Mohammad Rasouli; Nematollah Fazeli
Abstract
In the present paper, the transformations in Iranians’ memory (with an emphasis on their religiosity) is explained and the role of power relations is analyzed. For this purpose, three types of memory technologies (oral, literacy (print) and digital (electronic)) and their impacts on the formation ...
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In the present paper, the transformations in Iranians’ memory (with an emphasis on their religiosity) is explained and the role of power relations is analyzed. For this purpose, three types of memory technologies (oral, literacy (print) and digital (electronic)) and their impacts on the formation of memory ecologies in different periods (pre-modern, modern, and the present) will be discussed. Then, the role of power relations in the production, accumulation, and transition of Iranian religious memory (or religious information, knowledge and rituals) is analyzed, based on the approach and method of "cultural analysis". It will be shown that with the transition to the modern era, the power of agency and role of Iranians in their religious memory shifted from the public toward the benefits of the intellectuals and the state. In fact, the argument is that in the modern era, the power of Iranians' memory production and reproduction in terms of redefining the position of religion declined, and instead the role of modern structures (such as literacy)— through the production of intellectuals’ meta-memories as well as the state—increased. However, as will be mentioned, with the advent of digital (or electronic) memory technologies in the production, accumulation, and transition of religious knowledge as well as memory, the Iranians’ memory ecology has been transformed once again, and thereby, the (religious) meta-memories are being replaced by the plural memories and the role of Iranian public agency in their religious memory is being restored.
Mohammad Ali Fateminia; Sattar Parvin; Ali Asghar Darvishifard
Abstract
Gambling is one of the activities that has long been a means of human entertainment and has more or less appeared in all cultures. In general, gambling theories can be divided into two categories. One theory tries to understand the gambling process and the other is to see gambling as a social harm and ...
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Gambling is one of the activities that has long been a means of human entertainment and has more or less appeared in all cultures. In general, gambling theories can be divided into two categories. One theory tries to understand the gambling process and the other is to see gambling as a social harm and tries to identify issues related to it. This article analyzes the issue of gambling and its related social harms. The method research is qualitative (ethnography) and data were collected by interview technique. The participants included all gamblers in Harandi neighborhood in Tehran 12th district. The sample size was 30 people. Findings show that in terms of typology, gambling in Harandi neighborhood can be divided into two categories: street gambling and organized gambling. In addition, according to research findings, gambling is associated with issues such as addiction, drug trafficking, violence, family breakdown, job loss, theft, social exclusion and homelessness. Therefore, gambling should not be considered as a single social harm, but should be considered a social issue, the consequences of which are not only at the individual and family level, but also at the local social level.
Sociology
Farshad Jamali tanha; Ismail Aalizad; Mohammad Hossein Panahi
Abstract
Political systems always impose demands on their educational institutions in the form of transformational documents and reform instructions . In this regard, examining the experiences related to the executive development of governments, the impact of conflicts in the political structure of the ...
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Political systems always impose demands on their educational institutions in the form of transformational documents and reform instructions . In this regard, examining the experiences related to the executive development of governments, the impact of conflicts in the political structure of the society, understanding the relations between the government-society-educational system on the development achievements of some selected countries became problematic for this research. . This work is an epistemological thing to show the deficiencies in the educational systems that are not on the path of development and to explain the political obstacles to achieving this goal. The research approach is qualitative, its method is integrated (documentary and comparative). The analytical strategy includes documentary analysis and George Brady's comparative model. Four countries are investigated (South Korea, China, Türkiye and Egypt). The results show that in terms of attention to institutional requirements in executive development and the implementation of proposed reforms for the education system, the level of this is higher in South Korea's political system than others; China has also been able to achieve success of the education system with development by applying some powerful policies; this is relatively evident with the participation of foreign actors in Turkey., Egypt is fragileKeywords: Developmental Education, Developmental Reforms, Institutional-Political Requirements of Developmental Reforms, Educational Justice. IntroductionPolitical systems that include an organized society with a specific ideology and a specific form of government; they always demand demands in the form of transformative documents and reform instructions from their educational institutions. It is in the form of these documents that laws are established for developmental reforms; to determine the role, structure and content of educational systems in the path of overall development; These policy-oriented demands contain special goals for the development and transmission of culture, reproduction and preservation of the social system and political structure of society. But in this context, paying attention to the ability and level of executive power of governments is a research-oriented necessity.Therefore, knowing and understanding the institutional-political requirements in some successful countries (South Korea) or those that have gone through a relatively favorable process in this field (China and Turkey) as well as countries that have not achieved much success (Egypt) in the order of the comparative study of this Research was done. The main indicators of the selection of these countries were, on the one hand, paying attention to the records of their efforts in the field of transformative policies or standardization of the consequences of educational