Sociology
Jamal Adhami; Yaghoub Ahmadi; Ebrahim Jafari
Abstract
This paper studies the Intergenerational value preferences in Sanandaj and measures its effective social factors. Sanandaj city is one of the cities that because of some aspects like the center of Kurdistan province, extension of urbanism, irregular emigration, marginalization, youth population, ingredients ...
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This paper studies the Intergenerational value preferences in Sanandaj and measures its effective social factors. Sanandaj city is one of the cities that because of some aspects like the center of Kurdistan province, extension of urbanism, irregular emigration, marginalization, youth population, ingredients of coexistence from the native and nonnative and modern and traditional culture, vicinity with border cities, the modernity of mass media, makes extent changes. To do so, appropriate framework was prepared based on Durkheim, Merton, Mannheim, Giddens, Inglehart, Bourdieu and Schwartz in which the basic assumptions are discussed and tested. The research was conducted based on multiple research methods (survey and documentation methods) and multiple clustered sampling on 367 people in three generation. Findings shows that there is no significant difference between young people and middle –aged , but there is a significant difference between old generation and young people and middle- aged and old generation regarding the value preference. Also The results showed there is a correlation between social capital and religious with value preference in two generations (young and middle-aged)and between the cultural capital and value preference in young generation and there is a no significant correlation between all generations on economic capital and value preference.
Peyman Mahmoudi; Abolfazl Zolfaghari
Abstract
In a time when Mohammad Mosaddegh and Hossein Fatemi were involved with the movement of nationalizing the oil industry, during the years 1949-1950, in the Lur-dominated region of southwestern Iran, from Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad to Chaharmahal and Bakhtiyari and also the eastern area of Khuzestan province ...
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In a time when Mohammad Mosaddegh and Hossein Fatemi were involved with the movement of nationalizing the oil industry, during the years 1949-1950, in the Lur-dominated region of southwestern Iran, from Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad to Chaharmahal and Bakhtiyari and also the eastern area of Khuzestan province including Dehdez, Malmir (Izeh) and Masjed Soleyman, an event took place which is known as the Toloui Year by locals. The matter which is a group called Toloui or Soroushi, resembles a sect or semi-sect which has its own rituals regarding lifestyle, such as a special way of eating and performing their own special ceremony which is accompanied by certain spells. The rituals and way of living of this movement was in a way that encouraged individuals to abandon and disregard the world. The research was conducted through a qualitative and a grounded theory strategy, which the main research question was turned into a paradigm model using the grounded theory, and some of the supporting questions were posed through documentary and library research. Using the snowball sampling technique, 23 people participated in a semi-structured interview, and the interviews were coded in the way of the concepts and categories which the participants themselves expressed. Findings show that this sect was contrived and did not last very long. Furthermore, lack of knowledge, illiteracy and absence of clergies can be named as contextual factors, and fear, pre-eminence, conformity, attractiveness and mystery can be named as motivations for joining the sect. Moreover, the consequences of the movement can be said to be Dunyaphobia, traditionalistic piety, poverty, defamation, division and conflict among tribes, creating deception and superstitions, decrease in social crimes, and committing acts against the religious law.
Sociology
SeyedehHajar Hosseini; Ahmad kalateh sadati
Abstract
The research was conducted with the aim of reviewing the foundational fields, study focus, and future prospects of the sociology of medical education, with a view on Iran's situation. The method is a non-systematic and narrative review. Data were collected to retrieval and analysis of written documents ...
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The research was conducted with the aim of reviewing the foundational fields, study focus, and future prospects of the sociology of medical education, with a view on Iran's situation. The method is a non-systematic and narrative review. Data were collected to retrieval and analysis of written documents spanning the past 70 years (1950s to 2020s). The keywords were searched in scientific databases in Iran and around the world. The inclusion criteria were purposeful and cumulative, focusing on "Matching keywords," "Top-cited, indexed, and meaningful" articles related to "Medical students, physicians, institutions/medical system," with at least one writer in the field of sociology. Extraction and synthesis of information involved thematic content analysis and historical sequencing. The research focuses on the originality of documents and adherence to ethical standards. According to the results, the sociology of medical education is one of the focal points of sociological knowledge production, that is extensively studied around the world. However, its presence in the medical and sociological societies of Iran is not wellknown. There are only a few examples of theoretical and experimental works in this field in Iran. The possibility of moving within existing axes and exploring various potential "Epistemological and research perspectives" is considerable.
Ahmad Ghiaysvand
Abstract
Ahmad Ghiasvand Date of Receive: 2014/10/3Date of Accept: 2015/4/7Abstract Citizenship is considered one of the most important indicators of modern society. Above all, it consists of the rights and duties of citizens, including civil, political and social. Aiming to analyze the trends and Typology of ...
