Mehdi Kaveh; Mansour Tabiee; Mahmood Shahabi; Habib Ahmadi
Abstract
Considering the close relationship between social policy making and political field, it’s attempted to analyze forming of social policies related to social harms during the revolution as a turning point in political developments with a view to Foucault's theory of governance. In order to objectify ...
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Considering the close relationship between social policy making and political field, it’s attempted to analyze forming of social policies related to social harms during the revolution as a turning point in political developments with a view to Foucault's theory of governance. In order to objectify the methodological steps, thematic analyses were used. Also in order to answer the research questions, the required data were used as non-reactive criteria and theoretical sampling method was used to select the samples. According to the prevailing social and political conditions, a revolutionary discourse that elaborates on the synchronization of moments of guilt / crime / harm, the dominance of the legal approach and judicial intervention, moral cleansing, protectionist policy-making and coping with disability. It made sense to dominate the sphere of social harm policy-making at the beginning of the revolution. In the discourse of this period, the social dimension of social harm policy-making in favor of the legal dimension was less considered. But the point to consider during the hegemony of policies was their social acceptance. It is necessary to pay serious attention to the issue of social acceptance, because social acceptance of any policy guarantees the success of that policy.
Pegah Roshanshomal; Hasan Saraie; Ardeshir Entezari; Mahmoud Moshfegh
Abstract
In recent years, many family concepts have undergone semantic changes. Since the child is the main focus of the family, parents and women's understanding of this concept will determine many decisions in the field of fertility. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the "meaning of a child" and examine ...
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In recent years, many family concepts have undergone semantic changes. Since the child is the main focus of the family, parents and women's understanding of this concept will determine many decisions in the field of fertility. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the "meaning of a child" and examine women's understanding of this concept. This research describes the actor's understanding of the meaning of a child with a qualitative approach. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with twenty married women with children and without children in Tehran by purposive sampling and analyzed by using Smith's six-step technique. The main theme of the research showed that a child is a dynamic and influential concept. In the emotional view, the themes of "good feeling," "filling the scene of life," and "hardness and sweetness" and in the supportive view, the themes of "generational support," "old age support," and "spiritual support" emerged from the findings. A child is a double-edged sword, which means that it is both an obstacle to growth and a factor for success and growth. Growth and development in the personal and marital sphere is one of the most important meanings of a child. A child is a container for filling emotions, which contributes to the stability and continuity of marriage by injecting good feelings. The findings of this study were able to present a clear picture of the meaning of a child.Keywords: Qualitative Method, Theme Analysis, Meaning, Child, Women, Tehran. IntroductionAs a result of the transition of the family after the Industrial Revolution, the form of families changed from extended to nuclear, and after that, choosing a spouse changed from an unconscious and forced state to a conscious and selective action. Accordingly, the age of marriage and after that the age of having children increased, and the family became more damaged in terms of continuity. Behind all these changes, what is important is the change of the most important function of the family, i.e. reproduction of the generation. In the necessity and importance of the issue, it is enough to pay attention to the age pyramid of the population, which is moving towards old age. What has happened in the field of reproductive behavior and leads the population towards old age is the concern of many thinkers. Therefore, focusing on the child and its meaning, in the first step, is much more important and necessary than establishing positive laws. The changes that have occurred in the field of family and fertility behavior indicate that deeper and more radical changes have occurred in the mind, i.e. the bed of meaning formation, the result of which was determined in practice.Research Question(s)What is the understanding of "child" by women in Tehran?What does a child mean from the point of view of married women?What meaning do the activists attribute to the child?What is the variety of the mental meaning of the activists of the child?Literature ReviewKarimi and Samani's findings showed that Iran has been a child-loving society and infertile people or people who do not have children for any reason are under severe pressure from the society. This causes many newlyweds to try to "be like everyone else" in order to gain social approval (Karimi 2016: 111). The results of Farahani and Kayani's research showed that the meaning of a child has changed over time. The view of today's women has changed compared to the women of previous generations. The change of meaning with the passage of time does not mean a change in the value of the child, because perhaps with the passage of time, not only the value of the child has not decreased, but a rational, perfectionist, and measured look for the decision on the time of childbearing and its number, is indicative of the value and quality of the child. So people tend to prepare the conditions in such a way that they can raise a child with better quality (Farahani 2015: 99). The findings of Hashminiya's research showed that economic components, parents' lost opportunity costs, family income, and employment status are influential in the attitude towards the child and shaping its meaning (Hasheminia 2017: 61).Kagi's research results indicate three different types of credits for children; 1. The economic value and benefit that requires the material participation of children in the family. (In childhood as a labor force and in adolescence and youth as a provider of old age security) 2. Psychological values, including happiness, pride, fun, love, hope, and companionship 3. Social and traditional values referring to the social acceptance of parents (Kagitcibasi: 2015: 374). Deir realized that happiness and personal well-being are among the meanings that parents attach to their children. Children are necessary to maintain the security of the marriage bond and create social security for parents in their old age and to preserve the lineage and name (Dyer 2007: 73). The findings of Rani and Babu's research indicated that economic, social, demographic and psychological factors are mixed with the explanation of the concept of child. In developing countries like India, economic drivers influence fertility behavior. The economic value of children includes their participation in work and creating a sense of security for parents in their old age. If children can be useful to their parents in these two areas, then having many children seems completely rational (Rani 2003).Materials and MethodsThis research, with a qualitative approach, has reconsidered the awareness of the meaning of child among married women with and without children. In choosing the questions to start the interview, along with exploratory interviews, we benefited from the meaning-oriented theories in the sociology of knowledge school, and from the child-oriented theories in the field of demography. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews with 25 married women (with children and without children) in the age range of 30 to 50 years old in Tehran, with targeted sampling and with maximum diversity, and using thematic content analysis (TA), analysis and the final report was prepared.ResultsThe meaning of a child from women's points of view is the result of the interaction of cultural and social contexts in which a person is located at a certain point in time. The meaning of a child from women's points of view is the result of many factors and events. What is considered as meaning is the result of gathering a set of external and internal factors that the actor encounters throughout his life. Considering the mentioned fact and the analysis of available data, the main theme of this research is that: "A child is a conceptual combination of emotional, intellectual, individual and collective fluid elements. This cultural entity gives meaning to a mother's life and plays a significant role in the construction of personal, sexual, and adult identity and the development of activist rationality.ConclusionThere are benefits and losses in every choice made by an active community activist, and no choice is without cost. The fertility behavior of the studied women (having or not having a child) is a kind of selective and conscious action along with rationality, which is formed in the context of child perception. How women see a child in society and what position and meaning they attach to it is the turning point that makes them choose to have or not have a child. In choosing not to have children, the activist experiences both personal growth and a degree of deprivation. On the other hand, having a child can be both a factor of destruction and a factor of growth.