policies at the national level; On the other hand, their applied reforms regarding policy making in educational systems have taken place after a period of political transformation. For this reason, according to the characteristic of the post-revolution political structure of 1357 in Iran, a kind of thematic convergence was seen in these countries despite the huge political, social, geographical and demographic differences with Iran, which convinced the researchers to prepare such a sample.Research Question(s)Now the central questions of this research are conceptualized as follows:1- How has the change in the political-institutional situation of the elected governments in recent decades affected the type of revolutionary demands for their educational system?2- In terms of the level of central development or anti-development, how can we compare the institutional-political situation of the government and the way of action of effective actors inside and outside the education system in the selected countries?Conceptual FrameworkThe conceptual approach of this research shows that the realization of developmental reforms in a part of the society, especially in the educational system, will not happen in a vacuum. Rather, how to formulate and determine the content of the goals and ideals of these policies within a cycle of mutual relationships between different elements of society and its political, social and economic context, and the process of implementation and realization of the aforementioned goals will depend on understanding how these elements and concepts interact. Especially in the field of government and society. Therefore, in order to explain the differences in the policy making capacity and the implementation of transformative policies, we are forced to examine the structural contexts and institutional conditions affecting the desired implementation trends. Because the ineffectiveness of educational policies is the result of structural weakness, tensions and inconsistencies in the political system and its relationship with society.MethodologyThis research is a qualitative-descriptive study with analytical and interpretative aspects. The method of doing it is a combination of documentary research and comparative method. Because the main issues of the research are such that it requires multilateral investigations. In this way, the need to understand the components related to historical-political developments and the desired wishes of educational policy makers in the selected countries along with the recognition of their political-institutional requirements dictated that we first use the documentary research method to prepare the necessary qualitative and background information. Then, to explain the differences in the different levels of the institutional requirements of the government and society to realize development-oriented reforms in the selected countries, let's use the "Beradi" comparative method. The method of analyzing the collected data is the thematic technique based on analytical induction.ResultsThe results of this research show that the field of education and the issue of development in it have complex relationships with other elements of society and the political system. Knowing the type of interests of effective actors inside and outside the education system, the way these social movements act is effective in understanding how control is distributed in the society and can clarify the path of development of the education institution. In the meantime, dynamizing the policy-making structure in overcoming the political and cultural dogmas of this field (the case of China, South Korea and Turkey), paying attention to the element of social participation (the case of South Korea, Turkey) and accordingly developing issue-oriented policy content along with the continuous convergence of demands Political elites and effective political currents reduce internal tensions and ultimately make the capacity and capability of the government suitable for cultural and executive development in the education system.In this regard, political-cultural obstacles appear for this dimension of development that cannot be overcome. For example, the political structure of the party-government of the People's Republic of China by applying authoritarian policies to industrialize education; The element of educational justice and equality in quality, which is one of the main indicators of development approaches as human empowerment, has faced a serious challenge. The attention of cultural policymakers to the fields and effective actors of the society is another important factor in the process of shaping the development of the educational system. For example, the way of distribution of cultural elements (Islamic and Confucian) as two effective forces in the societies studied in this research has affected the way of control by the government institution in this field. Facilitation of the mentioned elements in Türkiye and South Korea is the cause of harmony, cohesion and movement in the development path. The strictness of the mentioned religion in China and Egypt has sometimes created many challenges for the realization of reform policies.ConclusionFinally, reflecting on the evidence of this research showed the clarity of the theoretical vision of this project. Discussions that lie in the concepts and content of the critical view of some theoretical insights, around the critique of the development paradigms. Their emphasis on the necessity of passing these foundations and paying attention to the ability and capacity of the government to realize reforms is considered essential. This means that in the scientific investigation of the obstacles to the realization of planned reforms, it is not possible to simply describe or build a conceptual model of the institutions located in the cultural center of the society, such as the developmental education system. Rather, it is necessary here to examine structural-content requirements and obstacles in three dimensions: 1- formation, legislation and planning; 2- implementation and 3- follow the evaluation of the codified programs. Because each of the mentioned stages can potentially turn into conflicts and conflicts at the level of society in the political, economic and social arenas; Make the way for the implementation of the approved policies of that government, especially in the public institutions of the society.
Jafar Hezarjaribi; Asadollah Mehri
mohammadreza rasuli
Volume 10, Issue 23 , November 2003, , Pages 43-93
Abstract
This study has been conducted as to locate the life style indicators in the Iranian television advertisements. To achieve this, efforts have been made to first, present a comprehensive picture 'of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of commercial advertisements and second study the life styles ...