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Ahmad Ghiasvand Date of Receive: 2014/10/3Date of Accept: 2015/4/7Abstract Citizenship is considered one of the most important indicators of modern society. Above all, it consists of the rights and duties of citizens, including civil, political and social. Aiming to analyze the trends and Typology of citizenships in this study, the survey among people 18 years and above were conducted in Tehran. The sampling method of "multi-stage sampling", for the validity, face and construct validity and for the reliability of the test, Cronbach’s alpha were used. Results indicate that the average of the civil rights is less than the duties of citizenship. In other words, the average score for political, social and civil rights is less than political, social and civil duties. On the other hand, according to four types of orientation towards citizenship like as active, passive, the rights and duties, four types of citizenship can be distinguished from each other: good citizenship (20 percent) obedient citizenship (40 percent), the ideal citizenship (30 percent) and apathetic citizens (10 percent). According to the findings, active-passive attitude with dominant feature of duties have the greatest impact on the development of citizenship. This causes a part of citizenship development from down to up, show itself in a revolutionary manner, and the other part of citizenship is considered forward, seeking partnerships, legal and useful for the society and state. So if many social, political and civil practices of society in different situations can be taken into account as the development of citizenship, it can be said that society of Iran faces with the dialectic of the sense of citizenship (civil society), protest (civil citizenship) and ideal (political citizenship) which brings about different opportunities and threats for the society.
Vahid Shalchi; Esmail Shams; Alireza Khazaei
Abstract
This article investigates the initial confrontation between the Iranian economy and the newly emerged capitalist market relations during the 19th century. In the first step, a descriptive account of the Iranian economy’ transformations during this period and the preliminary requirements for analyzing ...
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This article investigates the initial confrontation between the Iranian economy and the newly emerged capitalist market relations during the 19th century. In the first step, a descriptive account of the Iranian economy’ transformations during this period and the preliminary requirements for analyzing these transformations is provided. The next step deals with its different economical, political, and social consequences. Our findings show that this process of Iranian economy’s reorientation in response to the new international demands for cash crops resulted in various transformations imposing significant effects on the next course of Iranian history during the 20th century. Some of the outcomes include the emergence of new big merchants who invested substantially in real estate, the emergence of proto-forms of private property through selling the state-owned lands, the disturbance of the subsistence economy’ fragile equilibrium through ecological catastrophes like the Great Famine of the 19th century. Despite how influential they were, neither of these changes could complete a rupture from pre-capitalist social relations of production and pre-capitalist strategies of surplus extraction.
Abbas Khorshidnam
Abstract
One of the common approaches for explaining how a revolution is constructed is to analyze the ideology of revolutionaries. Ideology legitimizes the conflict and facilitates the mobilization of forces by providing an answer to the question ‘What should be done’ and developing a semantic system ...
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One of the common approaches for explaining how a revolution is constructed is to analyze the ideology of revolutionaries. Ideology legitimizes the conflict and facilitates the mobilization of forces by providing an answer to the question ‘What should be done’ and developing a semantic system for the revolutionaries. But some thinkers such as David Snow believe that such semantic systems can’t be reduced to ideology and besides that, the attention must be paid on the frames that conduct the action of protesters. Frames are semantic systems that conduct the choice and position of revolutionaries in an unwritten and even unconscious way and as a mediating factor, they materialize revolutionary ideas and facilitate political mobilization of forces. This article deals with the memories of student movement activists during Pahlavi II in the Oral History Project of Harvard University to examine the process of politicization of student activists by analyzing the dominant frame of their action and choice. The findings show that Tayefe-Keshi is the frame that plays an important role in this process which has the function of developing boundaries between ‘us’ and ‘them’ and reproducing the political conflict and competition in the university.
Sociology
bahram nikbakhsh
Abstract
Physical appearance as a form of capital has been the focus of sociologists in recent years because "aesthetic capital," like other forms of capital, can be accumulated and utilized in social exchanges. The general purpose of this research was to collect information about the dimensions and meaning ...
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Physical appearance as a form of capital has been the focus of sociologists in recent years because "aesthetic capital," like other forms of capital, can be accumulated and utilized in social exchanges. The general purpose of this research was to collect information about the dimensions and meaning of appearance, and to do so, the questionnaire tool was used. The present research participants included all people between the ages of 15 and 60 in a statistical sample of 384 people in Ahvaz City. In this regard, statistical measures for both the "accumulation" and "utilization " dimensions of "aesthetic capital" were studied based on a parallel survey design using ordinal logistic regression (o-logit model). The findings showed that there are double standards based on specific norms regarding "accumulation" and "utilization " of "aesthetic capital." Furthermore, the existence of double normative standards depends on the "context" of society, in a way that these standards in "accumulation of capital" mean more approval of women's behavior, while the double standard in "utilization of capital" means more approval of men’s behavior. As a result, aesthetic capital, as something that depends on the context, regulates gender norms.
Sociology
Alireza Bizaban; Ali Imani
Abstract
The main issue of this article is national security. The question of this article is, which societies and why do they experience less potential and actual internal and external threats to national security, while some societies are constantly exposed to and experiencing dangerous threats? What ...
