Hasan Saraei
Abstract
The aim of this study was to distinguish conditions and factors of low fertility in Iran and to suggest direct paths along which policies with regard to fertility could be adopted and implemented. First, we observed that current state of Iran’s population is exceptionally favorite for development ...
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The aim of this study was to distinguish conditions and factors of low fertility in Iran and to suggest direct paths along which policies with regard to fertility could be adopted and implemented. First, we observed that current state of Iran’s population is exceptionally favorite for development and consequently for the youth employment and marriage. In fact, correct and on time utilization of the available opportunities provided by current state of population transition not only makes conditions conductive for increased level of fertility in Iran, it also enhances effectiveness of factors upon which direct paths to increased fertility are founded. Second, direct paths to increased fertility were inferred from a theoretical model in which current level of fertility considered to be a function of intended parity (IP) and it’s six adjusting factors. Excluding two robust and less effective factor (gender preference and replacement effect ), remaining factors , based on adopted theoretical approach and with regard to their inferred policy orientation, classified as (1) consistent (sub/infecundity and tempo effect ) and (2) potentially consistent or non-consistent(competition and unwanted fertility) with women’s wants an desires . Then, potential of each factor and the prospect of it’s corresponding path to increased fertility was studied and evaluated.
Mohammadhossein Panahi; Somayeh Sadat Bani Fatemeh
Abstract
While the importance of social and political participation of women in the third World countries is increasing continuously, both for development of these societies and for self-realization of women themselves, it is becoming an essential issue for study. In this paper, we focus on the impact of women's ...
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While the importance of social and political participation of women in the third World countries is increasing continuously, both for development of these societies and for self-realization of women themselves, it is becoming an essential issue for study. In this paper, we focus on the impact of women's political culture on their political participation. Referring Inglehart's theory and other theories related to the impact of political culture on political participation, we advanced our hypotheses. Through a survey, our data were collected and analyzed. The population of the research was women aged 20 and more from the Iranian city of Yazd, from which a random sample of 385 people were selected. The findings indicate that the women's political culture effects on their political participation. Moreover, all of the dimensions of political culture, including the women's attitudes towards the political system and the ruling elite, their political knowledge, attitudes towards their own political capacity, and normatively taking women's political participation, had meaningful positive correlation with their political participation.
Talat Allahyari; Sima Asadi
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study is to find out about the effectiveness of presented services by the wellـbeing organization on empowering female breadwinners. Empowerment has also been emphasized as an important way towards development in the Fourth program of the Islamic Republic of Iran. A quantitative ...
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AbstractThe aim of this study is to find out about the effectiveness of presented services by the wellـbeing organization on empowering female breadwinners. Empowerment has also been emphasized as an important way towards development in the Fourth program of the Islamic Republic of Iran. A quantitative method of survey was used. Presented services of the well-being Organization are the independent variable. Social and economic empowerments are taken as the dependent variable. Three centers with 80 respondents, who had received services for two years, were selected randomly as the experimental group. Eighty female breadwinners who have registered to receive services by the well-being Organization were selected as a control group. Thus, 160 questionnaires were filled out by the females in both groups. Cronbach’s alpha was 90 percent, which shows high credibility. For statistical analysis, independent T, Pearson correlation coefficient, and MANOVA were used. Findings revealed that there was a meaningful correlation between presented services and social and economic empowerment of female breadwinners. Presenting services to female breadwinners for two years has resulted in social and economic empowerment of female breadwinners.
Ahmad Ghiaysvand
Abstract
Ahmad Ghiasvand Date of Receive: 2014/10/3Date of Accept: 2015/4/7Abstract Citizenship is considered one of the most important indicators of modern society. Above all, it consists of the rights and duties of citizens, including civil, political and social. Aiming to analyze the trends and Typology of ...
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Ahmad Ghiasvand Date of Receive: 2014/10/3Date of Accept: 2015/4/7Abstract Citizenship is considered one of the most important indicators of modern society. Above all, it consists of the rights and duties of citizens, including civil, political and social. Aiming to analyze the trends and Typology of citizenships in this study, the survey among people 18 years and above were conducted in Tehran. The sampling method of "multi-stage sampling", for the validity, face and construct validity and for the reliability of the test, Cronbach’s alpha were used. Results indicate that the average of the civil rights is less than the duties of citizenship. In other words, the average score for political, social and civil rights is less than political, social and civil duties. On the other hand, according to four types of orientation towards citizenship like as active, passive, the rights and duties, four types of citizenship can be distinguished from each other: good citizenship (20 percent) obedient citizenship (40 percent), the ideal citizenship (30 percent) and apathetic citizens (10 percent). According to the findings, active-passive attitude with dominant feature of duties have the greatest impact on the development of citizenship. This causes a part of citizenship development from down to up, show itself in a revolutionary manner, and the other part of citizenship is considered forward, seeking partnerships, legal and useful for the society and state. So if many social, political and civil practices of society in different situations can be taken into account as the development of citizenship, it can be said that society of Iran faces with the dialectic of the sense of citizenship (civil society), protest (civil citizenship) and ideal (political citizenship) which brings about different opportunities and threats for the society.