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This study has been conducted as to locate the life style indicators in the Iranian television advertisements. To achieve this, efforts have been made to first, present a comprehensive picture 'of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of commercial advertisements and second study the life styles as addressed in such advertisements. Using the content analysis method, this study examined some 370 sample advertisements of the 1999-to-2001 period with each advertisement being considered as one research unit. The results gained show that among the three styles of research , the modem style of life in front of the traditional life style has the most indicators as well as enjoying the most airing time in the television advertisements. Meanwhile, as far as life styles based on the social classes are concerned, the life style of high and middle classes cases outnumbers the lower class. On the other hand, the life style on the basis of goods consumption, the prestigious goods consuming style has heen proved u» be given priority comparing to that of culture-oriented goods consumption.
mehdi mohsenian raad
Volume 11, Issue 25 , May 2004, , Pages 43-75
Abstract
The relationship between access to mass media and the societal development has been discussed in communication science literature since the 1950s. In 1958, Daniel Lerner proposed a linear cause-and-effect relationship between the mass media and societal development. Through the years the subject has ...
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The relationship between access to mass media and the societal development has been discussed in communication science literature since the 1950s. In 1958, Daniel Lerner proposed a linear cause-and-effect relationship between the mass media and societal development. Through the years the subject has stimulated intense discussion among communication researchers, especially in developing countries. In one of our previous studies, the Iranian media was studied for the period 1956-1991 and it was observed that the correlation coefficient among the elements ofLerner s discussion was more than 0.9. However, we argued that the observed correlations were not representative of a cause and effect relationship. To derive such a relation, the effect of inequality in the amount of media access and also the difference in the media content should be considered. To have a comparative media access criterion we first introduce thث Media Access Index (MAl) and its computation method. It is shown that the MAI has a high correlation coefficient (more than 0.9) with the well-known United Nations (UN) Human Development Index (HDI) in more than 167 countries. Hence, it is a reliable index to use in performing adaptive studies. Another index which has been used is the Digital Access Index (DAI) which has been recently developed by the International Telecommunication Association. In this paper, the MAI and the DAI indexes among different categorized countries are compared. The categories are based on the major religious group in each country (as representative of the religion in that country) not the geographical position of the country. However the paper is mainly concentrated on the countries with Muslim population. The comparative study shows that there is a deep inequality among different categories. Finally, based on the regression equations, the normality or abnormality of the amount of media access among the different categories is investigated.
ebrahim foyuzat; majid nesar
Volume 11, Issue 27 , November 2004, , Pages 43-73
Abstract
Social movements as one of the important subjects in sociology, lately have achieved special position, so that Alen Touran means sociology as a knowledge of social movements. In this essay interim emphasizing on social movements and their theoretical dimentions, using documentary method, we point out ...
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Social movements as one of the important subjects in sociology, lately have achieved special position, so that Alen Touran means sociology as a knowledge of social movements. In this essay interim emphasizing on social movements and their theoretical dimentions, using documentary method, we point out to formation contexts of Jungle movement as one of the independent and popular movements which was formed following requests of inability of state, constitution movement and in effect of factors such as inequalities conflict of interests international conditions (first world war) exploitation and class oppression. Jungle movement in spite of internal and external agitated conditions, meanwhile presenting its ideology and platform and announcing republic. hoisted flug of fighting to oppresion and defencing independence and liberty of Iranian peopel. Mirzakoochak as a leader of this movement - that was accompanied by constitution intellectuals and libertiants and in order to fighting to internal oppression and external exploitation resorted to resisting to revolutionary compaign and mobilizing material and spiritual resources successed during colonists and internal depotism and initiated formost repulic system in Iran. Finally this movement because of international comprising between the Soviet republics and Great Britain and internal comprising between state of Iran and Soviet repablice, on internal problems attacking military forces of state, defeated.
Sociology
Behnam Lotfikhachaki; Mansoureh Mahdizadeh
Abstract
With the aim of identifying and prioritizing the needs of the young elites and the typology of this group, the current research identified the needs of the elites in the framework of the Q method, while conducting in-depth interviews with the elites and examining the available resources. In the ...
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With the aim of identifying and prioritizing the needs of the young elites and the typology of this group, the current research identified the needs of the elites in the framework of the Q method, while conducting in-depth interviews with the elites and examining the available resources. In the second part, 62 young university elites completed the final questionnaire. Then, four mental patterns were obtained. According to the findings, the "supportive elites" are mostly looking for support and facilities for livelihood, research, recruitment etc., and they adapt themselves well to quantitative criteria to obtain support and facilities. "Participating elites" believe that the existing support should be appropriate to the dignity and special conditions of each elite. This group needs to provide the basis for their influence through interaction with different levels of governance and with other elites. "Individual elites" seek public support in the fields of livelihood, research, and equipment, and prefer short-term and economic support to long-term and targeted facilities. "Operational elites" are also mainly looking for specific and targeted support such as commercialization of products, creation of knowledge-based businesses and application of research. Finally, operational and policy proposals were presented to meet these needs.
