Sociology
Mohammadtaghi Karami Ghahi
Abstract
The specificity of the coronavirus pandemic is indebted to the ironic fact of returning to the ancient tradition of quarantine at the threshold of the 21st century and the utmost progress of medicine and hygiene. Considering the gender aspects of home quarantine, this research aims at understanding ...
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The specificity of the coronavirus pandemic is indebted to the ironic fact of returning to the ancient tradition of quarantine at the threshold of the 21st century and the utmost progress of medicine and hygiene. Considering the gender aspects of home quarantine, this research aims at understanding women’s gendered experience of COVID-19. Under the verstehen interpretive paradigm, we analyze the experiences of twenty-three 30-52-year-old, married women who were interviewed during the first home quarantine in 2020. The content analysis of these women’s experiences gave us four conceptual patterns include crisis, female double subjectivity and endurance, feminine suspense and body management under the panic, and masculinity and the deconstruction of the dominant image by returning to the importance of fathers’ status. Overall, the calling of women to the center of the crisis and the disruption of the usual social order offers the Iranian women a historically subjective role and the opportunity to construct a different image of their feminine self in individual, family, and social levels. Meanwhile, the genealogy of pandemics shows that the centrality of the “housewife” as the dominant discourse under crisis is temporal, as the society returns to its misogynist origin with the passage of the crisis..
Introduction
COVID-19 as a critical global incident in the 21st century emerged in the utmost development of medicine and of global health metrics. The unknown nature of the pandemic and of the preventative and treatment methods, in addition to the fear of the high risk of contamination and death, added to the curiosity of the disease and the mismanagement of the whole condition. In consequence, the most they could do about it has been to apply the traditional Middle Ages method of quarantine. As the sole preventative and even treatment method, home quarantine turned home and family into the main alternative in front of governments in retreating COVIC-19. The social understanding of COVID-19 as a disaster in its primitive treatment framework finds additional gender orientations.
Research Question(s)
The current research answers two questions: 1) what is women’s gendered experience of themselves and the male other during COVID-19? And 2) how has the process of women’s subjectivity in their reflexivity of selves, the other, and the social world during COVID-19 been experienced?
Literature Review
Gender is the most important and original element in the construction and meaning of the self (Wharton, 2012: 37); thus, it provides the major source of knowledge for constructing the male or female self (Goffman, 1977: 301-331). It is constructed through the social process known as tenderization (Macé, 2015: 17-18), representing the social status, and the rationality and legitimacy of one of the fundamental divisions and various social orders that are observed in every society. It is the socio-cultural and micro-political produce (West and Zimmerman, 1987: 125-151) that is maintained in a body of gendered behaviors and expectations constantly obtained and lived as part of the socialization process (Holmes, 2010: 125-151). Understanding gender as a social phenomenon that has stood the test of time, adds to the significance of gender experiences in a crisis-relevant framework.
Disasters expose individuals to conscious action by interrupting the ordinary flow of everyday life and setting them free of the habitual norms of thinking and acting (Schütz, 2003: 19). Crisis is defined as a trial opportunity in terms of encircling people in painful situations that oblige finding new skills and creative problem-solving capabilities, mostly accompanied by pain and pressure (Martuccelli and de Singly, 2012: 73-80). The trial and the social experience that comes with it, are the intersection of individuals and the social structure, in which the rationale for action emerges during the trial situation and the social experience, itself composed of three segments: “integration”, “strategy” and “subjectivation” (Dubet, 1994: 136(. The social world is the context in which effective action takes place in the heart of experience and the knowledge of the surroundings. The individual’s knowledge of the social lifeworld is organized around the meaning of her actions under circumstances where she targets the control of her lifeworld and social relationships and locates herself at the center to recognize and utilize the elements that maximize this purpose (Schütz, 2003: 10-11). The social experience and the improvement of capabilities that are required for dealing with difficult situations are inclusive of the two processes of subjectivity and reflexivity.
Subjectivity is a fulfilled social process formed around the reflexive subject in which, in a process of working on the self, the subject attains new consciousness for the constant reflexivity, redefinition, moderation, and reformation of one’s consciousnesses and actions. In this process, personal life turns into a project open to new restrictions, worries, and concerns as well as new opportunities and untried experiences (Giddens, 2021: 22). Reflexivity is performed in a bedrock of the individual’s critical distanciation from and assessment of oneself, others, and the social lifeworld (Martuccelli and de Singly, 2012: 73-80). Therefore, reflexivity and “the narrative of individuation” in modernity are understood and experienced in the context of internal and external clashes (Bertucci, 2009: 43-55).
Methodology
After defining the individual and his conception of social reality as the prospects for understanding social phenomena (Martuccelli and de Singly 2012: 76), this research is conducted in the verstehen interpretive framework and constructivist epistemology. The method applied is basic qualitative research (Merriam, 2015: 46-48) and the techniques for gathering and analyzing data are semi-structured in-depth interview and thematic analysis. The sampling method is purposive while the population is made of 23 married women between 30-52 from Tehran and Alborz provinces while maximum diversity in age, appearance and class and religious affiliations has been observed in their selection. Due to the state of quarantine in 2020, the interviews were conducted via WhatsApp application and in the form of oral questions and answers that have been defined based on the research guidelines.