Omid Ghaderzadeh; Fayegh Nabizadeh
Gholamreza Khoshfar; Mahboobeh Ilvari
Abstract
Gholamreza Khoshfar Mahbobeh Ilvari Date of Receive: 2014/12/9Date of Accept: 2015/5/11AbstractThe present study was conducted to identify the relationship between religiosity and marital adjustment. Since religion influences family relationships and regarding the fact that in the present conditions ...
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Gholamreza Khoshfar Mahbobeh Ilvari Date of Receive: 2014/12/9Date of Accept: 2015/5/11AbstractThe present study was conducted to identify the relationship between religiosity and marital adjustment. Since religion influences family relationships and regarding the fact that in the present conditions the strength of religious values in the family is one of the goals of our Islamic society, conducting research is necessary in this field. The method of research is descriptive survey. The population included 144406 married women who live in the city of Gorgan. Using Cochran formula, the sample size was 360 of married women. Multi-stage random sampling method was used for the study. For the first selection, 36 randomly selected neighborhoods were chosen, then in every process, in proportion to the number of settled households and using systematic random sampling, 10 married women were selected and studied. The questionnaires of religiosity -Lock Wallace test- and marital adjustment -Gelark and Stark test- were the tools of measurement in this study. For data analysis the results, Pearson correlation, and backward regression were used in addition to the methods of descriptive statistics. The results showed that there is a significant correlation between religiosity and marital adjustment. There are also significant correlations between three dimensions of religiosity such as belief, ritual and consequences with marital adjustment. The results of regression analysis indicated that the dimension of consequences is a stronger predictor of marital adjustment
Parviz Ejlali; Hamed Goharipoor
Abstract
Parviz Ejlali Hamed Goharipour Date of Receive: 2014/10/2Date of Accept: 2015/5/5AbstractThis paper aims to recognize, classify, and explain main images of the city as one can find in Iranian films during its history (1930 - 2011). When film narrative happens in a city, the camera shows the city as it ...
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Parviz Ejlali Hamed Goharipour Date of Receive: 2014/10/2Date of Accept: 2015/5/5AbstractThis paper aims to recognize, classify, and explain main images of the city as one can find in Iranian films during its history (1930 - 2011). When film narrative happens in a city, the camera shows the city as it looks like at the moment of photography; though the filmmaker, as an artist, is able to depict a city from his or her own perspective by selecting a specific camera angle, or distance from the subject, movement of camera, color, rhythm, speed, editing and other elements of composing a film. Therefore, any cinematic" City – Image" like any other artistic image is not a simple picture of the real city, but a city which is understood and represented by the artist. Furthermore, as we have learnt from sociology of art, this picture is not only an individual artifact or an abstract conception of the city, but it reflects, in some way or another, parts of the soul and meaning of the artist’ time and society. So, one can regard it as a part of the sociological knowledge of the city. Methodologically, we followed Lucien Goldman. In this method at first step we tried to extract the common structure of the films consisting of a specific image by the help of semiotic analysis. In the second step we tried to bridge between the images and the worldview of different social groups and classes of the Iranian society. Our inquiry into Iranian films, with a history of about one century, revealed that in each- the before and after the revolution- periods, four and only four cities-images have been produced .So that one can find eight images of the city in so called" urban films" or films in which some urban problems like housing, migration, urban-rural dichotomy, informal settlement, class differences etc. were narrated.Interestingly, in all of these eight images, depiction of the city as a dangerous, seductive, terrifying, deadly, sad and hallucinatory location, has been dominant. In fact, portraying the city as a beautiful and lovely place, encompassing, hopeful residents with dignity are an absolute exception or non-existent. The article claims that these unconscious negative viewpoints towards the city may be related to the vast relocation of the population, rapid urbanization, waves of migrations, and lack of social capital among relocated urbanites in large cities .In brief, it seems that residents of the cities have not reached to a good understanding with the cities yet.