Mohammad Sheikhi; Saeedeh Amini; Anahita Nezami
Abstract
Mohammad Sheykhi[1] Anahita Nezami[2] Saeedeh Amini[3] Date of Receive: 2015/4/15 Date of Accept: 2015/9/3 Abstract The feeling of place attachment is one of the most important factors affecting the individual’s relationship with the environment. This feeling encompasses various factors ...
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Mohammad Sheykhi[1] Anahita Nezami[2] Saeedeh Amini[3] Date of Receive: 2015/4/15 Date of Accept: 2015/9/3 Abstract The feeling of place attachment is one of the most important factors affecting the individual’s relationship with the environment. This feeling encompasses various factors which affect the individual’s quality of life in any place. The existence or non-existense of the feeling of the Place attachment affects the behavior of individuals in the society. This study has been conducted with the aim of studying and comparing the factors which affect the feeling of place attachment among the settlers of Parand New Town (formal settlement) and Nasimshahr (informal settlement). In order to achieve this goal, the researchers tried to develop an appropriate theoretical framework by relying on the existing theoretical perspectives and in the light of that, the research hypotheses were formulated. The required data were provided using the survey method. Based on the Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated to be 392 and multi-stage cluster sampling method was used. The results of this study indicated that in informal settlement (Nasimshahr), the feeling of place attachment is more than formal settlement (Parand New Town). Also the social capital of the settlers of Nasimshahr was more than settlers of Parand New Town and the cultural capital of the settlers of Parand New Town was more than that of the settlers of Nasimshahr. The regression analysis results showed that the feeling of place attachment in Parand New Town was affected respectively by social capital, attitude towards physical– spatial characteristics and cultural capital and in Nasimshahr it was respectively affected by social capital, cultural capital and attitude towards physical– spatial characteristics. In sum, according to the results, social capital is the main factor that affects the feeling of place attachment in Parand New Town and Nasimshahr. [1]. Assistant Professor of Planning، Allameh Tabatabaee University. m.shaikhi3000@gmail.com [2]. MA in urban planning and regional Allameh Tabatabai University. anahita.nezami@yahoo.com [3]. Assistant Professor of Sociology، Allameh Tabatabaee University. samini@atu.ac.ir
ezatollah sam aram
Volume 8, Issue 15.16 , February 2002, , Pages 45-69
Abstract
During the years of 1981 - 1988, while the young men of the Iranian villages were dispached to the war fronts, management of the rural affairs was trasferred to women and the old. Observations indicate that the rural women, in adition to performing theese usual duties, managed rural organizations to ...
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During the years of 1981 - 1988, while the young men of the Iranian villages were dispached to the war fronts, management of the rural affairs was trasferred to women and the old. Observations indicate that the rural women, in adition to performing theese usual duties, managed rural organizations to support the Iranian army. In this relation, at the end of the year 2000, a pilot research project was conducted in rural area of Garmsar. This paper contains the results of the research.
ahmad ketabi
Volume 12, Issue 30 , August 2005, , Pages 45-66
Abstract
Father's brother's daughter marriage has been popular among Iranians since ancient times and is broadly reflected in their folklore. This type of marriage is the product of the same factors that have made endogamic marriages popular in general; but, the impact of economic factor, i.e preserving the property ...
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Father's brother's daughter marriage has been popular among Iranians since ancient times and is broadly reflected in their folklore. This type of marriage is the product of the same factors that have made endogamic marriages popular in general; but, the impact of economic factor, i.e preserving the property in the hands of the family, is of greater importance. This type of marriage is more prevalent in small communities and among tribal people than big urban areas, partly because of the limitation of the population pool that one can choose his/her mate from. There is a big variation among religious minorities of Iran regarding this issue: Christians regard it with displeasure, Jews favour it much, and the position of Zoroastrians are more like the Moslems. Among some Arab tribal people in Khuzestan, father's brother's daughter is regarded as one's sure property and she can't marry someone else unless her father's brother's son does not wish to marry her and give her the permission to marry another man. This inhuman tradition which in called "Nahve" has been the source of many brutal conflicts in the district.
abas keshavarz
Hadi Khaniki; Hossein Basirian
Abstract
Abstract In recent years, virtual social networks, more than any other type of modern media, have provided a ground for activism. The discourse of power, which made scholars of humanities to interpret such acts from different perspectives, is now defined in the cyberspace in a very complicated and networked ...
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Abstract In recent years, virtual social networks, more than any other type of modern media, have provided a ground for activism. The discourse of power, which made scholars of humanities to interpret such acts from different perspectives, is now defined in the cyberspace in a very complicated and networked manner. Accordingly, the users’ activism gives a way to mobilization and unity of the followers of a certain belief in the virtual media culture. In the present paper, first, using the viewpoints of prominent scholars, different aspects of power especially in recent years are explained in order to present an analysis of the concept of power and the way it emerges and is applied in political, economic and social relations. Then, political, economic and social functions of virtual social networks are described and analyzed in three subjects, namely Tahrir square in the Egyptian Revolution, the Wall Street Movement in the US, and the Mock Combat, Water Guns Festival and support for working children in Iran, which are specifically related to the capacity of Facebook social network and the activism of its users in the real world.