Results
Four dominant meaning patterns and their sub-meanings as identified in the thematic analysis of interviewee’s narratives include: crisis, subjectivity and double feminine resilience (the loss of the functionality of the concept of roles in explaining the complexity of feminine experience, the frustration with being oneself and the resulting duplication of crisis harms, the emergence of woman as the heroin subject), suspension of femininity and body management under disease panic (deference of femininity in the return to the natural body, the unbearableness of the lived time waiting for the disaster, the deferred gendered life in the panic of the moment of crisis), masculinity and the deconstruction of the dominant image in crises (the perplexity of masculinity in the entanglement of the spaces for social familial life, the lack of domestic work skills and men’s avoidance from the private sphere, expectation for disaster and the lack of masculine authority), and the return to the importance of paternal status in the experience of crisis (the absence of paternal emotional authority in waiting for disaster, gendered consciousness in the shared experience of disaster and the demand for the presence of father, financial support as the precondition for good fatherhood).
Demographic information table
City of Residence
Marital Status/Number of Children
Employ
Education
Age
Name
Number
Tehran
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
36
Sima
1
Damavand
1
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
36
Mehri
2
Tehran
1
Housekeeper/ Home job
Bachelor’s degree
38
Fatameh
3
Tehran
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
36
Saba
4
Karaj
2
Employee
Master
52
Hanieh
5
Mehr-shahr (Alborz)
2
Employee
Bachelor’s degree
48
Fahimeh
6
Karaj
2
Teacher
-
-
Mahoor
7
Tehran
2/ widow
Teacher
Master
44
Zeynab
8
Karaj
1
Employee
Master
38
Samareh
9
Tehran
1
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
30
Pariya
10
Karaj
1
Pharmacist
PhD in Pharmacy
38
Shamisa
11
Damavand
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
36
Sahar
12
Karaj
1+ Pregnant
Teacher
Bachelor’s degree
36
Sogol
13
Tehran
2
Employee
Bachelor’s degree
35
Mina
14
Tehran
1
Housekeeper
Master
38
Mehrana
15
Tehran
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
40
Azadeh
16
Tehran
1/Ddivorced
Teacher
Bachelor’s degree
40
Mahshad
17
Mehr-shahr (Alborz)
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
41
Asal
18
Roudehen
-
Employee
Bachelor’s degree
30
Soheyla
19
Tehran
2
Nurse
Master
39
Minoo
20
Kamal-shahr (Alborz)
1
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
37
Samira
21
Roudehen
2
Teacher
Bachelor’s degree
38
Mojgan
22
Roudehen
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
37
Elham
21
Conclusion
The COVID-19 crisis as compared to other disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and war, has been experienced around the center of home and family, leading to the disruption of the normal, everyday life order of the house. Defining home quarantine at the core of controlling the disease brings women to the central position in crisis management. At this central position, women begin to work on their feminine self, learn new skills, and improve these capabilities due to the demand that is created by the crisis and the disruption of the previous order of social life. Meanwhile, and especially because of the absence of the government, further pressure, mental and psychological, put on women for appropriate reaction. Overall, in the dominant discourse of social sciences which is defined with pathological approaches, being under such circumstances of extra pressure makes people, especially women, more vulnerable. This is while the COVID-19 crisis has been a historical moment in women’s subjectivity and individuality, especially for Iranian women. Nevertheless, the historical accounts of pandemics as crises and disasters show that though women are the subjects called to the center in all these accounts, as a result of which house and household management around the discourse of the “housewife” turns into the dominant discourse, this centralization of femininity is temporal and restricted to those historical moments. With the return of society to its normal order, women are once again deprived of the central position; in other words, the misogynist genealogy is back there as the dominant discourse.
Acknowledgments
I am obliged to the Allameh Tabatabae’i University for allowing me to conduct this research. I extend my gratitude to Dr. Dabbaghi, Faculty of the ATU for her kind assistance in compiling the research proposal and completing the interviews, Dr. Shf'ati for joining the team in the initial analysis of data, and Dr. Khazaei, Faculty of the University of Tehran and the main colleague of the project.
Ebrahim Salehabadi
Abstract
The purpose of writing this article is to provide a critical model for social science book criticism to help the research in social sciences by confronting the main research model. The method of this article is review and criticism. In this article, 25 treatises-books are reviewed in the field ...
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The purpose of writing this article is to provide a critical model for social science book criticism to help the research in social sciences by confronting the main research model. The method of this article is review and criticism. In this article, 25 treatises-books are reviewed in the field of political sociology and political science. The research shows that the most important research harms in Iranian political sociology and political science are as follows: incorrect establishment of causal relationships between variables, not having the problem as a puzzle and confusion between the problem and the question, excessive fascination of the researcher with theories and failure to present causal mechanisms, inappropriate use of establishing Causal relationships in research. The research showed that the time gap between master's and doctorate courses, the gap between published articles and the academic gap between master's degree and doctorate, the type of university and the field of study of researchers have an effect on the disadvantages of research.Research problems can be reduced by using the following solutions:
A- Highlighting inconsistency, inconsistency, contradiction and mystery in the statement of the problem.
B- Recalling and rereading research records in stating the problem, research findings and the whole research.
