Morteza Parvizan; Jafar Hezarjaribi
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the type of interpretation of domestic violence by domestic violence and the type of exposure to domestic violence. Researchers have semi-structured interviews with thirty women who had previously been subjected to domestic violence, considering the field of interest ...
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The present study aimed to investigate the type of interpretation of domestic violence by domestic violence and the type of exposure to domestic violence. Researchers have semi-structured interviews with thirty women who had previously been subjected to domestic violence, considering the field of interest (economic, cultural and social), and after conducting interviews in the dominant text, using the qualitative approach of encoded theorem theory Concepts and mining of central issues. . After examining the variety of women's perceptions of domestic violence and interviewing, most of the concepts related to the category of "physical violence" were "emotional violence" financial violence, which is also explained by the variables underlying the researchers' point of view, so that many Women who had reacted in the face of domestic violence had low education, poor support networks, high adherence to cultural traditions and rural and marginalized villages, and more physical and financial violence against women. This is evident the need to assign a different type of service The psychological and cultural support organizations are in these areas.
Pegah Roshanshomal; Hasan Saraie; Ardeshir Entezari; Mahmoud Moshfegh
Abstract
In recent years, many family concepts have undergone semantic changes. Since the child is the main focus of the family, parents and women's understanding of this concept will determine many decisions in the field of fertility. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the "meaning of a child" and examine ...
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In recent years, many family concepts have undergone semantic changes. Since the child is the main focus of the family, parents and women's understanding of this concept will determine many decisions in the field of fertility. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the "meaning of a child" and examine women's understanding of this concept. This research describes the actor's understanding of the meaning of a child with a qualitative approach. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with twenty married women with children and without children in Tehran by purposive sampling and analyzed by using Smith's six-step technique. The main theme of the research showed that a child is a dynamic and influential concept. In the emotional view, the themes of "good feeling," "filling the scene of life," and "hardness and sweetness" and in the supportive view, the themes of "generational support," "old age support," and "spiritual support" emerged from the findings. A child is a double-edged sword, which means that it is both an obstacle to growth and a factor for success and growth. Growth and development in the personal and marital sphere is one of the most important meanings of a child. A child is a container for filling emotions, which contributes to the stability and continuity of marriage by injecting good feelings. The findings of this study were able to present a clear picture of the meaning of a child.Keywords: Qualitative Method, Theme Analysis, Meaning, Child, Women, Tehran. IntroductionAs a result of the transition of the family after the Industrial Revolution, the form of families changed from extended to nuclear, and after that, choosing a spouse changed from an unconscious and forced state to a conscious and selective action. Accordingly, the age of marriage and after that the age of having children increased, and the family became more damaged in terms of continuity. Behind all these changes, what is important is the change of the most important function of the family, i.e. reproduction of the generation. In the necessity and importance of the issue, it is enough to pay attention to the age pyramid of the population, which is moving towards old age. What has happened in the field of reproductive behavior and leads the population towards old age is the concern of many thinkers. Therefore, focusing on the child and its meaning, in the first step, is much more important and necessary than establishing positive laws. The changes that have occurred in the field of family and fertility behavior indicate that deeper and more radical changes have occurred in the mind, i.e. the bed of meaning formation, the result of which was determined in practice.Research Question(s)What is the understanding of "child" by women in Tehran?What does a child mean from the point of view of married women?What meaning do the activists attribute to the child?What is the variety of the mental meaning of the activists of the child?Literature ReviewKarimi and Samani's findings showed that Iran has been a child-loving society and infertile people or people who do not have children for any reason are under severe pressure from the society. This causes many newlyweds to try to "be like everyone else" in order to gain social approval (Karimi 2016: 111). The results of Farahani and Kayani's research showed that the meaning of a child has changed over time. The view of today's women has changed compared to the women of previous generations. The change of meaning with the passage of time does not mean a change in the value of the child, because perhaps with the passage of time, not only the value of the child has not decreased, but a rational, perfectionist, and measured look for the decision on the time of childbearing and its number, is indicative of the value and quality of the child. So people tend to prepare the conditions in such a way that they can raise a child with better quality (Farahani 2015: 99). The findings of Hashminiya's research showed that economic components, parents' lost opportunity costs, family income, and employment status are influential in the attitude towards the child and shaping its meaning (Hasheminia 2017: 61).Kagi's research results indicate three different types of credits for children; 1. The economic value and benefit that requires the material participation of children in the family. (In childhood as a labor force and in adolescence and youth as a provider of old age security) 2. Psychological values, including happiness, pride, fun, love, hope, and companionship 