Vahid Shalchi; Ali Janadleh; Ismail Aalizad; Masoud ZalizadehKoutiyani
Abstract
In theories of ethnic identity, belonging to an ethnicity varies with respect to ethnic policies, economic conditions, the extent of social system closure, etc., which may lose its role and importance in one period and become the dominant identity in another. The goal of this article is to evaluate the ...
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In theories of ethnic identity, belonging to an ethnicity varies with respect to ethnic policies, economic conditions, the extent of social system closure, etc., which may lose its role and importance in one period and become the dominant identity in another. The goal of this article is to evaluate the ethnic identity in the city of Ahvaz from the second Pahlavi era to the Islamic Republic period. The research data were obtained based on the life history technique and through semi-structured qualitative interviews to identify and understand the mentality of people whose lived experience was formed in Ahvaz. To analyze the interviews, the matic content analysis method was used, through which ten primary themes and three central themes were identified. The central themes in the second Pahlavi period is "Ethnic Identity in the Path of Integration", in the period of the revolution until the end of the war is "Ethnic Identity in the path of Differentiation". The results show that compared to the past periods, the Bakhtiari and Arab people in Ahvaz have a greater tendency to identification based on ethnicity, and ethnic identity has become a strong and effective identity in the urban society of Ahvaz.
Sociology
Seyed Mahdi Etemadifard; Abdollah Bicharanloo; Nooshin Safaeian
Abstract
The most basic issue in this article is to understand how the hierarchy of authority in the family and its changes are represented in social melodrama films with family themes that were best sellers in the period from 2008 to 2018. In the current study, based on contemporary approaches in the ...
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The most basic issue in this article is to understand how the hierarchy of authority in the family and its changes are represented in social melodrama films with family themes that were best sellers in the period from 2008 to 2018. In the current study, based on contemporary approaches in the field of sociology of gender, an attempt has been made to consider power and culture as the key elements in the analysis of films, beyond male and female, to understand power relations in the Iranian family. To analyze this issue in the period mentioned in the research samples, John Fiske’s semiotics model has been used so that while describing the distribution of family authority in these films, we can take a long look at the hierarchy of family authority and its changes. The results indicate that during a decade, we initially see the presence of hegemonic and less hegemonic masculinity and emphatic femininity in these films. In the middle of the decade, the presence of resistant women is more visible, but at the end of this decade, i.e. from 2016 to 2018, hegemonic men and emphatic women are the most important pattern of distribution of authority in the family in these films. What is important in this article is to pay attention to a different aspect compared to the results obtained from previous studies.
Keywords: Family, Femininity, Hierarchy of Authority, Iranian Cinema, Masculinity.
Introduction
The issue of how to divide tasks and perform roles in the family has been ponderable since the past. The hierarchy of authority in the family is based on the core relationships between men and women. It should be said that the most basic purpose of this research is to study "the hierarchy of authority in the family." The importance of the current issue is that the understanding of how the hierarchy of authority is represented in the family and the changes that have occurred in the field of sociology have been mainly focused by studies according to the status of women and the relationships that are created for men based on it. This research is trying to investigate the power relations among all family members using a comprehensive reading. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to analyze how the hierarchy of authority is distributed in the family and its changes in the movies of a decade from 2008 to 2018.
Main question: How is the hierarchy of authority in the family represented in movies, and what changes has it undergone?
Sub-questions: Do we see changes in the levels of authority in the family? Which position for women and men is more frequent in the hierarchy of family authority?
Literature Review
After reviewing the studies related to this field, the Persian researches in this field are categorized into two distinct categories. The first category is based on studies that have studied the hierarchy of authority in the family, which have been studied in different social, economic, cultural, etc. areas, regardless of the media dimensions of the family. The second category is related to studies that emphasize the media representation of the family or women as one of the important elements in the family. In this category, the representation of the family has been explored either in general or based on a particular issue. Foreign studies have paid more attention to the male dimensions of family hierarchy.
Theories Review
The modern theory of sociology of gender, which may have become famous for men's studies, has tried to provide a comprehensive and innovative intellectual system that can be used to examine the type and ranking of authority and power of all members of the family and recognize the traces of power. In this research, we are trying to go beyond the mere gender reading based on the theory of hegemonic masculinity of R. Connell, the theory of second sexism by Benatar, and the theory of expendable men by Baumeister. According to the theory of hegemonic masculinity, there is a cultural ideal type in society based on which the position of men and women is redefined. The second sexism theory and expendable men jointly address the idea of discrimination against men and believe that the problems that men struggle with have been neglected.