C- Minimizing theoretical issues, but minimizing research history can make research more fruitful
D- Presenting reasoning, reasoning and presenting causal mechanisms to communicate causality.
E- Criticism and elimination of faulty causal relationships.
Keywords: Disadvantages of research, Political sociology, Critical method, Dissertation-book, Iran.
Introduction and problem statement
The purpose of writing this article is to present a critical model for criticizing social science books, so that by confronting it with the main pattern of research, it can help to research in social sciences. It is certain that our main pattern and criteria for comparison are not clear from criticism. What is important to us is to open the door for critical examination of social science works. Therefore, in this article, we will try to examine the most important damage of the conducted research. It should be noted that the pathological examination of this research does not mean ignoring the positive points of the research; but rather a critical assessment form rather than mere evaluation
Analytical and conceptual framework
Research in different disciplines of science is done in different ways and it is impossible to introduce a specific method that is applicable in all branches of science. However, the general principle of this research is in different disciplines that are more similar than they are together. in any form and in any field that is done; always subject to codified and logical instructions that assist scholars in doing their work Applying these guidelines enables them to evaluate the results and works of other research while gaining more confidence in the accuracy of the results of their work. According to this research, we have examined and criticized the scientific and research texts:
Criticism of the problem statement.
Theories criticism
Review of research background
Criticism of method.
Criticism of the findings.
Criticism of solutions and suggestions.
Formal and procedural criticism
Methodology
The method of this article is a review and attempts to discover the damage done by using review and evaluation of works. The examined sample is 25 theses-books in the field of political sociology and political science, which were previously defended as a doctoral dissertation in Iranian universities. The selection of these cases is due to the fact that it is a doctoral dissertation in the field of Iranian political sociology, which was conducted in Iranian universities as a research and published as a book.
Results
In the descriptive part of the study, it it is shown that% 28 of the produced works (theses-books) have formal problems (spelling, compositional and referential, etc.) in large and very high levels that make them difficult to read and study. Among the 25 investigated works, 16 theses-books lack the problem (%64). Among these works four works had a question; but they had no problem. It is interesting to note that 9 researchers (%36) did not follow up on their problem and question and abandoned it.
Eighteen researchers (%72) did not review the research background and 80% of them did not did not receive help from the background and history of the research in stating the problem. Most of these have methodological problems. %72 of theses-books have problems in establishing a causal relationship, % 76 of them have problems with data and data information, and they have the same amount of credit problem. Among the 25 reviewed works, 13 researches (52 percent) do not answer the problems and questions. The study shows that researchers have sought to confirm their theories rather than disprove them.
In the explanatory part, in the final analysis and analysis, the factors related to scientific problems and issues are as follows:
Discontinuities: Among the discontinuities raised in this article, the distance between the scholars’ educational and academic courses of the researchers, the university where the researcher's master's degree and doctorate studies are not the same, and the discontinuity between the subjects studied by the researcher have an effect on the damage of the research.
Type of university: research shows that the least academic problems and harms are related to studying in foreign universities and the most problems are related to studying in non-governmental universities.
Field of study: The research showed that the researchers of the field of study of political science have more problem statement, method and general problems than sociology.
Discussion
In the intuitive and experimental understanding, it seems that the strength and weakness of the research results from the type of university and the type of study field and the interactive effect of the two. The research shows that the most research problems (methodological problems and statement of the problem) are among the PhD graduates of political science in non-government universities, and the least is related to the PhD in sociology in public universities. From the perspective of research problems, the published works of public universities are less problematic than non-governmental universities, and sociology is less problematic than political science. In the analysis and explanation of this case, it should be said that a student of political science spends 10 credits in research method until obtaining a doctorate; While a student of social sciences takes 24 units of research methods (not including practical work) until getting a doctorate. So; if this analysis is correct, the amount of methodological problems in the field of political science should be higher than in sociology, which confirms their reality.
Conclusion
The author of the article believes that by using the following strategies, it is possible to reduce the research damage and improve the research situation: A. Highlighting inconsistency, inconsistency, contradiction and mystery in the problem statement section. B. Calling and rereading the research record in the statement of the problem, research findings and the whole research. C. Minimizing the theoretical issues, however, minimizing the research history can make the research more fruitful. D. Providing reasoning, argumentation, and providing causal mechanisms to communicate causally. E. Criticism and elimination of faulty causal relationships.
In removing these harms from the research, it can be suggested that the researchers consider their persuasion and the readers of the book, whether the book's audience considers the researcher's claims and the researcher's arguments to be proven and correct or not? And will the reader be convinced by reading the book or not?
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all those who assisted us in various ways for conducting the research.
Sociology
SeyedehHajar Hosseini; Ahmad kalateh sadati
Abstract
The research was conducted with the aim of reviewing the foundational fields, study focus, and future prospects of the sociology of medical education, with a view on Iran's situation. The method is a non-systematic and narrative review. Data were collected to retrieval and analysis of written documents ...