Sociology
Saeedeh Amini; Fatemeh Omidi; Ardeshir Entezari
Abstract
Social protests, as non-institutional forms of political participation, are the undeniable reality of any society. The frequency and proliferation of this fact in history after the Islamic Revolution and its changes and transformations have doubled the need to pay attention to this form of collective ...
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Social protests, as non-institutional forms of political participation, are the undeniable reality of any society. The frequency and proliferation of this fact in history after the Islamic Revolution and its changes and transformations have doubled the need to pay attention to this form of collective action. Within these protests, the protestors have chanted these slogans, which, on the one hand, express their wishes and demands for political and social changes and their ideals for fundamental changes. On the other hand, these slogans are constructs of domestic and foreign media and virtual and real social networks. In this article, using content analysis method and based on the framing theory of Snow and Benford, an attempt has been made to analyze the slogans of the protests of the last three decades based on three interpretive frameworks and the main themes. Slogans are defined in each framework and each period of protests to reveal the thematic changes of slogans over three decades. The results show that in the protests of June 1999, the motivational framework, the protests after the presidential elections of 2009, and the protests of January 2018 and November 2019, the diagnostic framework carried the most weight among the slogans. The results of the analysis of the theme of the slogans also showed that in the protests of June 1999, Libertarian themes; in the protests of 2009, political justice themes, and in the protests of 2018 and 2019, anti-religious themes were the most frequent among other themes.
Women Studies
Mohammad Saleh Tayebnia; Rahele Kardavani; Saeedeh Yaraghy
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to explain the factors related to the attitude of students of Isfahan University towards the phenomenon of marriage, in the framework of a combined approach and using the exploratory-sequential strategy. The grounded theory method was used in the qualitative phase of the ...
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The purpose of this research is to explain the factors related to the attitude of students of Isfahan University towards the phenomenon of marriage, in the framework of a combined approach and using the exploratory-sequential strategy. The grounded theory method was used in the qualitative phase of the research, and the survey method was used in the quantitative phase. The results of this research show that the factors related to students' attitude towards marriage are able to explain the variance of this variable in a medium to high level. The effect coefficients have also shown the direct and significant effect of the variables of marriage imagery, subjective self-evaluation, academic atmosphere and consequentialism on students' attitude towards marriage, and the quantitative results of the research confirm the qualitative results to a large extent.IntroductionMarriage, as the foundation of family and social life, has taken on various forms and shapes in the contemporary world. In Iranian society, attitudes towards marriage and marital behavior have been influenced by the transformations of the modern world, as well as changing obstacles and challenges compared to the past. Despite its significance for society and the continuity of its structures, marriage has faced challenges in recent decades. Students are considered one of the most important social groups, primarily in the age range for marriage. The weakening inclination of students towards marriage and consequently the delay in their marriage can lead to significant cultural, social, and economic issues for the Iranian society in the future.The present study aims to adopt a pragmatic paradigm and utilize a combined strategic, action-oriented, and result-oriented approach in this regard. By applying this combined approach, the study seeks to find practical and implementable solutions to strengthen the inclination of students towards marriage and reduce the delay in their marriage.Literature ReviewResearch on various aspects of marriage has been extensive. However, no research has been conducted on the identification and explanation of factors related to students' attitudes towards marriage in the city of Isfahan. Sohrab Zadeh and Parnian (2016), in a qualitative study titled "Categorization of Girls' Inclination towards Marriage," identified seven categories of inclination towards marriage, including enclosed inclination and hierarchical categories influenced by postmodern discourse. These categories had characteristics such as acceptance of male dominance, women's citizenship, and the acceptance of religious and cultural obligations towards marriage. Avaresin and Nazari (2018), in their study titled "Attitudes of Islamic Azad University Tabriz Branch Students towards Marriage," using a descriptive-case study approach and an expectation measurement questionnaire, showed that realistic expectations of marriage were given higher priority, while pessimistic expectations had the lowest priority. Additionally, as age increased, the overall expectation of marriage decreased for realistic and idealistic marriage, while pessimistic expectations increased. It is worth noting that while the level of expectations from marriage was measured in this research, students' attitudes towards marriage were not investigated.Li (2014) demonstrated in their study on young people's attitudes towards marriage that children's attitudes towards marriage were highly dependent on the parent/family environment. Those whose parents experienced conflict, divorce, and post-divorce parental conflicts expressed a negative attitude towards marriage.The combined quantitative and qualitative approach, utilizing an exploratory-sequential strategy and developing a researcher-made questionnaire based on qualitative findings (identified concepts and categories), is one of the advantages of this research. Moreover, the inclusion of both male and female participants differentiates this study from previous ones.MethodologyThe research method used a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative approach involves the use of a questionnaire to collect data on students' attitudes towards marriage, while the qualitative approach includes in-depth interviews to explore the underlying factors influencing their attitudes. The participants in this research were selected from both male and female students, which allows for a comprehensive understanding of the topic. By including diverse perspectives, the study aims to capture a broader range of experiences and opinions related to marriage.The research process consists of several steps. First, a comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to identify existing theories and findings related to students' attitudes towards marriage. This review helped to establish a theoretical framework for the study and guideConclusionBased on the coding of the interviews, eight main themes were identified, including structured barriers, multidimensional self-evaluation, entrenched fear of failure, visualization of marriage, university environment, psychological-emotional consequences, social consequences, and economic consequences.Following that, the questions and hypotheses for the quantitative section were formulated:Question (1): What is the attitude of students towards marriage?Hypothesis (1): There is a difference in attitudes towards marriage between male and female students.Hypothesis (2): Qualitative variables have an impact on students' attitudes towards marriage.The results showed the following:a) The distribution of the research sample based on gender indicated that 8.34% of the sample were male students and 3.65% were female students.b) The average of the variable "attitude towards marriage" and its dimensions differs significantly from the hypothetical average. Therefore, factors related to students' attitudes towards marriage, on average, have the ability to explain the variance of this variable, indicating confidence in the findings.c) Furthermore, the values related to the estimation of the independent t-test indicate that there is a significant difference between male and female students in terms of their attitude towards marriage.d) The independent variables of the study, in total, explain 51% of the variance in the "attitude towards marriage" variable. Considering the values related to effect size and the coefficient of determination, this value is estimated to be large. In other words, the independent variables of the study have a high ability to explain the variance of the "attitude towards marriage" variable.