Materials and Methods
In this research, the purposive sampling technique has been used. According to the topic and purpose of the research, bestselling movies and dramas were selected. The best-selling social melodrama movies, including family themes have been selected based on the statistical calendar of the sales of cinematographic films published by the Vice-Chancellor of Technology and Cinematic Development of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. In the films in question, the sequences or sub-sequences that describe the linguistic interactions between men and women and other family members are selected for analysis. From 6 to 12 sequences, a variable for each movie, sequences that were purposively selected and analyzed based on John Fiske's triple codes. In John Fiske's view, semiotic analysis seeks to identify encoded semantic layers, and all codes have meaning. Codes have three layers: real or social codes (appearance, clothing, facial expressions, environment, behavior, speech, hand gestures, and voice), Technical codes (camera, lighting, equipment, dialogue, etc.) or representation, and finally, ideological codes (the main concepts and meanings hidden in the text).
Discussion and Conclusion
After analyzing each movie based on John Fiske's triple codes and examining the information obtained through the theory of modern gender sociology, a clear picture of the distribution of authority in each movie emerged. The most frequent masculinities and femininities were identified in 4 specific types: 1. Hegemonic man - emphatic woman 2. Less hegemonic man and emphatic woman 3. Hegemonic man - resistant woman 4. Less hegemonic man - resistant woman.
The most important issue represented in all the movies was protecting the cultural type of hegemonic masculinity. By studying the hierarchies of authority and the signs and elements of hegemonic masculinity of families in the movies, it became clear that the family members tried to maintain the family based on hegemonic masculinity despite the crises and hardships they faced. In a society or in historical periods, there may be different types of masculinity that are valued differently. So, hegemonic masculinity changes over historical periods (Connell 2005: 208-210). In fact, the main expectation from the research was that in the early years, we would see hegemonic men and emphatic women, and in the final years of this decade, we would see fewer hegemonic men and more resistant women. But the process of changing the hierarchy of distribution of authority in the family, in the movies from 2008 to 2018, has not only gone towards a more democratic family, but it has also become more hegemonic and authoritarian. As mentioned in the family typification section, the structure of hegemonic man - emphatic woman is the most frequent structure that has been represented in all the movies and in the last three years, i.e., from 2016 to 2018, it is the dominant and final structure. The initial impression was that by the passage from the 2000s to the 2010s, families in movies have taken a more democratic step; even the aforementioned studies have shown this issue at real levels, but the trend of bestselling movies shows something contrary to the social trend stated in other studies. This indicates a general picture that is being repeated in the studies, but it requires a more detailed investigation and the use of valid indicators in order to measure the authority relations in the Iranian family so that in the study of the construction of authority in the family, the process of becoming participative is not repeated and be sensitive to the occurrence of resistances, conflicts and also interactions that may arise between members.
mohammad zahedi asl
Volume 8, Issue 13.14 , August 2001, , Pages 46-79
Abstract
Existence of some organizations to provide social and public services to people is one of the necessities of human societies. The manner such organiczations run may shape the public attitude towards them. The "Organization of Prisons" is not an exception. In order to study this subject, a research was ...
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Existence of some organizations to provide social and public services to people is one of the necessities of human societies. The manner such organiczations run may shape the public attitude towards them. The "Organization of Prisons" is not an exception. In order to study this subject, a research was carried out The theoretical bases of this study have been sociological and socio-psychological theories. Evaluation of the rate of satisfaction, the opinion of prisoners about the programs and facilities of jails, and the capabilities of its agents have been the main questions of this study. A survey was conducted for this purpose. The results suggested that the most important problem of inmates of public health, and overcrowding were of the jails. The highest satifaction was about the attitude and behavior of guards and the lowest level of satisfaction was about of jails. A relation was found between the rate of satisfaction of inmates and programs and facilities of jails, anti the level of their education. However no relation was found between thier occupation before conviction, and the kinds of their crimes. Moreover, the analysis showed that there was a direct relationship between satisfacation of inmates and the jail, and the kind of treatment of prison guards.
tahereh ghaderi
Abstract
This study examines level of religiosity among university students in Qom city and creates a typology of their different types of religiosity. Glock and Stark model was used for testing level of religiosity. For identifying types of religiosity, a combinations of different theories on the topic was used ...
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This study examines level of religiosity among university students in Qom city and creates a typology of their different types of religiosity. Glock and Stark model was used for testing level of religiosity. For identifying types of religiosity, a combinations of different theories on the topic was used and seven types eventually selected for the statistical population. The seven types included: layperson, devout, established, modernist, secular, laïc and hybrid religiosity. Peter Burger analysis was used for the two descriptive hypotheses of the study. Independent variables of the study were extracted from the following theories: Berger’s theory of modernization and secularization, Wach’s theory of socio-economic status, Putnam’s social capital theory, Berger’s theory of social life-word, and Grebner’s cultivation theory. A survey method was used in this study. The statistical population included all students of universities in Qom province (43718 students) in 2010-2011. The sample included 354 students selected using quota sampling. The study started with two descriptive hypotheses: “level of religiosity in university students is generally high”, and “varied types of religiosity is observable in university students”. Independent variable of the study included: academic education, socio-economic status, amount of social capital, being a student at the Islamic seminary, and amount of using public communication media. According to the findings, relationship of level and type of religiosity with “amount of cultural capital” and “amount of using public communication media” as independent variables was approved, while with “socio-economic status” and “being a student at the Islamic seminary” not approved. Variables “academic education” and “geographical origin” had a relationship with level of religiosity, but no relationship between them and types of religiosity was found.