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The research was conducted with the aim of reviewing the foundational fields, study focus, and future prospects of the sociology of medical education, with a view on Iran's situation. The method is a non-systematic and narrative review. Data were collected to retrieval and analysis of written documents spanning the past 70 years (1950s to 2020s). The keywords were searched in scientific databases in Iran and around the world. The inclusion criteria were purposeful and cumulative, focusing on "Matching keywords," "Top-cited, indexed, and meaningful" articles related to "Medical students, physicians, institutions/medical system," with at least one writer in the field of sociology. Extraction and synthesis of information involved thematic content analysis and historical sequencing. The research focuses on the originality of documents and adherence to ethical standards. According to the results, the sociology of medical education is one of the focal points of sociological knowledge production, that is extensively studied around the world. However, its presence in the medical and sociological societies of Iran is not wellknown. There are only a few examples of theoretical and experimental works in this field in Iran. The possibility of moving within existing axes and exploring various potential "Epistemological and research perspectives" is considerable.
Tahereh Khazaei
Abstract
Despite its widespread use as an equivalent for immigrant populations, the term diaspora remains semantically and theoretically ambiguous. This study hypothesizes that the term diaspora fails to represent Iranian immigration and its divergent heterogeneities. Discussing theoretical approaches to diaspora, ...
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Despite its widespread use as an equivalent for immigrant populations, the term diaspora remains semantically and theoretically ambiguous. This study hypothesizes that the term diaspora fails to represent Iranian immigration and its divergent heterogeneities. Discussing theoretical approaches to diaspora, the characteristics of Iranian immigration, and the findings of interviews with forty young Iranian immigrants living in France, the present study attempts to offer a more suitable alternative to the term diaspora. It will be revealed that the heterogeneity of Iranian immigration in causes, conception of immigration experience, as well as disinclination to create a unified community in host countries, leads Iranians living outside their country to form small and scattered clusters and live on isolated islands. The term proposed to be used in lieu of diaspora is “archipelago ethnicity”, which shows both the heterogeneity and divergence in Iranian immigration in general and represents the only connection between the scattered and isolated islands, i.e., being Iranian.
Sociology
Tahereh Khazaei
Abstract
The present research is aimed at understanding the experiences of Iranian women in France as immigrants regarding their body and dress norms. The study was conducted based on a comprehensive sociological analysis of the work of individuation of social actors and through a comprehensive survey and thematic ...
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The present research is aimed at understanding the experiences of Iranian women in France as immigrants regarding their body and dress norms. The study was conducted based on a comprehensive sociological analysis of the work of individuation of social actors and through a comprehensive survey and thematic analysis. Deep semi-structured talks were held with the participants, composed of 24 Iranian women aged between 26 to 42 years old who had been living between one to 15 years in France. The results indicate that there are four types of comprehension of the body, including comprehension of the body as an aesthetic, banal, emancipatory and sexual object. Also, three strategies were recognized including integration, differentiation and singularization in the immigration interview. In the process of making their feminine selves reach hegemonic feminity with their dressing codification, the women have different experiences ranging from adaptation to consistent syncretization of French and Iranian dressing codes and heterogeneous norms.
Mohammad Osman Hosseinbor; Abdolrasol Hasanifar
Abstract
Investigating the interactions between religion and politics, or in other words, the political role of clergy or religious forces is one of the most important subjects of Iran socity in recent centuries. Considering this fact that the process of modernization in many countries has helped to undermine ...
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Investigating the interactions between religion and politics, or in other words, the political role of clergy or religious forces is one of the most important subjects of Iran socity in recent centuries. Considering this fact that the process of modernization in many countries has helped to undermine religious traditions, phenomena such as Islamic Iranian revolution and the growth of Islamic fundamentalism have doubled the importance of this matter. This article, through a historical overview of the changes in Iran during Reza Shah and based on the theory of John Kenneth Galbraith, try to study the political role of the clergy in this period and their relationships with Reza shah. In this regard, two periods can be distinguished. In a period, the clergy have an active and outstanding political role and even in a kind of legitimacy of power and government. But in other period, their political role was weak and against Reza Shah. The difference between the political role of the clergy in the period of Reza Shah has a direct relationship with the resources and means of power of clergy on the one hand and Reza shah on the other hand. Keywords: clergy, Reza Shah, power, Iran, theory of Galbraith.
Seyed Abdolreza Hosseini
Abstract
Basing the analyze on the index of water balance and perusing the origins of water scarcity in Iran, leads the research beyond the field of hydrology and ascribed it to the spatial distribution of population alongside the political delimitation. The socio-demographic centralized process of urbanization ...
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Basing the analyze on the index of water balance and perusing the origins of water scarcity in Iran, leads the research beyond the field of hydrology and ascribed it to the spatial distribution of population alongside the political delimitation. The socio-demographic centralized process of urbanization of the last century, particularly in Central Plateau and Salt Lake catchment, caused the unsustainable water balance and inflicted the needs and logic of homo economicus to the natural geography. Not only imposing the Rationale of accumulative-consumptionist life of human beings to that of nature, this process aroused the inequality by growth and spread of concentrated poverty. Alongside, the incompatibility of politico-hydrological delimitation, which has been sedimented through centuries, by imposing the logic of politics (and economics) to nature, disturbing the hydrological order of catchments and transporting water between catchment, problematize sustainability. The topic of sustainability, as a taken-for-granted and unquestionable resolution to the social and environmental crises, in the specific condition of Iran in recent decades, brings about the necessity of analyzing, alongside criticizing the structural and internal contradictions of sustainability per se. Concentrating on water field and applying historical-statistical analyses of water resources management in Iran, the realization of sustainability is here probed.