Demography
Reza Nobakht; Ahmad Dorahaki; Ali Ghasemi Ardahaee
Abstract
It is not correct to generalize the total fertility rate required for the level of replacement for all countries and regions, especially when the compared regions and countries show considerable differences in terms of the level of development. Using the method of Preston et al. 2003 and utilizing ...
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It is not correct to generalize the total fertility rate required for the level of replacement for all countries and regions, especially when the compared regions and countries show considerable differences in terms of the level of development. Using the method of Preston et al. 2003 and utilizing the country's registration and census data from 1385 to 1394, the present study estimated the total fertility rate required for replacement level in Iran and its various provinces. The findings indicate that the total fertility rate required for replacement level is 1.2 children for the years 1390 and 1394. The results also show that the total fertility rate required for replacement level is not the same in different provinces of Iran. For 1390, this index for Sistan and Baluchistan province was 2.3, for the provinces of South Khorasan, Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari, Hormozgan, Kahkiloyeh and Boyer Ahmad, East Azerbaijan, Ilam, Kermanshah, and Kurdistan it was 2.2 and for the other provinces, 2.1 children were calculated for each woman. Paying attention to these differences and the importance of sex ratio at birth and the probability of survival of female children from birth to average childbearing age are among the issues that should be considered in achieving the replacement level of fertility in the country.
Keywords: Replacement Level Fertility, Age-Specific Fertility Rate, Survival Probability of Female Children, Average Maternal Age, Fertility of Iranian Provinces.
Introduction
Several studies have been conducted in Iran in recent years in the field of methods of estimation and evaluation of fertility indicators. However, the methods used do not state that if the fertility of a region or province is at a certain level, according to the factors of survival probability, the number of women in each age group, the average maternal age, and the fertility of the replacement level in that province or region. How much will it be and will it be the same at 1/2 the replacement level at the same rate? What determines the level of difference between different regions in relation to replacement level fertility is the health status and in general, the level of development of the regions, which affects the rates and patterns of mortality, the probability of survival, and the average maternal age. Therefore, considering the difference in the level of development of regions and provinces of the country, this issue is raised as to whether this difference determines the fertility of different succession levels for different provinces. In this study, it will be pointed out which of the provinces' fertility has a greater distance from the normal fertility rate of the replacement level. One of the important points that the results of this study can provide, especially in the field of policymaking, is that despite the difference in the rate of succession in different provinces, the type of policymaking and its intensity and amount will also be different in different regions, and for each region and province will be planned based on the fertility of the replacement level and the distance from which the total fertility is calculated by a different method.
Literature Review
In their studies, some researchers have investigated the changes in the country's population at different times between censuses and estimated fertility rates (Aghajanian, 1991, 1995; Aghajanian & Mehryar, 1999, Mirzaee, 2005, Amani, 1997, 1999). Mirzaei, Sorahi and Naseri (1375) also compared the fertility indices for the years 1365 and 1370 using the indirect method and evaluated the results. Abbasi Shawazi et al. (2013) and Hosseini Chavoshi et al. (2013) also conducted various studies using the method of their children, the level, trend and pattern of fertility at the provincial and national levels, and using the consecutive censuses of 1365; 1375, 1385 and 1390 have been measured and analyzed. In these studies, the level and trend of fertility in Iran in recent decades from 1375 to 1390 have been investigated and the similarities and differences of the fertility pattern in the provinces have been depicted. The main point that remains in the empirical vacuum in all these studies is the issue of fertility below the replacement level for the country and the separation of different provinces. What was important in these studies was how much the changes in total fertility are and how the total fertility has changed in Iran, and this trend has occurred in most regions and provinces of the country.
Materials and Methods
In this research, the approach of Preston et al. (2003: 115) has been used to estimate replacement level fertility. The net reproduction rate is one of the basic concepts in the discussion of replacement-level fertility. By definition, this rate is the average number of live female births from a woman until the age of 50 if she is exposed to age-specific fertility rates and age-specific mortality rates in a given year. Preston et al. (2003) provide the following formula regarding the relationship between the net reproduction rate and the total fertility rate.
)1(
In this study, the female population of age groups from the population and housing census of 1385, 1390, and 1395 and the birth and death statistics from the registration data were used.
Conclusion
The provincial results obtained from this study indicate that in provinces with high fertility, the total fertility required for the replacement level is also high. For example, in Sistan and Baluchistan province, where the total fertility rate in 2013 was 3.5 children, the total fertility rate required for the replacement level is 2.34 children. On the other hand, in Tehran province, where the total fertility rate is 1.40, the total fertility rate required for the replacement level is 1.2. Therefore, it seems that there is a significant and strong statistical correlation between the total fertility rate and the total fertility rate required for replacement. In adopting population policies, policymakers should pay attention to both the categories of development and replacement level fertility. It was observed that the fertility level of the succession of the provinces was different, so the type of policies and population planning should be different and variable based on each province.
Sociology
Ali Feizolahi; Somayeh sadat Shafiei; khalil kamarbeigi; Zahra Raiisi
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to identify the reasons and consequences of experiencing violence in the lives of battered women. The research is qualitative and based on the method of grounded theory. The target population of the research is the battered women who refer to the social ...