Ahmad Ghiasvand
Abstract
This study aimed to describe and explain the values and attitudes of women about gender behaviors in Tehran. The theoretical framework of the study has used Ajzen and his colleagues, Julian Rotter, and Chalabi's theory of behavior. The survey method has been used for research and its statistical population ...
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This study aimed to describe and explain the values and attitudes of women about gender behaviors in Tehran. The theoretical framework of the study has used Ajzen and his colleagues, Julian Rotter, and Chalabi's theory of behavior. The survey method has been used for research and its statistical population is "All girls and women of 15 years and more of Tehran in 1399". The data collection is done through the questionnaire tool and the method of sampling is multi -step sampling; According to Cochran formula, the sample size is estimated at 1200 people. According to the theoretical framework of the research, gender behaviors were considered as dependent variables and gender identity, meaning, opportunity and norms as independent variables. The findings of the study describe the attitude of marriage, the role of maternal, fertility, employment, and the tendency to educate women. Among married women the most important concern is maintaining family life; in contrast, the marriage is the least important for single girls. In the final analysis, it can be concluded that the extrabiological pattern of women's gender behaviors in the form of feminist and individualistic values and attitudes is overwhelmed by the biological pattern.
Anthropology
Mohammadsaeed Zokaei
Abstract
Structural, value, historical and global transformations in the last 50 years in Iran have provided youths with new meanings and experiences and have posed them as an important player for understanding socio economic and political dynamics of Iranian society. Relying on large scale representative ...
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Structural, value, historical and global transformations in the last 50 years in Iran have provided youths with new meanings and experiences and have posed them as an important player for understanding socio economic and political dynamics of Iranian society. Relying on large scale representative surveys conducted in the last decades and also drawing on some historical documents, the present paper aims to present an analysis of changes in contemporary values and lifestyles of Iranian youth and to draw the trends it has gone through. Policies, strategies and important currents like adopting western styles of development, social differentiation, discursive and ideological conflicts, imposed war, globalization, expansion of new information and communication technologies are amongst major backgrounds transforming the status of youth in Iran. While suggesting the impacts of global youth culture, the above changes are also entangled with and influenced by historical and local conditions. In sum, an assessment of historical value transformations simultaneously manifests elements of change and continuity. IntroductionHistorical, structural and global transformations in the last 50 years in Iran have provided youths with new meanings and experiences and have posed them as important players in understanding socio economic and political dynamics of Iranian society. The current paper aims to draw a concise picture of youth culture transformations in the last half century in Iran and to explain the major trends according to a comparative analysis some national survey data on selective dimensions of values and lifestyles (reference points, national and religious identifications, leisure styles and participation values).Conceptual frameworkThe conceptual framework draws on major trends and transformations that have been occurring during 1340 and 1350 {1960-1970}. This period is a time when modern and powerful youth emerges in Iran. The relative establishment of political governance, expansion of commercial ties with the west, an increase in oil revenues, increasing migrations from rural to urban areas, formation of new institutions offering cultural and welfare services to the youth, the expansion of popular culture infrastructures (shopping centers, sport centers, cinemas, parks and recreational centers, public libraries and so on), are amongst the major developments that together boosted youths positions and enabled them to get more involved in the socio-cultural currents of the society.MethodsA systematic review of the both research literature dealing with youths’ values and lifestyles and youth periodicals in 1340 and 1350 along with an analysis of some national surveys conducted in the last four decades have been undertaken. The surveys both relate to those specifically designed for measuring youth attitudes and values (mostly by Iranian National Youth Organization/ Sport Ministry) and those designed for all adult age groups. In the case of the latter, care has been taken to take a sub samples as close to the youth samples as possible (those aged 15 to 29).FindingsThe findings rely on the trends of changes in the values and lifestyles of youth on themes and items like family and generational relationships, national-religious values, leisure values and participative values. On generational values, surveys suggest that generational contracts amongst age groups continues to be strong. These is no indication of severe tensions among generations and the relationships amongst youth and their parents instead tends toward mutual understanding and cooperation. The picture, however, is totally different when it comes to the judgements generations make of formal institutions and political officials.On religious and national values, the comparison of data suggests that national and religious identity categories are rather exclusively defined by youth. In general, despite the relevance of religious values, the ritual dimensions of religion are less important for youth. Similarly, a growth in nationalistic and cosmopolitan values can vividly be observed from the recent surveys. On leisure styles and values, trends suggest a rapid expansion in (new) media consumption from the 1380 onwards. In fact, digital leisure as the major time use of Iranian youth allow them to complement and compensate for some shortages or constraints they face in real life (particularly for some under privileged groups). On the other hand, social networks have rapidly changed Iranian youths’ leisure tastes, needs and emotional experiences. In spite of some opportunities obtained, excessive reliance on the network tends to deter youth from seeking entertainments requiring more skills and creativity.And finally on participative values, the trends amongst Iranian youth are much similar to the global trends. A decline in political trust, a sense of unpredictability towards future and a sense of exclusion negatively affect youths’ tendencies to engage into more participation.ConclusionStructural, value, historical and global transformations in the last 50 years have turned youth from a marginal and problematic category into a strategic, sensitive and crucial phenomenon in Iran. While suggesting the impacts of global youth cultures, the above changes are also entangled with and influenced by historical and local conditions. Diversities in choices, opportunities, interpretations and representations have provided youth with exceptional opportunities for crossing youth cultural boundaries and choosing personal styles. Fluidity and diversity in the choices and fields of action have potentially created diverse venues of practicing youth. However, cultural values in Iranian society continue to be dominated by structural forces and conditions.