Volume 22, Issue 70 , March 2015, , Pages 160-198
Abstract
Abstract:Although, the emergence of ethnic movements in Iran cannot be reduced merely to the role of the left movement, the left movement's role in Iran's ethnic areas is a significant reality for studying ethnic flows in Iran. Baluchestan is the one of these ethnic areas. During the Islamic Revolution, ...
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Abstract:Although, the emergence of ethnic movements in Iran cannot be reduced merely to the role of the left movement, the left movement's role in Iran's ethnic areas is a significant reality for studying ethnic flows in Iran. Baluchestan is the one of these ethnic areas. During the Islamic Revolution, Baluchestan for the first time saw the emergence of left-wing groups and activities. The main founders of these groups were educated Baluches. According to the novelty of these groups, their founders and their demands, the lasting socio - political structures of Baluchestan, these groups in Baluchestan faced little attention and as a result their programs failed. In this article, an ethnic literature has been referred for theoretical explanation of the tendency of the ethnic groups to the left movement in Iran. After that, for understanding the factors of failure of the left movement in Baluchestan, the socio - political structures of Baluchestan as inappropriate context for the leftist groups’ activities since the formation of the Pahlavi modern state to the Islamic Revolution has been studied. The results of this study show that the power of the traditional elites and trends, strong relationships based on tribe and clan, low level of education, Urbanization weakness, small class of modern elites and the disproportionately strategy of the leftist groups, were the factors of the failure of the left movement in Baluchestan.
Nezam Bahrami Komeil
Abstract
Nezam Bahrami Komeil Date of Receive: 2014/2/28Date of Accept: 2014/8/11AbstractModernity is the subject that can be studied from different aspects, in which political dimension is the most significant one. As it will be shown, the importance of "political modernity” is that it provides an appropriate ...
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Nezam Bahrami Komeil Date of Receive: 2014/2/28Date of Accept: 2014/8/11AbstractModernity is the subject that can be studied from different aspects, in which political dimension is the most significant one. As it will be shown, the importance of "political modernity” is that it provides an appropriate measure to differentiate the structure of societies and political conditions, especially the government. This research tries to answer the main question: what is the position of the components of political modernity in the thought of some prominent clergies who were pro and against the constitutional movement? To do this, historical research and conceptual analysis method are used. Result shows that critical clergies opposed the components of political modernity, while advocates could not fully cop with its contradictions with religious values.
aboutorab talebi
Abstract
This paper investigates an aspect of new sectarianism with special emphasis on New Spirituality in Iran. It uses the theory of subjectivism proposed by Canadian thinker, Charles Taylor, alongside Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis to analyze signs of new spiritualism. Data was collected through ...
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This paper investigates an aspect of new sectarianism with special emphasis on New Spirituality in Iran. It uses the theory of subjectivism proposed by Canadian thinker, Charles Taylor, alongside Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis to analyze signs of new spiritualism. Data was collected through examining available resources and through deep interviews with advocates of this discourse. Examining available resources revealed that the semantic system of spirituality is as a discourse based on a number of themes and signs, including: centrality of the self, i.e. a journey from a life in line with external demands to an authentic, original life in the inside, individualism, holistic attitude, hybridity, and using psychology and individuality. Empirical studies have proven that the formation of new spiritualism as a discourse was an indication of internal conflicts and ambiguities in making sense of religious discourse. This issue was a challenge for the development of religious discourse and a threat to its face as the dominant discourse, which finally opened up the gates for discourse of spirituality. Studies indicate that this discourse is still in the phase of formation in Iran. In other words, it is not yet stable and its meanings are not yet clear, and, therefore, is far from turning into a hegemonic discourse.
mohamad abdolahi
Abstract
This meta analysis includes 50 articles concerning national identity. These are the main articles which have been introduced by the Bibliography of Social Identity published in 2009. All information of these articles has been extracted by the means of a form comprised of 22 questions. The information ...
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This meta analysis includes 50 articles concerning national identity. These are the main articles which have been introduced by the Bibliography of Social Identity published in 2009. All information of these articles has been extracted by the means of a form comprised of 22 questions. The information was analysed by quantitative and qualitative techniques. The findings indicate that the most of articles have explanatory characteristic, but 90 percent of them do not have any literature review. The dominant paradigms of these articles are reductionistic with superficial qualitative methods. Regarding a few of these articles, the national identity is an old and essential phenomenon, but in the majority of them national identity is a new emergent phenomenon coincided with the process of modernization, globalization and the formation of modern state in Iran. Todays this national identity is changing and getting into crisis. This crisis has been explained differently in these articles. In spite of some weaknesses of these articles such as the theoretical and methodological reductionism, they have some strong points such as paying attention to the historical, cultural, religious, social and political dimensions of national identity, describing and explaining the past, present and the future state of national identity and the process of it׳s changes.
ahmad golmohamadi
Abstract
In recent three decades we have been witnessing increasing attention to culture in many fields of social sciences, including political science. Most prominent example of this development is restoration of theoretical research and case studies on political culture. So there has been an increasing volume ...