3. Social and traditional values referring to the social acceptance of parents (Kagitcibasi: 2015: 374). Deir realized that happiness and personal well-being are among the meanings that parents attach to their children. Children are necessary to maintain the security of the marriage bond and create social security for parents in their old age and to preserve the lineage and name (Dyer 2007: 73). The findings of Rani and Babu's research indicated that economic, social, demographic and psychological factors are mixed with the explanation of the concept of child. In developing countries like India, economic drivers influence fertility behavior. The economic value of children includes their participation in work and creating a sense of security for parents in their old age. If children can be useful to their parents in these two areas, then having many children seems completely rational (Rani 2003).Materials and MethodsThis research, with a qualitative approach, has reconsidered the awareness of the meaning of child among married women with and without children. In choosing the questions to start the interview, along with exploratory interviews, we benefited from the meaning-oriented theories in the sociology of knowledge school, and from the child-oriented theories in the field of demography. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews with 25 married women (with children and without children) in the age range of 30 to 50 years old in Tehran, with targeted sampling and with maximum diversity, and using thematic content analysis (TA), analysis and the final report was prepared.ResultsThe meaning of a child from women's points of view is the result of the interaction of cultural and social contexts in which a person is located at a certain point in time. The meaning of a child from women's points of view is the result of many factors and events. What is considered as meaning is the result of gathering a set of external and internal factors that the actor encounters throughout his life. Considering the mentioned fact and the analysis of available data, the main theme of this research is that: "A child is a conceptual combination of emotional, intellectual, individual and collective fluid elements. This cultural entity gives meaning to a mother's life and plays a significant role in the construction of personal, sexual, and adult identity and the development of activist rationality.ConclusionThere are benefits and losses in every choice made by an active community activist, and no choice is without cost. The fertility behavior of the studied women (having or not having a child) is a kind of selective and conscious action along with rationality, which is formed in the context of child perception. How women see a child in society and what position and meaning they attach to it is the turning point that makes them choose to have or not have a child. In choosing not to have children, the activist experiences both personal growth and a degree of deprivation. On the other hand, having a child can be both a factor of destruction and a factor of growth.
Ahmad Ghiasvand
Abstract
This study aimed to describe and explain the values and attitudes of women about gender behaviors in Tehran. The theoretical framework of the study has used Ajzen and his colleagues, Julian Rotter, and Chalabi's theory of behavior. The survey method has been used for research and its statistical population ...
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This study aimed to describe and explain the values and attitudes of women about gender behaviors in Tehran. The theoretical framework of the study has used Ajzen and his colleagues, Julian Rotter, and Chalabi's theory of behavior. The survey method has been used for research and its statistical population is "All girls and women of 15 years and more of Tehran in 1399". The data collection is done through the questionnaire tool and the method of sampling is multi -step sampling; According to Cochran formula, the sample size is estimated at 1200 people. According to the theoretical framework of the research, gender behaviors were considered as dependent variables and gender identity, meaning, opportunity and norms as independent variables. The findings of the study describe the attitude of marriage, the role of maternal, fertility, employment, and the tendency to educate women. Among married women the most important concern is maintaining family life; in contrast, the marriage is the least important for single girls. In the final analysis, it can be concluded that the extrabiological pattern of women's gender behaviors in the form of feminist and individualistic values and attitudes is overwhelmed by the biological pattern.
Fatemeh Ghareh Hasanloo; Zahra Mirhosseini
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the context forming gender inequality in the job market and employment through a phenomenological qualitative approach based on the lived experiences of women living in Tehran. Hence, a semi-structured interview was conducted on 23 women from 18 to 68 years old, who were selected ...
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This study aims to analyze the context forming gender inequality in the job market and employment through a phenomenological qualitative approach based on the lived experiences of women living in Tehran. Hence, a semi-structured interview was conducted on 23 women from 18 to 68 years old, who were selected through purposive sampling to analyze the context of gender inequality in the job market and employment. Colaizzi’s method of data analysis was utilized. Additionally, coding the text of the interviews was done manually. In total, three categories, ten subcategories, and 59 concepts were extracted. According to the research results, the “Belief in gendered division of labor” category, consisting of “The breadwinning of men,” “Femininity and its necessities,” and “The status of women in private” subcategories; the “Institualization of women’s inferiority” category, consisting of “the socialization of women,” “the submission of women,” and “male-oriented gender stereotypes” subcategories; and the “predominance of patriarchal paradigms” category, consisting of “belief in the superiority of men,” “the domination of men,” “the innate empowerment of men,” and “neglecting the power of women in the job market” subcategories are some of the context forming this phenomenon, which has been reinforced in the cultural context ruling over society and families while they are constantly being produced and reproduced.