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The purpose of this study is to identify the reasons and consequences of experiencing violence in the lives of battered women. The research is qualitative and based on the method of grounded theory. The target population of the research is the battered women who refer to the social emergency of the Behzisti⸴s organization of Ilam city, and a sample of 24 of them has been selected using the purposive sampling method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and then coding. Findings indicate the role of familial factors such as learned violence, problematic marriage practices; Social and Economical factors; and intervening factors such as mutual infidelity and deviancy have been two-way. Women's reactions are mainly actions containing passivity, and the usual perception of the role of a continuous victim for women is its consequence. The core category of "domestic violence against women is the product of the interaction of women's experience of economic deprivation and the social structure of men's idea of patriarchy" which is the result of family management in the context of maintaining the functions of patriarchal culture along with the structural transmission of violence in the cultural mechanism.Keywords: Domestic Violence, Patriarchal Culture, Aggrieved Woman, Ilam. IntroductionThe domestic violence against women has had a history in society in during of centuries. Thus domestic violence against women is one of the social issues that can be seen in all societies and numerous reports have confirmed this issue in Iran as well. in general, it has affected the institution of the family and the society. but it has been discussed mainly as a social issue in the last century. “Typically, social problems have been thought of as social situations that a large number of observers felt were inappropriate and needed remedying” (Eitzen, Zinn and Smith, 2012:9(.Some theories consider the subject of domestic violence to be problematic as a modern matter and consider it to be a problem arising from the perception and understanding of the society and important social groups of its problematic nature. The researches conducted in recent years about the different types of violence indicate that domestic violence against women is problematic. the main goal of this research is to understand the phenomenon of domestic violence from the perspective of women who have experienced violence. Therefore, the research questions revolve around the subject under which causal conditions and contexts have the subjects been victims of spousal violence? What strategies did they used to deal with these violent acts and what consequences did bring to them? Literature ReviewThe theories and theoretical concepts whose main core is to explain the matter of violence against women can be grouped into two main categories: some of them have emphasized the individual characteristics of perpetrators and victims of violence, and others have emphasized the structural characteristics of society. In this research, the following concepts have been selected to create theoretical sensitivity: resources and power imbalance; blaming the victim (Gracia & Tomás, 2014), learned violence (Jasinski,2001), the ideology of male dominance (Goode, 1971: quoted by Kim and Sung, 2000), feminist perspective (Renzetti, Edleson & Bergen, 2001), exchange theory (Turner, 2014), The Battered Woman Syndrome (Walker:1984), the concepts of forced control (Stark, 2007), resource imbalance, dependence and bargaining power (Kim and Gray, 2008) have been selected and have been considered in the analysis of research findings.MethodologyThe research is qualitative and based on the method of grounded theory. The target population of the research is the battered women who refer to the social emergency of the Behzisti⸴s organization of Ilam city, and a sample of 24 of them has been selected using the purposive sampling method. Acceptability criteria has been used for validation and being trustworthy was achieved through auditing method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and then coding.ResultsFindings indicate the role of familial factors such as learned violence, problematic marriage practices, Lack of familial support; Social factors such as the patriarchal image, erosion of social capital; Economic factors such as coincidence of Livelihood hardships; and intervening factors such as Interference of others, mutual infidelity and deviancy have been two-way. Women's reactions are mainly actions containing passivity, and Victimization of children, scared life and usual perception of the role of a victim for women is its consequence.ConclusionThe result of the process of domestic violence against women can be analyzed under the title "Domestic violence against women is a product of the incompatibility of the institutional interaction caused by the experience of economic deprivation of women and the social structure of patriarchy in the victim-blaming society". The incompatibility of institutional interaction indicates the malfunctioning of the social institutions of the family, economy and cultural system in the target society of the study. In other words, when the patriarchal postulate mixes with the lived experience of women's economic deprivation and immingled with the cultural approach of blaming the victim society, it causes the situational violence against women to be ignored. In addition, it should be noted that such a phenomenon occurs in a society where tradition and modernity are continuously interacting with each other. Tradition and modernity are co-integrated in this society in such a way that they form an interwoven mosaic society that is experiencing the challenges of modernization and types of individualization. The permanence and stability of the idea of patriarchy in this society is rooted in the way that women in such a society link traditional expectations with modern life. In other words, this particular type of social and cultural structure as well as women's selective strategies against domestic violence, along with the destructive consequences of violence on women's lives, leads to continuation of the cultural foundations of accepting domestic violence against women.
Sociology
Mahdi Malmir
Abstract
Through a secondary analysis of three waves of the Iranian Values and Attitudes Survey, this article endeavors to depict the political, cultural, and economic facets of Iranian society through the lens of identity dimensions, including national, ethnic, and class identities. The findings indicate ...
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Through a secondary analysis of three waves of the Iranian Values and Attitudes Survey, this article endeavors to depict the political, cultural, and economic facets of Iranian society through the lens of identity dimensions, including national, ethnic, and class identities. The findings indicate a positive attitude towards national identity among all respondents. However, when this type of identity is juxtaposed with ethnic and linguistic diversity, varying relationships emerge between the two. While the interaction between national and ethnic identities has been synergistic in most provinces, certain vectors reveal a weakening of national identity and a strengthening of ethnic identity. Moreover, monitoring the trend of social mobility as an indicator of society's economic improvement reveals a declining trend in social mobility, leading to a shrinking middle class and an expanding lower class. The combination of this identity gap (national-ethnic) with economic deprivation and inequality provides an analytical tool for understanding and explaining the social and political actions of social forces and agencies in the current Iranian society.Keywords: National identity, Ethnic identity, Class identity, Social Status Assessment, Survey of Iranian Values and Attitudes. IntroductionSurveys have emerged as a pivotal tool for assessing social conditions. Their widespread application worldwide has made them indispensable for understanding social dynamics. More than five decades have passed in Iran since implementing the first national survey. During this period, numerous surveys have been conducted by both academic and governmental institutions. Among these, the Survey of Iranian Values and Attitudes stands out as the most renowned national survey, garnering significant academic acceptance among social scientists and policymakers. Since 2000, four waves of this survey have been conducted at the national level. This paper leverages the findings of this survey to study Iranian society, focusing on the dimensions of national, ethnic, and class identities.Research