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In recent three decades we have been witnessing increasing attention to culture in many fields of social sciences, including political science. Most prominent example of this development is restoration of theoretical research and case studies on political culture. So there has been an increasing volume of different data collection about political culture of various societies by many researchers and research centers. Referring to these developments, the aim of this article is explaining recent increasing importance of researching political culture. So, firstly, we glance through genesis and development of researching political culture since 1950s. Then we'll try to recognize main factors that caused the revival of researching political culture in last decades of 20th century. Next part of the article introduces some important examples of such restoration, especially some researches and research centers. Finally, we depict characteristics of researching political culture in Iran.
seyed mohsen saeedi madani
Volume 16, Issue 46 , November 2009, , Pages 161-186
Abstract
This article aims to compare classes system of caste in Rig• Vedic and Shah Namah which has made the two social structure in India and Iran societies. Although it is evident that the early Aryans who migrated into India were nomadic people, it is hard to presume that they had no social classes among ...
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This article aims to compare classes system of caste in Rig• Vedic and Shah Namah which has made the two social structure in India and Iran societies. Although it is evident that the early Aryans who migrated into India were nomadic people, it is hard to presume that they had no social classes among themselves for the Ring- Vedic hymns certainly present glimpses of three Distinct classes, These Rig - Vedic classes i.e. Brahman (priest) Rajanya (nobility) and Vaisya (commoner) formed the basis of the development of higher castes. Although we can see this three distinct in Shah Namah classes i.e. Kartoziyan (Priest), Neisriyan(Army), Basody(Farmer) and Ahto khoshy (Craftsman) This Rig- Vedic classification form a very close parallel to the Shah Namah's Iranian social classes. thre is much justification to in for that both systems have had a common origin. It is almost evidently established that the Aryan migration into India was a gradual over flow from Iran. It is obvious that the Rig - Vedic social classes were originated outside India and were diffused into India with Aryans.
hamid abdollahian; hiseyn hasani
Volume 16, Issue 47 , February 2009, , Pages 125-165
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to offer a study on the mechanism of representing Irano-Islamic discoursive elements in the Iranian TV commercial advertising. The problem dealt with in this paper pertains to the Iranian constitutional law that urges the national media to contribute to the development ...
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The objective of this paper is to offer a study on the mechanism of representing Irano-Islamic discoursive elements in the Iranian TV commercial advertising. The problem dealt with in this paper pertains to the Iranian constitutional law that urges the national media to contribute to the development of Irano-Islamic cultural codes. We treat the commercial advertisements as cultural texts and then we study and analyze them based on Rolan Barthes's semilogic approach. The primary findings of our analysis indicated that although these advertisements used religious and cultural symbols in their content in order to advertise commodities, they in fact used these symbols as an instrument to instigate the buying motif of their audience and did not contribute to development of religious teachings. The advertisements also used national symbols to construct motivating advertisements but these they were only used as slogans and clishe and not as a tools to improve national identity. Generally speaking, Iranian TV advertisements have not been successful in representing Irano-Islamic discourse and have not reached the targeted objectives made clear in constitution.
ali asghar kia; hoseyn zarei
Volume 13, Issue 36 , February 2007, , Pages 145-161
Abstract
The second war of the US-led coalition forces against Iraq. started m March 2001. is one of the srgnificarumternational events in the first years of the 21st century. The triumph of America and its allies to topple Saddam's regime to establish a "democratic system" in Iraq was an indication of new approaches, ...
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The second war of the US-led coalition forces against Iraq. started m March 2001. is one of the srgnificarumternational events in the first years of the 21st century. The triumph of America and its allies to topple Saddam's regime to establish a "democratic system" in Iraq was an indication of new approaches, policies and viewpoints in the mtcrnational sphere, as well as demonstrating technological supremacy and fighting power of coalition forces. There are the quality of OC\\'S released by media . especially the press about the war in Iraq and subsequent events can be considered very important. In the current study, the coverage of lraq,s developments in the two Iranian papcrs-Kayhan and the Sharq- and two American magazics-Tirne and Newsweek- is evaluated using content analysis, within a period of two months following the transition of power to lraqics. The main purpose of the study is to assess the presentation of traq.s events in the above publications with a focus on the dominant political points of view in each country. The Finding show that the image oflraq s suuation indicated in the t\VO Iranian papers (Kayhan and Sharq) was mostly "biased", while this image in the American publications (Time and Newsweek] was "neutral". On the other hand, the accordance of the two Iranian papers with their respective government s policies towards Iraq was higher than the l\VO American publications' accordance with the U.S. administrauon,s polices.
mehdi mohsenian raad
Volume 12, Issue 28.29 , May 2005, , Pages 1-6
mohammad abdollahi; omid ghader zadeh
Volume 10, Issue 24 , February 2004, , Pages 1-36
Abstract
One of the most secure channels of achieving social consensus and solidarity in Iran is the feeling of intimacy and social acceptance among the Iranian ethnic communities and groups. Adopting a socialogical approach, the present study investigates the degree of social distance between the inhabitants ...