Volume 22, Issue 71 , October 2016, , Pages 48-89
Abstract
The main aim of the present article is to introduce and sociological analyze of the aspects, components, functions and barriers of the Iranian public sphere. The theoretical framework of the paper is based on the theories of Aristotle, John Rawls, Charles Taylor, Hannah Arendt, Ulrich Rödle, ...
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The main aim of the present article is to introduce and sociological analyze of the aspects, components, functions and barriers of the Iranian public sphere. The theoretical framework of the paper is based on the theories of Aristotle, John Rawls, Charles Taylor, Hannah Arendt, Ulrich Rödle, Günter Frankenberg, Helmut Dubiel, Andrew Areto and John Cohen about the public sphere. Referring to contemporary historical studies and experimental data and statics, this article is written via library study. Results of this study show that there is public sphere in Iran and it makes from public places, real social spaces (domestic and foreign mass media and broadcasting), metaphorical spaces (internet and social networks), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and social movements. Iranian public sphere has some weaknesses and limitations such as it is controlled by the government, it isn`t open for all social classes and different social groups, particularly women as fairly and equally, all the subjects aren`t designed, it`s so much monopoly and ideological. It doesn`t represent the Interests and the demands of a multicultural society of Iran and doesn't reflect the voice of the people to the government and parliament. Despite the problems, the Iranian public sphere grows day by day and becomes more pluralistic and stronger. It grows in the qualitative and quantitative aspects and increases its role and importance for policy .
hasan sarai
Abstract
methodological ·problem in the construction of an abridged life-table. In this article, we have introduced and demonstrated-using an approximate estimate of the age specific death rates of Iran, 1986-three principal methods to over come this problem : 1) the method based on the assumption of even ...
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methodological ·problem in the construction of an abridged life-table. In this article, we have introduced and demonstrated-using an approximate estimate of the age specific death rates of Iran, 1986-three principal methods to over come this problem : 1) the method based on the assumption of even distridution of deaths in each age interval, 2) the Greville method, and 3) the Reed and Merrell method
nader salar zadeh amiri; seyed hasan hoseyni
Volume 16, Issue 44 , May 2009, , Pages 49-88
Abstract
Economic, Cultural & Social capitals are considered as worthwhile sources in every society. According to sociological theories, a combination of these capitals, determines the socio-economic status of peoples and the measure of these capitals' possession decide the situation of everyone in social ...
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Economic, Cultural & Social capitals are considered as worthwhile sources in every society. According to sociological theories, a combination of these capitals, determines the socio-economic status of peoples and the measure of these capitals' possession decide the situation of everyone in social stratification. Again, According to sociological theories the socio-economic status of peoples affects their attitudes towards different issues. Therefore the measure of different capitals· possession shapes peoples' attitudes towards social issues. On the other hand social justice refers to the special way that these capitals are distributed. How ersity and a stratified sampling control based on sex was drawn (n = 371 ). he results demonstrate that there is relationship between students' attitudes towards social justice and their possession different capitals. And the role of economic & cultural capital is more important than social capita in shaping such attitude. Students tend to the equality approach more than proportion and in the final analysis higher status students rather show most tendencies tu Economic Individualism and it is same about students who possess more economic capital. Students who possess more cultural capital have more tendencies towards proportion approach than others. Also students with higher social capital tend towards Equity approach. Sex & age also affect students· attitudes.
mehdi taleb
Jafar Hezarjaribi; Mohammad Aghabeigi