Question(s)This article endeavors to answer the following questions through an analysis of the results from surveys on Iranian values and attitudes:How has the social situation in Iran been theorized in these surveys?What are the main components and indicators used to measure Iran's social situation?How is Iranian society structured based on identity components?Conceptual FrameworkThe conceptual framework of value and attitude measurement (Chalabi, 2004) is essentially a conceptual map of society, aiming to provide a comprehensive and complete definition of Iranian society, including the entire society, its components, dimensions, and levels, and their interrelationships. This framework is influenced by general systems theory and consists of three levels of abstraction. The first level of abstraction shows the relationship between three components: action, actor, and the situation of action (the basic elements of the situation of action also include objects, goals, and norms). At the second level of abstraction, four types of action systems and their relationships are presented: the factual system, the preferential system (personality), the social system, and the cultural system. The third level of abstraction combines the four types of subsystems at the second level, forming the general concept of "action system" (Rezaei,2002:5-8). In conceptualizing "value and attitude" or value orientation and tendency, these two variables are considered to be the product of the interaction of the social and personal systems. Based on this, a list of data and outputs of the personal system is proposed for study in the present survey (Rezaei,2002:24). Ultimately, at the empirical level, considering some criteria such as the priority of social issues, theoretical importance, and the generality of the subject, this conceptual framework is limited to the levels of economic, social, cultural, and political attitudes.Materials and MethodsThis study employs a secondary analysis of aggregated data from three waves of a Survey on Iranian Values and Attitudes. The results are extracted and reported both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. For this purpose, aggregated data at the provincial level is utilized. Using a statistical weighting technique, a single score of -2 to +2 was calculated for each province's identity indices. These scales were then standardized on a 0-100 scale to enable comparison of results. A reconstructed table of scores for national, ethnic, and class identity components for all provinces is included in the article's appendix.FindingsData analysis of a two-dimensional vector encompassing national and ethnic identity indicates that a majority of the country's provinces exhibit a high degree of national identity coupled with a moderate level of commitment to teaching local languages. Nevertheless, there are specific instances that reveal an incongruity between these two components. Furthermore, an examination of class structure and mobility trends in Iranian society between 2000 to 2003 suggests a relative improvement in upward class mobility. However, this trend reversed in 2015, with a majority of the population experiencing downward mobility. Additionally, the class gap index reveals a consistent widening of the class gap over this period. This is attributed to a decline in the size of the upper and middle classes and a corresponding increase in the lower class. In summary, the data analysis indicates that over the past two decades, there has been a decline in individuals' class positions, a heightened sense of inequality, and an expanding class gap.ConclusionThis study suggests that Iranian society can be categorized into three types based on their national and ethnic identities. The first type includes provinces with a strong national identity and a moderate ethnic and linguistic identity, which is the majority. The second type consists of provinces with a strong ethnic and linguistic identity but a weak national identity. Lastly, the third type is characterized by a strong national identity and a weak linguistic identity. This categorization is based on subjective assessments and needs further validation through more rigorous studies and empirical data. The study also looked into the social class of the surveyed individuals and examined both the static and dynamic aspects of Iran's socioeconomic stratification system over time. The findings revealed a notable increase in inequality and class divisions within Iranian society. The combination of inequality, class divisions, and specific ethnic and local identities provides a useful framework for understanding and explaining the social and political actions of Iranian society.AcknowledgmentsThe initial version of this article was presented at the National Conference on the Social Situation of Iran, hosted by Allameh Tabataba'i University and supported by the Ministry of Interior's Social Affairs Organization in Murch 2022. The author would like to express their gratitude to the organizers and supporters of the conference for providing the opportunity to present this article and subsequently revise and expand it to its current form.
Sociology
Reza Safarishali
Abstract
The sustainability of any human society depends on the level of social capital. The present article analyzes the social capital among Iranian people according to the findings of national surveys (2015, 2018 and 2021). The results show a decrease in social capital in some dimensions (especially ...
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The sustainability of any human society depends on the level of social capital. The present article analyzes the social capital among Iranian people according to the findings of national surveys (2015, 2018 and 2021). The results show a decrease in social capital in some dimensions (especially in the areas related to institutional and organizational trust and satisfaction). The state of social capital in the mentioned areas in the range of 0 to 100 has reached an average score of 36.75 in 2021 from a score of 43.50 in 2015; According to the "contagion theory", such conditions are effective in reducing hope for the social future and lowering the positive outlook towards the future of the society, and therefore, according to the "compensation theory", people invest in individual and interpersonal fields and try to to invest for their individual or group future, which shows the formation of a kind of island social capital. Of course, the important point is that social communication for virtual space, as well as professional and union relations and common interests instead of kinship and clan social capital, etc., is showing a change in some forms and relations of today's society.Keywords: Social Capital, Social Trust, Institutional Trust, Hope for the Future, Social Relations. IntroductionA comprehensive understanding of the conditions, trends, causes, processes, contexts, and factors that either strengthen or weaken social capital is a fundamental and preliminary step in the process of assessing and strategically managing this social and political foundation. However, the main issue, according to studies conducted on social capital in our country, is that in recent years, the primary dimensions and components of social capital (such as participation, trust, and hope for the future) have decreased. For instance, social and political trust within the society in 1400 AH (2021 AD) has declined compared to surveys conducted in 1394 and 1397 AH. Despite this decline, the significance of social capital cannot be overlooked. An encouraging aspect is the emergence of new forms of social interaction based on virtual spaces, as well as professional, occupational, and shared interest-based relationships, which are gradually replacing kinship and tribal-based social capital. This shift indicates a transformation in certain forms of interaction and social relations within contemporary society.Literature ReviewThe Legatum Institute is one of the international organizations that measures social capital. The institute conducts global and regional assessments of countries. According to the Legatum Prosperity Index 2021, Iran ranked 89th globally (among 167 countries) and 8th in the Middle East in terms of social capital. Safari Shali and Ghafari (2017 and 2021) conducted two consecutive waves of a national survey titled 'Assessment of Social Capital in Iran'. The findings revealed that levels of social capital at the micro and Middle levels were more prevalent than at the macro level in both waves. The national-level assessment of social capital indicated a downward trend across all three levels, with scores (on a scale of 1 to 100) of 50.43, 36.25, and 36.75 in 2015, 