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One of the most secure channels of achieving social consensus and solidarity in Iran is the feeling of intimacy and social acceptance among the Iranian ethnic communities and groups. Adopting a socialogical approach, the present study investigates the degree of social distance between the inhabitants of Baneh (who are Kurds) and members of other ethnic communities. In this study, the term social distance refers to the tendency among members of an ethnic community to accept or reject members of other ethnic communities. The tendency encompasses cognitive and emotional dimensions together with preparedness for action an appropriate conceptual framework was therefore designed for the analysis. It reviews the micro - and macro - level perspectives and theories of sociology, social psychology and the existing empirical resources. The results of the interview with the sample which consisted of 399 inhabitants of Baneh, demonstrates that the interviewees feel the least distant from persian/Fars ethnic communities, and the most distant from Arab ethnic communities come first, and Azari, Baluch, Lor, and Arab ethnic communities come next in success on. The research findings show that micro-sociological approaches to the study of ethnic distance in Iran are insufficient. Considering the fact that ethnic distance, and consequently, ethnic interactions in Iran, are influenced by the cultural, social, political and economic atmosphere of the country and the historical developments related to this atmosphere, it is necessary to pay attention to macro-level perspectives and theories, such as Heshter's theory of internal colonialism, which is based on the role of variables such as deprivation, degree of economic inequity and discrimination among ethnic communities, and which emphasizes the formation of ethnic identity and mobilization, and to integrate these perspectives into micro-level theories. The findings of this study demonstrate that social distance exists among the ethnic communities of Iran. The study therefore places special emphasis on the formulation and adoption of an appropriate ethnic policy to reduce such adistance in the country.
ezatollah sam aram
Volume 8, Issue 13.14 , August 2001, , Pages 125-143
Abstract
This aruclc rs a summary or a survey carried out by the researcher in 2000. In this survey. 8710 rural youth who were 15-24 years old have been selected from 20 provinces. Among them, %95.9 have television sets (%49.2 colour TV, %50.8 black & white TV). According to this survey: %41.7 watch channel ...
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This aruclc rs a summary or a survey carried out by the researcher in 2000. In this survey. 8710 rural youth who were 15-24 years old have been selected from 20 provinces. Among them, %95.9 have television sets (%49.2 colour TV, %50.8 black & white TV). According to this survey: %41.7 watch channel 3 programs, %33.2 watch channel 1 programs, % 16.9 watch channel 2 programs. Less than %3 watch channels 4&5 programs. This survey shows that %21 of these people live in frontier provinces, but merely one per cent of them prefer watching the foreign TV progerams, especially in Southern provinces. Furthermore. this survey implies that about %81.5 of the people watch the movies broactcasted on fridays, %56.2 prefer watching the sports programs, and %28.1 of them watch the news. According to this survey, the satisfaction rate from the radio and television programs among the rural youth is as follows: %47.1 high; 'Jt37.5 mean: % 15.4 low and dissatisfied. Meanwhile. the above rate is generally higher among the rural young ladies. Those who live far from the cities are more satisfied than those who live near the cities. The rural young men mainly select channel 3; whereas, the ladies prefer the programs of channel I.
nader salar zadeh
Volume 8, Issue 13.14 , August 2001, , Pages 173-203
Abstract
The consumer cooperative of "Sepah" is one of the important cooperatives of Iran. [Sepah] consumer cooperatives with sufficient capital and suitable management play an important role in fair distribution of welfare in Iran, considering the primary purposes of these cooperatives, i.e. responding to the ...
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The consumer cooperative of "Sepah" is one of the important cooperatives of Iran. [Sepah] consumer cooperatives with sufficient capital and suitable management play an important role in fair distribution of welfare in Iran, considering the primary purposes of these cooperatives, i.e. responding to the consumption needs of their members, and the acceptable services they provide. lt is suggested that the number of these cooperatives to be increased. In this way, consumer cooperatives may have a modifying role in the market place, and in inhancing the purchasing power of low-income strata. Owing to the successful record of "Sepah" consumer cooperatives, it is also suggested that other cooperatives may study and adopt the managerial experiences of these cooperatives.
mohamad hoseyn panahi
Volume 7, Issue 11.12 , March 2001, , Pages 63-84
Abstract
Slogans are considered as a useful and valuable reference in analyzing various revolutionary trends. In case of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, these references have not been studied sociologically yet. The writer of this article intends to analyze the backgrounds and objectives of the Islamic Revolution ...
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Slogans are considered as a useful and valuable reference in analyzing various revolutionary trends. In case of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, these references have not been studied sociologically yet. The writer of this article intends to analyze the backgrounds and objectives of the Islamic Revolution based on its slogans. First of all, the writer has explained the compilation and separation procedures of the slogans (nearly 4150 slogans). Then, demonstrating the related tables and figures, he has tried to clarify the backgrounds of the Islamic Revolution. Finally, some conclusions from the content analysis of the slogans have been presented. According to this research, the undesirable cultural and political conditions of the Pahlavi Government are considered as the most important factors leading to the Islamic Revolution of Iran.
ebrahim pasha
Volume 6, Issue 10 , August 1998, , Pages 1-16
Abstract
This study deals with some major problems that are specially involved in conduct of social research in Iran. In response to the problem, a few points are elaborated in terms of both theory and research. iddiction to drugs. These families were selected by "sampling". Some of the achieved results prove ...
