Sociology
vahid shalchi; rohollah ghasemi
Abstract
From 40’s on, Iran has earned most of its revenue from oil. Oil prices have seen multiplying increases in certain periods. During the time of these increases, contrary to the expectation that this increased revenue be spent on development, the policies employed by the state have created more issues ...
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From 40’s on, Iran has earned most of its revenue from oil. Oil prices have seen multiplying increases in certain periods. During the time of these increases, contrary to the expectation that this increased revenue be spent on development, the policies employed by the state have created more issues and problems for the country. The state policies during oil booms have a direct effect on social institutions and the institutional framework. In this study, the effect of state policies on social institutions of economy and politics during the years 1973-1977 and 2005-2010 shall be investigated. The main question of the study is the reason for the similarities in state policies for social institutions during these two periods. The purpose is to recognize the reasons regarding why these two governments, despite their ideological, structural and historical differences, have taken similar decisions during oil price shocks, and that these policies produce similar results. In order to investigate the issue at hand, Terry Lynn Karl’s Weak State theory has been used, and the Rentier State theory has been employed as an essential reason but not a sufficient one. The method of study is comparative-historical. The path-dependency technique has been used for the historical study of the weak state, and to compare the findings a contingency table has been created. The findings show that through the historical study of the issue, the weak state presents itself as the main reason, and the rentier state and the multiplication of oil prices serve as essential reasons but not sufficient ones regarding the issue.
Sociology
Reihaneh Naderi Nejad; Gholamreza Ghaffary; Farshad Momeni
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study is considered the effect of Iran Oil revenues on people life quality during years 1971-2007 based on documented historical. It also examines the effect of government on development process by using oil development theories. Approach "structurative of choice" has been selected as ...
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ABSTRACT This study is considered the effect of Iran Oil revenues on people life quality during years 1971-2007 based on documented historical. It also examines the effect of government on development process by using oil development theories. Approach "structurative of choice" has been selected as a chosen framework. This approach in a general framework of institutionalized has taken attention in to culture, history and society aspects. Life quality model as an index for social development has been used for effect of society. Four mean components of this model include: safety, make power, correlation and social mixture. This concept contains Two elements of stability and equality. After explanation of economical and political conditions of governments [oil revenues status], indexes quantitative analysis of life quality and their proportion to prosperity and oil stagnancy in development process has been examined. Findings show that Four features have been created in Iran policies after and before revolution. Hurry and lack of opportunity for fundamental reforms, inattention to native structure, unilateralism and inattention to stability. This shows some issues in Iran structures is hidden that reproduces problems in all fields like welfare and life quality field. This effect on life quality and people welfare has been reflexd as follows: some indexes of these fields particularly in civil and physical affairs has benefited from oil revenues. But some indexes has damaged except for slump periods in time of prosperity. While civil and political rights are considered in life quality structure, there are no positive changes in indexes.
Sociology
Ahmad Ghyasvand; Somayeh Arabkhorasani
Abstract
The study of the prevalence of divorce and the increase of single parent families, aside from structural and objective study, requires the study of the mentality of the agents with a focus on gender. Due to having children to care about, women as head of families experience special circumstances both ...
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The study of the prevalence of divorce and the increase of single parent families, aside from structural and objective study, requires the study of the mentality of the agents with a focus on gender. Due to having children to care about, women as head of families experience special circumstances both regarding separation and also facing its consequences. Up until now the assumption has been that children play an important role in maintaining married relationships, but the current picture regarding the situation of the separation of women and men and the formation of single-headed families depicts a different notion. The current study has been conducted in search of the meaning of separation and its contextual-mental changes from the viewpoint of mothers with a focus on maternal identity. The phenomenological study has been done qualitatively, and the data collection method has been semi-structured interviews with twenty mothers who have experienced separation. Data analysis has been done using the Colaizzi method, and the results are that separation takes place following women’s change of mentality regarding family life, the increase of importance regarding human/feminine identity, and care regarding the children’s well-being. Unpleasant marriages unable to provide for the women’s needs propels them to break free from a chronic and painful situation. The core of women’s personalities being constantly threatened, and their trust and self-esteem being destroyed leads them in search of a way to exit this situation. In this path, children are still an important factor in the women’s lives, however, not as a maintaining factor, but as a factor of restoration of identity. The children’s well-being is a strong incentive to omit the father from family life and to form female-headed families.
Sociology
Sayed Mohsen Mirsondosi
Abstract
This study has been conducted with the aim of undertaking theoretical research and carrying out a survey about the cultural immunity of youth in the city of Mashhad. The general index of immunity was made from four sub-indexes of psychological, social, communicative and mental immunity. The sample size ...