2017, and 2021, respectively. A relevant foreign study by the UK Statistics Authority (2020) reported an 11% decline in trust in the national government in the UK by autumn 2019.MethodologyThis study employs a holistic, documentary approach to conduct a secondary analysis of social capital in the country, utilizing data from multiple waves (2015, 2018, and 2021) of national social capital surveys. While the findings, presented in subsequent sections, are categorized into broad themes, the study's statistical population encompasses individuals aged 16 and above, both male and female, residing in all 31 provinces of the country. Data was collected using researcher-developed questionnaires that adhered to rigorous reliability and validity standards, ensuring the robustness of the findings. The sample size for each wave ranged between 12,000 and 17,000 individuals, with a deliberate effort to ensure that each provincial sample was representative of its respective population.ResultsIt is noteworthy that, globally, countries rarely exhibit an average social capital score exceeding 50 (in the range of 1-100). To understand the trends in social capital findings within the country (in the years 2015, 2018, and 2021), we will first present descriptive findings of social capital at various levels.Table 1. Analysis of Social Capital Levels Across Different Waves in the CountryDomain (1-100)Average of Social Capital20212018201527.2533.2538.75Macro Level37.2539.7548.00Middle Level45.7535.2544.00Micro Level36.7536.2543.50OverallResults from the social profile of social capital, measured at the country level based on demographic variables, indicated that individuals residing in "smaller cities (less populated cities)", "women", those in the "55+ age group", individuals with "low literacy or high school diplomas", "retirees", and "married individuals" exhibited higher levels of social capital compared to other groups.DiscussionIn sum, the most critical role of social capital is to foster law-abiding behavior and a culture of order and security. This means that citizens are aware of their social rights and obligations and refrain from violating them. Such a practice ensures the survival of the law and prevents a tendency toward disorder, norm-breaking, and lawlessness. Nonconformity, as a social problem, threatens social health and erodes social capital, leading to the formation of distrust in institutions. Acceptance of social norms and regulations increases empathy, unity, and reduces social conflict.It can be argued that in the absence of social capital, civic ethics, community, altruism, and humanitarianism lose their credibility and prestige. If individuals and social groups are also morally dysfunctional, they become confused about identifying goals and means of achieving them. They experience a conflict between theoretical and practical ethics and do not act based on norms and rules. Consequently, they lose the motivation to participate in public affairs. Conclusionstrengthening social capital today requires social and cultural policymaking. Thus, governmental and non-governmental policymaking organizations in this area should make every effort to enhance social capital indicators (trust, sense of security, participation, satisfaction, joy and hope, sense of national belonging, etc.) in the process of socialization. Accordingly, fundamental actions should be taken in the following areas in a process-oriented manner:In a general overview, strategies and solutions for social capital can be categorized into three levels:Strategies and solutions aimed at formal institutions and structuresStrategies and solutions aimed at the community and civil societyStrategies and solutions aimed at intermediary social institutions and mechanismsAcknowledgmentsI would like to express our sincere gratitude to the Country's Social Affairs Organization and the Research Deputy of Kharazmi University, as well as to all project collaborators, from the scientific council to all field researchers in 31 provinces, for their invaluable contributions. Special thanks are extended to the project's scientific advisor, Dr. Gholamreza Ghaffari, and to the translator of this extended abstract, Mr. Pejman Barkhordari.
morteza farhadi
Volume 9, Issue 19 , November 2002, , Pages 7-34
Abstract
In this article, first, the writer tries to clarify full and partial synonyms of Uparticipation. Then, he does his best to present an idiomatic definition of the term, comparing it with different concepts such as democracy, authority, organization, contribution, collective contribution, coopertation, ...
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In this article, first, the writer tries to clarify full and partial synonyms of Uparticipation. Then, he does his best to present an idiomatic definition of the term, comparing it with different concepts such as democracy, authority, organization, contribution, collective contribution, coopertation, and the like. Afterwards, the writer evaluates these expressions, in trying to combine them in a more fundamental conceptual framework. Finally, it has been concluded by the writer that the Iranian participation researchers do agree on the common identity of participation and cooperation, although there is not a general agreement on the different aspects of the term "participation" itself among them.
tahereh ghaderi
Sociology
vahid shalchi; rohollah ghasemi
Abstract
From 40’s on, Iran has earned most of its revenue from oil. Oil prices have seen multiplying increases in certain periods. During the time of these increases, contrary to the expectation that this increased revenue be spent on development, the policies employed by the state have created more issues ...
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From 40’s on, Iran has earned most of its revenue from oil. Oil prices have seen multiplying increases in certain periods. During the time of these increases, contrary to the expectation that this increased revenue be spent on development, the policies employed by the state have created more issues and problems for the country. The state policies during oil booms have a direct effect on social institutions and the institutional framework. In this study, the effect of state policies on social institutions of economy and politics during the years 1973-1977 and 2005-2010 shall be investigated. The main question of the study is the reason for the similarities in state policies for social institutions during these two periods. The purpose is to recognize the reasons regarding why these two governments, despite their ideological, structural and historical differences, have taken similar decisions during oil price shocks, and that these policies produce similar results. In order to investigate the issue at hand, Terry Lynn Karl’s Weak State theory has been used, and the Rentier State theory has been employed as an essential reason but not a sufficient one. The method of study is comparative-historical. The path-dependency technique has been used for the historical study of the weak state, and to compare the findings a contingency table has been created. The findings show that through the historical study of the issue, the weak state presents itself as the main reason, and the rentier state and the multiplication of oil prices serve as essential reasons but not sufficient ones regarding the issue.
hassan saraei
masud chalabi
Abstract
In this paper, net work analysis is considered both as a method and as a theoretical approach. As a method, network analysis is regarded as a kind of relational method. Some of its features including type of unit of analysis, data, type and rechniques of analysis, sampling technique are briefly examined. ...
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In this paper, net work analysis is considered both as a method and as a theoretical approach. As a method, network analysis is regarded as a kind of relational method. Some of its features including type of unit of analysis, data, type and rechniques of analysis, sampling technique are briefly examined. As a theoretical approach some basic epis temological and ortological assumptions of network analysis are introduced. In final section, the linkage of network analysis with some sociological theories such as suicide theory, action theory, exchange theory, integration theory and world system theory are examined.
Women Studies
Ali Janadleh; Zahra Pouya
Abstract
The disproportion between women’s presence in managerial levels and gender distribution of population as well as education have been an underlying basis to some studies regarding the examination of women’s barriers to accessing managerial levels. By using Cromie’s framework, in this ...