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This study deals with some major problems that are specially involved in conduct of social research in Iran. In response to the problem, a few points are elaborated in terms of both theory and research. iddiction to drugs. These families were selected by "sampling". Some of the achieved results prove that in addicted-father families: - The children neglect to honor their father; - They refuse to obey their father; - They are dissatisfied with their father's presence at home; - They are not grieved of their father's Jong absences; - Their associate to the gangs out of their homes; - They violence and aggressiveness are increased in comparison with those of the second group. On the other hand, the economical and supporting roles of the [addicted] fathers are weakened terribly; therefore, the children in problematic situations do not take their father in to account. The wives of the addicted men do also suffer the lack of their husbands' supports. They feel ashamed of their husbands in different situations. In addition, the rate of violence and aggressiveness among the principal elements of the father-addicted families is very high; therefore, the desire to ill-treatment and deviation among their children is very intense.
mehdi mohsenian raad
Volume 6, Issue 10 , August 1998, , Pages 17-46
Abstract
This article is a precis of a 553-pages report which reflects the status of criticism in the Iranian press, the roots of forming criticism in the Iranian press, and the ways to increase the applications of criticism in the Iranian press. Accepting the documentary, rationalistic critiques can promote ...
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This article is a precis of a 553-pages report which reflects the status of criticism in the Iranian press, the roots of forming criticism in the Iranian press, and the ways to increase the applications of criticism in the Iranian press. Accepting the documentary, rationalistic critiques can promote the awareness and The writer wants to explain the following objectives: a) The general purpose is to evaluate the effects of the father's addiction on hi: family's functions; b} The specific purposes are to evalua�e the effects of the father's addiction on the socialozation of the children, father's economical and supporting roles, and socia relations of his family members. According to the preliminary studies and theoric examinations, it has beer concluded that the following factors and categories are disturbed in a addicted-father family: a) socialization of children; b) father's authority and economical role; c) supporting role of the father; d) social relations among the family members; On the basis of the above conclusions, four general hypothesises were provided and the research framework was drawn, comparing two groups of families · havim addicted and non-addicted fathers-in Tehran. This research which is a comparative-explanatory one, was realized by means o planned comparison. In this research, two groups of families were selected: 1. The main group, including one hundred families in Tehran, bearing the followiru specifications: a) having 5-12 years old children; b) father's addiction to Heroin; c) duration of addiction, more than five years; d) living of the father with his family until the time of the interview. 2. The comparison group, incluiding one hundred families without father' Furthermore, in recent years in Iran, many social problems which have been reflected in the Persian literary texts, have been deeply considered. This article has been prepared on the base of the two above-mentioned point of views.
Volume 6, Issue 10 , August 1998, , Pages 163-198
Abstract
The main objective of this article is to investigate critically the scientific mainstreams of anthropology and its aftermaths in Iran. Three major branches of anthropology of Iran are as following: 1- Islamic-Iranian anthropology 2- Academic anthropology 3- Informal anthropology These three branches ...
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The main objective of this article is to investigate critically the scientific mainstreams of anthropology and its aftermaths in Iran. Three major branches of anthropology of Iran are as following: 1- Islamic-Iranian anthropology 2- Academic anthropology 3- Informal anthropology These three branches have been divided into two main courses according to the attitudes of anthropologists to the Iranian culture and society: a) engaged anthropology and b) aimless anthropology. Then the writer has tried to explain the pathoes and criticisms related to the aimless anthropology. Firally, the necessities of our society to consider the anthropology as a science for scientific stwdy of culture has been shown.
hasan saraai
Volume 5, Issue 9 , November 1997, , Pages 1-18
Abstract
In this article, we are going to explain remarkable changes in demographic trends of Iran, in the light of "the theory of demographic transition". At this stage of the research, the main findings are as follows: l. In pretransitional era, like any other countries at the same stage, fertility in Iran ...
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In this article, we are going to explain remarkable changes in demographic trends of Iran, in the light of "the theory of demographic transition". At this stage of the research, the main findings are as follows: l. In pretransitional era, like any other countries at the same stage, fertility in Iran was relatively stable at a very high level and mortality flunctuated widely around the expected average close to the level of fertility. But, compared to the demographic conditions of Western and Northern European countries at the same stage, level of fertility and mortality in lran appears to be remarkably higher. 2.Mortality transition of Iran should have started early in this century (in persian calender). But, compared to the Western experience, mortality transition in Iran started much later and from a much higher level, proceeded much faster, and all of these changes until recently occured while,in contrast to the Western eexperience, fertility remained relatively stable at a very high level. 3.Fertility transition of Iran should have started recently following the end of the Iran Iraq.war. Compared to the experience of Western Europe and Northern America, fertility transition of Iran started at a much higher level and appears to proceed at a much more rapid pace.
parichehr ebrahimi
Volume 5, Issue 9 , November 1997, , Pages 19-50
Abstract
The situation, development and status of the new middle class in present societies are among the important topics of discussions in the area of social stratification. In this paper, in a theoretical review, the status, situation, size and criterion of determining the new middle class have been discussed ...
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The situation, development and status of the new middle class in present societies are among the important topics of discussions in the area of social stratification. In this paper, in a theoretical review, the status, situation, size and criterion of determining the new middle class have been discussed about This bas been done through a) existing statistical iformation, b) a survey in Tehran, and c) literature review. The general characteristics of this class in advanced societies were studied and compared 10 the same in Iran, the result of which bas been exhibited in a table in the conclusion section of the paper.
