iran: naissance d’une République islamique; Paris: Martinière (1 novembre 2006)
-      Sabagh, G.; Baozorgmehr M. (1994), Secular immigration: Religiosity and Ethnicity among Iranian Muslims in Los Angeles, in: Muslim Communities in North America, ed. Y Haddad and Jane I Smith, State University of New York Press: 445-460.
-      Sadeghi, S. (2015). "Boundaries of Belonging: Iranian Immigrants and their Adult Children in the US and Germany", in: Mohabbat-Kar, R (ed.), Identity and Exile: The Iranian Diaspora between Solidarity and Difference, pp: 117-131, Berlin: Heinrich Böll Foundation.
-      Safaee, E. (1976). Reza Shah Kabir in the mirror of memories (in Persian). Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Arts.
-      Sanadjian, M. (2015). "Food, Narrated Dislocation and Diasporic Presence among Iranians in Germany", in: Mohabbat-Kar, R (ed.), Identity and Exile: The Iranian Diaspora between Solidarity and Difference, pp: 91-104, Berlin: Heinrich Böll Foundation.
-      Sreberny, A. & Gholami, R. (2019). "The Politics of Diasporic Integration: The Case of Iranians in Britain", in: Tsagarousianou, R. & Retis, J. (Eds.) The Wiley Handbook of Diasporas, Media and Culture. Wiley-Blackwell.
-      Stewart, Ph. (2013). (éd.), Les "Lettres persanes" en leur temps, Paris: Classiques Garnier.
-      Vahabi, N. (2011). La migration iranienne en Belgique, Une diaspora iranienne, Paris: L’Harmattan.
-      Vahabi, N. (2008). Sociologie d’une mémoire déchirée, le cas des exilés iraniens, Paris: L’Harmattan.
-      Vahabi, N. (2009). Récits de vie des exilés iraniens, De la rupture biographique à la nouvelle identité, Paris: Elzevir.
-      Vahabi, N. (2012 a). "Genèse De La Diaspora Iranienne En France: Une Analyse Sociohistorique", «Migrations Société», 139, 27-45.
-      Vahabi, N. (2012 b). Atlas de la diaspora iranienne. Paris: Karthala, 2012.
-      Vahabi, N. (2015). "La Diaspora Iranienne En France: Profil démographique et socioéconomique" Centre d'information et d'études sur les migrations internationales, «Migrations Société», 2015/2 N° 158, 19-40.