Mohammadtaghi Karami; Shima Aliabadi
Abstract
Modesty has always been considered a cultural value in Iranian society although it is widely used, it has long been an important part of the ideal femininity of Iranian society. In addition to culture, modesty is emphasized in formal religious discourse and it is closely related to hijab and some female ...
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Modesty has always been considered a cultural value in Iranian society although it is widely used, it has long been an important part of the ideal femininity of Iranian society. In addition to culture, modesty is emphasized in formal religious discourse and it is closely related to hijab and some female behaviors. Such an approach has led to the mentality that modesty has disappeared from society by reducing the desire of women to the desired formal patterns of hijab in recent years. But today, modesty is an important and living trait and we may talk about changing the meaning of modesty. In this study, following the discovery of the meaning of modesty in Iranian women and their perception of this category, by adopting a phenomenological approach and using the method of thematic analysis, in-depth semi-structured interviews with 20 women aged 18-35 years to provide a formulation of meanings. The three main categories of "Liberation policy - politics of life", "Restrained and empathetic rethinking" and "Embodied formal construction" were extracted and it is indicative of the three categories of Iranian women 's encounter with the category of modesty, which has been able to shape the mental apace of wemen in relation to this concept.
Morteza Mashalchi; Abolfazl Morshedi
Abstract
Although tradition religious association in traditional Iranian society had specific and well-established religious and social functions, with the extensive changes in Iranian society and its increasing modernization, the relationship of these tradition religious association with the characteristics ...
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Although tradition religious association in traditional Iranian society had specific and well-established religious and social functions, with the extensive changes in Iranian society and its increasing modernization, the relationship of these tradition religious association with the characteristics of the new society has been "Problematic". This means that although on the one hand, all tradition religious association, as "Intermediary Institutions" that provide an opportunity for people to interact and collaborate, play an effective role in strengthening the characteristics of civil society, but on the other hand, not all of them act in the same way. In this study, the three "Ideal Types" of the tradition religious association, reflexivity, Identity-oriented and Movement-oriented, were separated and their relationship with some components of civil society was examined. The type of reflexivity moves towards strengthening civil society by striving for "Civic Education" of members of society and spreading civic messages. By focusing on strengthening the "Shiite Identity", the Identity-oriented type moves more towards the creation of "Traditionalist Societies", and Movement-oriented type, focusing on strengthening the "Jihadi organization", pursues the ideal of "Wilaii society".
Masoomeh Bagheri; Marziyeh Shahriyari; Parvin Ganji
Abstract
Introduction & Objective: Social deviations, especially in women, threaten the health and security of society. For its survival and stability, the society must take appropriate measures to prevent the deviations of delinquent women and measures to rehabilitate them. This is possible only through ...
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Introduction & Objective: Social deviations, especially in women, threaten the health and security of society. For its survival and stability, the society must take appropriate measures to prevent the deviations of delinquent women and measures to rehabilitate them. This is possible only through accurate identification of the underlying factors and aggravating the tendency to deviance. The purpose of this study is the life scenario of street women on their perception of the tendency to prostitution and risky behavior experienced in Khorramabad. Method: Among the qualitative research methods, the phenomenological method has been used to examine the experience of prostitution. Twelve people were selected by purposive sampling and snowball sampling strategy. In-depth interviews were used to collect data. Content analysis method has been used to analyze the data obtained from phenomenological interviews. Findings: It includes two main themes of perceiving the meanings of the tendency towards immoral relationships (prostitution) and its semantic dimensions. The meaning of semantic perception of the tendency to immoral relationships to the four sub-themes of the way of liberation, the last resort, the negative burden of prostitution, the sense of revenge on the spou
Minoo Salimi; Ahmad Naderi
Abstract
Since earthquake has a wide range of effects on people's lives, we can think of it as an important variable in the changes of societies’ social life. The social consequences of the disaster vary according to age, gender, economic and social class. Children, women and low-income people are among ...
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Since earthquake has a wide range of effects on people's lives, we can think of it as an important variable in the changes of societies’ social life. The social consequences of the disaster vary according to age, gender, economic and social class. Children, women and low-income people are among the most suffering groups. This qualitative research has been conducted with the aim of understanding the women’s lived experiences of earthquakes in Sarpol-e-Zahab. This study has used a phenomenological approach and conducted semi-structured interviews with 30 women affected by the earthquake. As a result, there are 90 interview texts and 10 written texts of informant’s lived experiences and their interpretation, which are recorded in 120 semantic units. The findings of the study, which are 18 sub-themes and finally 5 main themes, show that women go through very difficult conditions. Identity crisis and their incompatibility with the post-earthquake condition, sexual abuse, committing suicide, decreasing in the age of committing suicide, earthquake and post-earthquake phobia, sudden lifestyle change, lack of peace, lack of facilities and financial capacity, qualitative and quantitative difficulties and disorders in schools, the increase in family strife, the increase in divorce, the increase in violence have caused social, psychological and cultural unrest in this city.