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This study has been conducted with the aim of undertaking theoretical research and carrying out a survey about the cultural immunity of youth in the city of Mashhad. The general index of immunity was made from four sub-indexes of psychological, social, communicative and mental immunity. The sample size was 512 young people between the ages 18-29 in which the ratio of men and women is approximately equal, and the average age of the respondents is 21 years old. The average cultural immunity of the sample is above the general average and totals 3.39. The people comprising the sample possessed the highest rate of immunity with regards to thoughts, which shows their high optimism and expressive approach. On the other hand, the lowest rate of immunity in the sample is with regards to social immunity. This means that they are exposed to the harm that they may be objectified in their interactions with others. The regression results showed that 26.4% of the current changes in cultural immunity is due to variables outside the area of the study. Lack of motivation for development, violence and conflict in family, weak religious instruction and education have the most effect on cultural immunity. Therefore, lack of motivation for development, violence and conflict in the family, and weak religious instruction have negative effects on cultural immunity, and expose the individuals to harm in this regard. However, education has a positive effect on the individuals’ cultural immunity.
Sociology
Abstract
The ecological modernization theory is one of the most prevalent and pioneering theories in the field of environmental sociology. The main idea of the theory is that in the late era of modernization, industrialization, technical development, economic growth and capitalism are not only compatible with ...
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The ecological modernization theory is one of the most prevalent and pioneering theories in the field of environmental sociology. The main idea of the theory is that in the late era of modernization, industrialization, technical development, economic growth and capitalism are not only compatible with ecology, but are also the man stimulus for environmental reforms. The aim of the present study is the epistemological critique of this theory from different aspects. With this in mind and using the general standards of criticism in the field of social epistemology (including the internal and external cohesion of the theory) and the specific standards of criticism (including administrability, dogma, and theoretical alienation), the ecological modernization theory has been reviewed. The main research question of the current study is that considering the social contexts of the formation of ecological modernization theory, what strengths and weaknesses can be considered? The results of the investigation show that in the ecological modernization theory, the maintenance of the ecosystem has mainly been assigned to technical development, and the social and political aspects of environmental preservation have been neglected. Through reviewing and criticizing the various aspects of the ecological modernization theory, it can be said that considering that the main focus of the theory is on the changing economy-ecology relations in industrial countries, it cannot properly claim environmental reform in other regions of the world.
Sociology
Soheila Alirezanejad; Nikzad Zangeneh
Abstract
The present study aims to examine the effect of women’s access to money (as a power relation) in power relations in underprivileged families, and the initial research question is that based on access to money, how are the power relations between spouses in these families categorized? The study ...
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The present study aims to examine the effect of women’s access to money (as a power relation) in power relations in underprivileged families, and the initial research question is that based on access to money, how are the power relations between spouses in these families categorized? The study was conducted with the institutional ethnography method and participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and through employing observational techniques (direct and indirect), in-depth unstructured interview, focused group discussion (FGD), and creating graphs of daily activities in two local communities of women, being Tekkieh Shohada (District 10) and Dastan Sabz (District 15) of Tehran. Findings show that money and power in family, even in a definite economic class, are deeply gendered concepts. Pocket money, allowance, visible money, invisible money, savings, inheritance and gifts from parents, informal loan funds and Mahr, are all funds to which women have access or which are resources for women. Women’s economic agency in the communities studied is defined as earning invisible money (through frugality) and managing male money. Female power is mostly close to influence and is persuasive and passive; meaning that it is formed through conformance to men and is of the executive dominance and less important in the general picture of things. Controlling the way of spending the money earned by women, refusing to give money or cash assistance, and preventing women or children’s basic needs such as food, medicine or other medical services from being provided, are all forms of economic abuse which women have experienced in the communities studied here. In return, emphatic tolerance can be imagined as a situation in which husbands, despite the difference in access to money, can adjust the power relations in an amicable way.
Abstract
The current research has been done with the aim of studying the psychological and social factors related to the inclination of female teenagers of Shahrekord’s high schools towards virtual social networks. The method used in the study is survey. The statistical population of the research is comprised ...
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The current research has been done with the aim of studying the psychological and social factors related to the inclination of female teenagers of Shahrekord’s high schools towards virtual social networks. The method used in the study is survey. The statistical population of the research is comprised of the entirety of female high school students of Shahrekord city in the year 2014/15, which according to Cochran’s formula, the sample size has been calculated to be 390 students. Data were collected using a questionnaire and with the sampling method of multistage cluster. Findings showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between the inclination towards virtual social networks and the level of education of the students’ parents, usage frequency of virtual social networks, duration of membership in social networks, simplicity and ease of using social networks, sense of conformity with friends, and the need for improvement and meeting needs. The result of multiple regression shows the of five variables of students’ usage frequency of virtual networks, the simplicity of using virtual social networks, duration of membership in social networks, meeting needs and the sense of conformity with friends having a significant effect on inclination of teenagers towards using virtual social networks, among which frequency of usage of virtual social networks has a more important role in determining the variable of inclination towards virtual social networks.