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The disproportion between women’s presence in managerial levels and gender distribution of population as well as education have been an underlying basis to some studies regarding the examination of women’s barriers to accessing managerial levels. By using Cromie’s framework, in this study, posed theories on barriers to women’s job promotion have been classified into two categories: Internal and external barriers, and consequently, the domestic empiricial studies conducted in this field have been explored based on that framework from 2006 to 2016. Broadly speaking, theories related to internal barriers have sought the barriers to women’s access to managerial positions in relation to their role requirements and job involvements. In contrast, theories concerning about external barriers accentuate such attitudinal factors as gender stereotypes and structural factors as glass ceiling and gender discrimination. Utilizing meta-analysis, in this article, we have chosen our reviewed studies based on systematic search through 4 domestic scientific databases. The results of 20 mata-analyzed studies indicate that the findings of these studies, by and large, confirm the external barriers. Moreover, in some cases, there is a meaningful difference between women and men in relation to their preference regarding internal or external barriers impacting on women’s access to managerial positions.
morteza farhadi
Volume 4, Issue 7.8 , November 1999, , Pages 13-61
Abstract
This article is a report of the newly found collection of rock engravings, including drawings and symbols, belonging to pre-hieroglyph era. This collection is the largest ever found rock engravings in Asia and Iran. The importance of this collection is not in the size of the pictures, hut in the great ...
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This article is a report of the newly found collection of rock engravings, including drawings and symbols, belonging to pre-hieroglyph era. This collection is the largest ever found rock engravings in Asia and Iran. The importance of this collection is not in the size of the pictures, hut in the great number of the drawings and the repetition of the symbols, and their great variability in terms of content, rare scenes, and unique pre-historic images. The pictures include drawing of mammals- some already extinct in the region- birds, hunting tools, and unknown devices. Overall, they can shed some light on the pre-historic life of man in this region or the world. Definitely'! the findings will be very interesting to and useful for archeologists, anthropologists, linguists, historians of arts and inventions. geographers, and ecologists.
hoseyn barani
Volume 13, Issue 34.35 , November 2006, , Pages 13-40
Abstract
Language represents the main aspect of culture and wisdom. Specialized or technical language is a form of language that is used by specialists and technicians. Technical Persian language is severed from people's language and highly affected by other languages in recent years. This paper demonstrates ...
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Language represents the main aspect of culture and wisdom. Specialized or technical language is a form of language that is used by specialists and technicians. Technical Persian language is severed from people's language and highly affected by other languages in recent years. This paper demonstrates about 120 specialized terms that was found through participatory research among herders of eastern Alborz. These terms consist of words about: environment, rangeland, animal grazing, pastoral related places and buildings, and traditional rangeland and herd utilization systems. A Collection of these terms represents the way pastoralists categorize objects and Phenomena. For the reason that such a collection exists among the Iranian subcultures, passive research approach should be replaced by active approach.
alireza Mollaie Tavani
Abstract
Relations Between Government and Nations in Constitutional’s Commands Alireza Mollaiy Tavany[1] Received: 5/1/2016 Accepted: 9/6/2016 Abstract Constitutional’s command is the first of official text in modern Iran that defines the relation between government and nation. This command ...
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Relations Between Government and Nations in Constitutional’s Commands Alireza Mollaiy Tavany[1] Received: 5/1/2016 Accepted: 9/6/2016 Abstract Constitutional’s command is the first of official text in modern Iran that defines the relation between government and nation. This command caused changing the foundation’s relation between government and nation and started a new era in Iranian’ life and their political trends. Shah issued three commands. The First and the second ones didn’t accept by oppositions but the third command accepted by oppositions. The sanctuary in England’s embassy and emigration’s ulema to Qume come to end. Therefore the question is why did shah issue three commands? Why did these commands bring about disputes between government and oppositions? This article attempted to analyze these commands and studies relation between government and nation. It concludes that the main cause of dispute between government and oppositions was determining nation’s position. These commands recognize the Iranian’s rights for participating in political power for the first time. [1]. Associate Professor in Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies. alireza mollaiynet@yahoo.com
hadi khanyeki
Volume 12, Issue 28.29 , May 2005, , Pages 7-56
Abstract
This paper aims at a historical survey of two fundamental scientific approaches to communication and development studies. The first approach, represented by Majid Tehranian was the main approach before the Iranian Revolution (i.e., early 1970s) tries to define national development in a new way. The Second ...
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This paper aims at a historical survey of two fundamental scientific approaches to communication and development studies. The first approach, represented by Majid Tehranian was the main approach before the Iranian Revolution (i.e., early 1970s) tries to define national development in a new way. The Second Approach, represented by Kazem Motarnednejad and prevalent after the revolution, is circling around a transformation in communication education and planning. Rejecting the linear approaches to development, Motamednejad's theory is in line with critical studies in communication. The paper shows that in spite of the fact that the starting approach of the first approach is research, while the second approach relies on communication education, both of them cover certain areas of national development strategies.
abas keshavarz shokri; zahed ghafari; mohsen khalili
Volume 15, Issue 42.43 , February 2009, , Pages 13-37
Abstract
This paper is an attempt lo study some of the explanations of the Islamic evolution of Iran, including explanations based on the theories of mass society, modem world system, rapid modernization, uneven development, oerscnalized state power structure, the weakness of the state repressive ipparatus, the ...
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This paper is an attempt lo study some of the explanations of the Islamic evolution of Iran, including explanations based on the theories of mass society, modem world system, rapid modernization, uneven development, oerscnalized state power structure, the weakness of the state repressive ipparatus, the vulnerability of the rentier state, discourse analysis, and nostical theories .. For this purpose first, the theoretical framework and the main questions and iypothes,s of these works have been introduced. In the next step, the explanarions of the Islamic revolution of Iran on the basis of these frameworks rave been elaborated and criticized.
Morteza Farhadi
Abstract
Morteza Farhadi Et alDate of Receive: 2014/1/5Date of Accept: 2014/5/7Abstract:This is a model and map for studying Iranian plants which is provided as a result of long time researching of author and his fifteen interested, diligent and shrewd students. In this article the vegetative area of this ...