Women Studies
Ali Janadleh; Zahra Pouya
Abstract
The disproportion between women’s presence in managerial levels and gender distribution of population as well as education have been an underlying basis to some studies regarding the examination of women’s barriers to accessing managerial levels. By using Cromie’s framework, in this ...
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The disproportion between women’s presence in managerial levels and gender distribution of population as well as education have been an underlying basis to some studies regarding the examination of women’s barriers to accessing managerial levels. By using Cromie’s framework, in this study, posed theories on barriers to women’s job promotion have been classified into two categories: Internal and external barriers, and consequently, the domestic empiricial studies conducted in this field have been explored based on that framework from 2006 to 2016. Broadly speaking, theories related to internal barriers have sought the barriers to women’s access to managerial positions in relation to their role requirements and job involvements. In contrast, theories concerning about external barriers accentuate such attitudinal factors as gender stereotypes and structural factors as glass ceiling and gender discrimination. Utilizing meta-analysis, in this article, we have chosen our reviewed studies based on systematic search through 4 domestic scientific databases. The results of 20 mata-analyzed studies indicate that the findings of these studies, by and large, confirm the external barriers. Moreover, in some cases, there is a meaningful difference between women and men in relation to their preference regarding internal or external barriers impacting on women’s access to managerial positions.
Cultural Studies
Reza Safarishali
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between social body acceptance and cultural capital and the tendency towards cosmetic surgery. The study was conducted through a survey, and the population included all the 15-54-year-old women living in Malayer in 2016. The sample size estimated ...
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The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between social body acceptance and cultural capital and the tendency towards cosmetic surgery. The study was conducted through a survey, and the population included all the 15-54-year-old women living in Malayer in 2016. The sample size estimated through the Cochran formula was 656, and the sample was selected by simple random and multiphase cluster sampling method. The descriptive results showed that women had a high tendency towards cosmetic surgery (46.5). At the medium level, they posessed cultural capital (37.63), and on the average to upward level (39.7), they desired to be accepted. The regression results showed that from among the independent variables, the dimensions of cultural capital (i.e., objectified, embodied, and institutionalized) and social body acceptance (i.e., general, organizational, and peer), objectified capital (B= 0.51), general social acceptance (B= 0.49), institutionalized cultural capital (B= 0.26), and peer acceptance (B= 0.22) had the highest share in explaining the dependent variable. Furthermore, the prediction equation of the degree of women’s tendency towards cosmetic surgery could explain 58.1% of the variance of the dependent variable. The results also showed that the most common reasons for cosmetic surgery included manifested consumption, objective well-being, and social acceptance.
Dariush Boostani; Fatemeh Heidarynejad
Abstract
The aim of the present study is a sociological investigation of women suffering from HIV/AIDS through an emic approach. The study utilizes the qualitative method of grounded theory, and the field of the research is Kerman, with the participants being women referring to the behavioral diseases counseling ...
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The aim of the present study is a sociological investigation of women suffering from HIV/AIDS through an emic approach. The study utilizes the qualitative method of grounded theory, and the field of the research is Kerman, with the participants being women referring to the behavioral diseases counseling center. The data were collected via sequential interviews with fifty women. Data analysis culminated in five categories and one core category which were: exclusion-support, biographical disruption, vagueness of the patient’s rights, double powerlessness, and losing self. The core category was “The trap of women’s powerlessness in the process of an identity-oriented disease.” Generally, the findings indicate that the women’s powerlessness is a consequence of their exclusion and biographical disruption in the process of the disease. Also, the powerlessness in conjunction with the gender powerlessness culminated in weakness of the patient’s agency during treatment.
Mohammad Bitarafan; Sohrab Yazdani; Hossein Moftakhari; Hojjat Fallah Tootkar
Abstract
The structure of education in the Qajar dynasty was derived from tradition and was as a kind of reading of religious principles. Three basic components in this period created the process of change in the structure of education in the field of the feminine gender: a) the attention given by European graduates ...
