Social Sciences

Abstract This article is a report of the newly found collection of rock engravings, including drawings and symbols, belonging to pre-hieroglyph era. This collection is the largest ever found rock engravings in Asia and Iran. The importance of this collection is not in the size of the pictures, hut in the great number of the drawings and the repetition of the symbols, and their great variability in terms of content, rare scenes, and unique pre-historic images. The pictures include drawing of mammals- some already extinct in the region- birds, hunting tools, and unknown devices. Overall, they can shed some light on the pre-historic life of man in this region or the world. Definitely'! the findings will be very interesting to and useful for archeologists, anthropologists, linguists, historians of arts and inventions. geographers, and ecologists.

Abstract Calculation of nLx is the second most important methodological problem in the study of an abridged life-table. In this article, three basic methods for the calculation of nLx are introduced, and then applied to the approximate

Abstract The definition of rural development in this research is: change in the structure of rural society from traditional community to modern society. The main issue of the research was to evaluate the effects of different factors in rural development. The method of this research was quantitative comparison of some developed and undeveloped villages- The factors studied include: literacy, rates and mass media (radio and Television) usage, land reform, agricultural services, rural cooperatives, and the reformative measures of Jahad-Sazandegi. The study indicates that the most important factors in rural develornent arc literacy rates, the presence of radio and television, and the land reform. Moreover, the research showed that given social and economical security to the rural areas, the development process starts.

Abstract The sociology of art and literature is a subfield of sociology in which the social structure and function of art and literature as well as the relationships between society and art, is investigated. Since the subject is quite recent in Iran, this paper will briefly deal with its major objectives, history, and theories. The first section of the paper is devoted to the definitions and relevant issues of sociology of art and literature. The second section deals with the history of the field since 18th century. In the third section the main sociological approaches of the field arc reviewed, which include knowledge causality, sociol causality, interactive causality, and syrnholic-cornmunic.u ivc approach. Finally, the last part is devoted to a comprehensive hihliography of the Persian literature in sociology of art and literature.

Abstract Family is one of the fundamental and primary social institutions. It has undergone many changes during the history, including women's work outdoors which affected structure and functions of the family institution. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of famale worker's employment on their decision-making power and on their husbands' data form Iran, 1986. These methods include: 1. The method based on the assumption of even distribution of deaths in the age distribution. 2. Greville methods. 3. The Recd-Merrell method. These methods, at the end, are compared and evaluated

Abstract One of the goals of national development plans, which have been carried out by different governmental organizations, such as Ministry of Cooperatives, is to increase employment opportunities for women. The recent experiences of cooperatives in this respect shows that family oriented cooperatives can provide job and income for women, and change· their social status. But taking into consideration the past experiences with cooperatives in Iran, the study indicates that we must be concerned that: • Women's cooperatives arc not governmental organization but independent entities. • Women's cooperatives should have democratic structure.participation in the house work. To do this research, two groups of women were compared: 1. The employed female workers in "Tolidaru Pharmaceutical Company" (130 women). 2. The houswives whose husbands were employed as workers in the above mentioned company (130 women). The collected data was analyzed through the use of comparison of frequencies and percentages, chi-square, Cramer's V and Phi. The results show that the employed women feel a greater level of decision making power and cooperation from their husbands in houseworks than the unemployed ones. Nevertheless, the husband's participation in the housework is quite trival.

Abstract The conceptualization and measurement of news media credibility have been a continuing concern of mass communication researchers for many years. This study examined how students at the college of social sciences, Allarneh Tabatabai University, perceived news media credibility. The findings suggest that there is no statistical difference between the degree of credibility among news media (radio, television and newspaper) with respect to domestic news. However, the degree tends to be about an average.

Abstract This article has presented two contending theoretical perspectives on development, the structuralist and the nee-liberal approach. At different times each approach has exercised a dominant influence over development thinking. Central to the conflict between the two approaches is the role which the state should play in economic development. For structuralists an active state is essential for over-coming the problems of economic backwardness. Neo-libcrals put their faith in the market and consider it as the most important factor in the efficient allocation of the resources. The writer, in this article, first explains the changes in the development thinking and then while examining each of the above perspectives, discusses the main clements of their theories and policies. The use of the latest statistical data, till the end of ! 98Us, has also added to the credibility of the article.

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