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Morteza Farhadi Et alDate of Receive: 2014/1/5Date of Accept: 2014/5/7Abstract:This is a model and map for studying Iranian plants which is provided as a result of long time researching of author and his fifteen interested, diligent and shrewd students. In this article the vegetative area of this plants in a quarter of Iran’s territory and the subculture of its picking and consumption especially in drought and famine periods are documented. The historically and linguistically meaningless name of Joghasem is explored and obtained up to more than its fifty synonyms in different provinces of Tehran, western and eastern Azarbayjans, Kermanshah, Ilam, and some parts of Zanjan, Isfahan, Hamedan and Markazi provinces. The article also ethnographically studies some samples of oral literatures, beliefs and norms which are related to this plant. By such small but deep field research, it provides some archaeological speculation. This field research also brings a new analysis about superstition. Before this, the dominant conception was that superstition is as the result of weak brains and the prevalence of related beliefs and behaviors. By this study it is clear now that most likely, at least some part of what is mentioned today as superstition is the result of advanced mind of the men of wisdom and society to control child, illiterates and fools of the age.
mehdi mohsenian raad
Volume 6, Issue 10 , August 1998, , Pages 17-46
Abstract
This article is a precis of a 553-pages report which reflects the status of criticism in the Iranian press, the roots of forming criticism in the Iranian press, and the ways to increase the applications of criticism in the Iranian press. Accepting the documentary, rationalistic critiques can promote ...
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This article is a precis of a 553-pages report which reflects the status of criticism in the Iranian press, the roots of forming criticism in the Iranian press, and the ways to increase the applications of criticism in the Iranian press. Accepting the documentary, rationalistic critiques can promote the awareness and The writer wants to explain the following objectives: a) The general purpose is to evaluate the effects of the father's addiction on hi: family's functions; b} The specific purposes are to evalua�e the effects of the father's addiction on the socialozation of the children, father's economical and supporting roles, and socia relations of his family members. According to the preliminary studies and theoric examinations, it has beer concluded that the following factors and categories are disturbed in a addicted-father family: a) socialization of children; b) father's authority and economical role; c) supporting role of the father; d) social relations among the family members; On the basis of the above conclusions, four general hypothesises were provided and the research framework was drawn, comparing two groups of families · havim addicted and non-addicted fathers-in Tehran. This research which is a comparative-explanatory one, was realized by means o planned comparison. In this research, two groups of families were selected: 1. The main group, including one hundred families in Tehran, bearing the followiru specifications: a) having 5-12 years old children; b) father's addiction to Heroin; c) duration of addiction, more than five years; d) living of the father with his family until the time of the interview. 2. The comparison group, incluiding one hundred families without father' Furthermore, in recent years in Iran, many social problems which have been reflected in the Persian literary texts, have been deeply considered. This article has been prepared on the base of the two above-mentioned point of views.
parichehr ebrahimi
Volume 5, Issue 9 , November 1997, , Pages 19-50
Abstract
The situation, development and status of the new middle class in present societies are among the important topics of discussions in the area of social stratification. In this paper, in a theoretical review, the status, situation, size and criterion of determining the new middle class have been discussed ...
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The situation, development and status of the new middle class in present societies are among the important topics of discussions in the area of social stratification. In this paper, in a theoretical review, the status, situation, size and criterion of determining the new middle class have been discussed about This bas been done through a) existing statistical iformation, b) a survey in Tehran, and c) literature review. The general characteristics of this class in advanced societies were studied and compared 10 the same in Iran, the result of which bas been exhibited in a table in the conclusion section of the paper.
Alireza Bizaban; Mostafa Ejtehadi
Abstract
In this paper, repeated occurrence of political instability and lack of continuity of newly founded constitutional states are explained from the perspective of the relationship between society and state. At first, properties of the characteristics of society and the state are examined, and via institutional ...
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In this paper, repeated occurrence of political instability and lack of continuity of newly founded constitutional states are explained from the perspective of the relationship between society and state. At first, properties of the characteristics of society and the state are examined, and via institutional approach of Migdal, it is shown that how the institutions and social forces of this era are in continuous effort to obtain the right to determine "Rules" and exercise the exclusive power of "Social Control". They challenged the constitutional state, and sometimes with temporary coalition formed with some powerful social forces, turned states into their "agent," which in turn led to opposition from other forces which, as a result, escalates political strife. Lack of autonomy and conflict of interests between these institutions weakened the agency power of state, which gradually increased dissatisfaction and mistrust, reduced legitimacy of the state, deepened the gap between state and society, and ultimately provided situations for events such as coups, collapse of cabinets, centrifugal movements and so on which leads to challenges or unconventional changes for political stability. In fact, post-revolutionary instability should be seen as a mismatch between the power of the state and the power of society, or in other words, the consequence of an "Asymmetrical Relationship" between a fragmented and incoherent society and a weak state.
akbar zare shah abadi
Volume 9, Issue 18 , August 2002, , Pages 23-43
Abstract
University is a place of reasoning, learning and teaching of various socio - economic and cultural issues, leading to success and progress of people. Because of these opportunities, the higher education is interesting to young people. This article aims at surveying socio-economic factors influencing ...
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University is a place of reasoning, learning and teaching of various socio - economic and cultural issues, leading to success and progress of people. Because of these opportunities, the higher education is interesting to young people. This article aims at surveying socio-economic factors influencing inclination towards higher education among students, in order to understand their motives, opinions, values, needs, and ideals for higher education. The method of this research was surveying, and the data was gathered by a questionnaire. Of the 6635 students in the Yazd University during 2001-2002, a sample of 350 were choosen for this study.
naser fakuhi
Volume 11, Issue 26 , August 2004, , Pages 25-67
Abstract
Stability of nation-states depend largely on the internalization of democratic behavior and norms in a given society. Thus, any effort to obtain sustainable development and social peace needs primarily political development. The aim of this case study was to describe and analyze the level of political ...
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Stability of nation-states depend largely on the internalization of democratic behavior and norms in a given society. Thus, any effort to obtain sustainable development and social peace needs primarily political development. The aim of this case study was to describe and analyze the level of political participation of villagers in local and national affairs. The study Focused on 5 diffrent parameters: gender, kinship, media, urban influence and local-national relations. The Findings show irregular positive and/or negative influence of these parameters on political participation. Moreover, the low level of political participation was very low, mainly as a result of the survival of the kinship and tribals relations, as well as limitation of political institutions (rural councils) in villages.