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The structure of education in the Qajar dynasty was derived from tradition and was as a kind of reading of religious principles. Three basic components in this period created the process of change in the structure of education in the field of the feminine gender: a) the attention given by European graduates and the intellectuals of the last two decades of the reign of Naser al- adin Shah to the matter of “educating” the women, b) the establishment of schools for girls by American, English and French missionaries in Iran, and c) the introduction of the concept of equality in the constitutional revolution of Iran. The reality is that women's empowerment was one of the main concerns and acts of the constitutionalist intellectuals. As the social relations in the Qajar period did not allow for a solution for the equality issue of women to be introduced, thinking about and using the religious and social concepts in the areas of education and health could bring about the initial changes regarding the female gender was perceived. Therefore, showing attention to the improvement of the social status of Iranian women and the public benefit derived from it thereof, became the main concern of the constitutionalists in the field of women. However, the shift in social traditions caused an extreme reaction from the supporters of the discourse of tradition in regards to the matter of women’s education and the establishment of schools for girls. Hence, many conflicts arose which took place in different contexts such as the parliament, the state, city councils, newspapers, etc. In fact, the introduction of main concepts of constitutionalism such as freedom, law and equality which somewhat were connected to the matter of women, became the main focus point for the conflicts between the discourses of tradition and modernity.
Abstract
With an ethics - oriented approach, this study attempts to compare the situation of ethics and rights and their relations in marital interactions between 3 generations of married women in Tehran city. The main hypothesis of this study is: There are meaningful differences between 3 generations of married ...
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With an ethics - oriented approach, this study attempts to compare the situation of ethics and rights and their relations in marital interactions between 3 generations of married women in Tehran city. The main hypothesis of this study is: There are meaningful differences between 3 generations of married Women, in consideration to ethics and rights in their interaction with husbands. The method of study is survey. Statistical population consists of all married women in the city of Tehran. The sample society includes 500 women who were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling technique and responded to the researcher - made questionnaire, in June 2015. For data analysis, SPSS 20 was used. The findings indicate that there are meaningful differences between 3 generations of married women in consideration to ethics and rights in marital interactions. In other words, in marital interactions, first generation consider to ethics more than other generations, and third generation consider to its rights more other generations, while second generation as a mediator consider to ethics less than first generation , and consider to its rights less than third generation. The results of Stepwise Regression analysis also show women employment, rate of education and generation, , predict 49/9% of the changes in dependent variable (Legal demands in marital interactions) and age, Length of marriage and women employment predict 53/6 % of the changes in dependent variable (ethics situation( in marital interactions.
mahmud ketabi; vahid ghasemi
Volume 9, Issue 19 , November 2002, , Pages 35-56
Abstract
This article intends to analyze women's political participation in municipal centers in Isfahan Province. In the article, one of the basic propositions of the exchange theory regarding the women political participation is examined. According to this proposition, the more valuable a reward is for a deed, ...
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This article intends to analyze women's political participation in municipal centers in Isfahan Province. In the article, one of the basic propositions of the exchange theory regarding the women political participation is examined. According to this proposition, the more valuable a reward is for a deed, the more probably the deed will be carried out. The method for this research was surveying. Statistical population was all of the 20-39 years-old-women residing at municipal centers in Isfahan province. 1903 women were chosen using quota sampling method. The instrument for gathering the data was questionnaire through interview. Conclusions show that the level of women's political participation in the society is relatively low. The average on the negative I positive value spectrum is located on the negative side, implying high expenses and low rewards for political participation of women under consideration. The regression coefficient shows the significant effect of the women's evaluation from negative / positive values of political participation on their level of participation. About 9% of the variance of the women's political participation level in the sample was explained by the independent variable.
jhaleh shadi talab
Volume 4, Issue 7.8 , November 1999, , Pages 151-178
Abstract
One of the goals of national development plans, which have been carried out by different governmental organizations, such as Ministry of Cooperatives, is to increase employment opportunities for women. The recent experiences of cooperatives in this respect shows that family oriented cooperatives can ...
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One of the goals of national development plans, which have been carried out by different governmental organizations, such as Ministry of Cooperatives, is to increase employment opportunities for women. The recent experiences of cooperatives in this respect shows that family oriented cooperatives can provide job and income for women, and change· their social status. But taking into consideration the past experiences with cooperatives in Iran, the study indicates that we must be concerned that: • Women's cooperatives arc not governmental organization but independent entities. • Women's cooperatives should have democratic structure.participation in the house work. To do this research, two groups of women were compared: 1. The employed female workers in "Tolidaru Pharmaceutical Company" (130 women). 2. The houswives whose husbands were employed as workers in the above mentioned company (130 women). The collected data was analyzed through the use of comparison of frequencies and percentages, chi-square, Cramer's V and Phi. The results show that the employed women feel a greater level of decision making power and cooperation from their husbands in houseworks than the unemployed ones. Nevertheless, the husband's participation in the housework is quite trival.