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The main issue of this article is national security. The question of this article is, which societies and why do they experience less potential and actual internal and external threats to national security, while some societies are constantly exposed to and experiencing dangerous threats? What is the situation of Iran in terms of the power of the state and the nation and the dangerous threats to national security? In order to find a theoretical solution to the problem, with the help of nation-state building theories, the dimensions of the power of the state and the nation were extracted, and then, using the theory of historical institutionalism, the theoretical analysis of the relationship between the nation-state and national security was carried out. Furthermore, in order to find an empirical solution to the problem, the quantitative methodology and the secondary analysis technique were used at the macro level, and data related to the research variables for 130 countries were collected from various international sources and analyzed for the period of 2005 to 2022. The findings from the quantitative comparative analysis showed that the capacity of the state and the nation and the balanced construction of their power, as well as the balance of power between the state and nation, which provides the basis for the compatibility and synergy of their power, has a reducing effect on potential and actual internal and external threats and has an increasing effect on national security.
Introduction
Today, all societies are faced with the problem of how to survive in the face of uncertainty, a never-ending set of new challenges, dilemmas, and crises, and random, unpredictable, and risky changes in the surrounding world and within themselves [the sources and roots of these challenges and changes are different; changes in relative prices, changes in demographic components, macroeconomic crises, ethnic conflict, civil wars, technological change, and security conflicts with other governments, etc.] and they should be resolved, controlled, and managed. But despite the increasing density, diversity, and complexity of threats, and the inevitable face of all societies with these threats, they do not have the same performance against these threats and only some societies are able to adapt to these random and unpredictable changes, defend their institutions, rules, values, and identity and modulate and manage threats and therefore have less vulnerability and more resilience. Therefore, the question is raised: which societies and why do they experience less potential and actual internal and external dangerous threats to national security and have more national security, while some societies are continuously exposed to experiencing dangerous threats?
Literature Review
Most of the studies carried out in explaining the factors and conditions affecting the Genesis and continuation of national security in Iran can be divided into three categories based on their focus and emphasis: government-oriented studies, studies that are subject to structural deliverism (external structures of society), and cognitive reductionism. The purpose of this article is to critically confront these studies and try to achieve a deep understanding of the concept of national security and the causal conditions of its Genesis and continuity, emphasizing the mutual relationship between the state and the nation, the mutual relationship between the internal and external structures of society.
Materials and Methods
This research has been done using the quantitative methodology and secondary analysis technique at the macro level. The unit of analysis in this research is the country or the entire social system, in other words, the nation-state. The sample to be studied is the nations that have a population of one million people and have the conditions to establish a nation-state (official and recognized nation-states). Data related to various factors in the recent 17-year period (2005 to 2020) were collected for 130 countries and then averaged from them, and using SPSS software, the correlation between the factors was investigated first, and then using linear regression. Multiple, the extent of influence of the structure and capacity of the government and nation on national security threats have been investigated.
Results
The findings from the analysis of the relationships between the research variables showed that the capacity of the state and the nation and the balanced construction of their power, as well as the balance of power between the government and the nation, which provides the basis for the compatibility and synergy of their power, have a reducing effect on potential and actual domestic and foreign threats, and have an increasing effect on national security.
The findings of the case study of Iran show that the state has little financial, bureaucratic, and political capacities and is also qualified to build a deeply unbalanced power. In fact, the state is more than a bureaucratic apparatus with high executive power and inclusive and maximal character, it is a state with a military-security and minimal character (due to the weakness of political power). It is for mobilizing and organizing oneself and participating to influence the construction of the state, and despite the [small and unstable] economic growth during the past decades, it is deeply unequal, multi-divided (center-periphery gap, class gap, etc.), and therefore has an unbalanced structure. Thirdly, the power of the government and the nation is unbalanced (excess power of the government over the nation), and therefore their relationship is asymmetrical and as a result, they are in a state of "gap" and inequality. In such a situation, i.e. "powerful weakness inside", not only is it not possible to take advantage of the technical and technological, scientific, commercial, and economic opportunities of the international system to restore the power inside, but also in the absence of dependence and mutual benefits with other societies, getting caught in the pitfall of the asymmetric and unequal structure of the world system, and being exposed to its increasing pressures and threats is inevitable.
Conclusion
Without a strong nation-state with a balanced power structure, the institutions, rules, vital values, and national interests of the societies will be exposed to dangerous threats. But the stability of the power of the state and the nation depends on the stability of their "equilibrium" and "balance of power," and when the balance of power between them is upset (the state dominates the nation or the nation dominates the state), their relationship is asymmetrical, and their power will be "asymmetric" and "synonymous" and not "synergistic," which undoubtedly has a reducing effect on both their power and national security. A comparison of the synergy of power and the gap between the state and the nation in different regions of the world shows that societies where the government and its nations do not have equal powers experience greater disparity, in contrast to societies where the state and the nation have equal powers aligned, they are constantly exposed to [experience] dangerous internal and external threats to national security.
Mansooreh Razavi
Abstract
Mansooreh Razavi Date of Receive: 2014/12/7Date of Accept: 2015/3/11Abstract:The so called Green Nature is the secret of survival, health and the lives of all living beings on the planet. Plant as a precious and unique gift which appears in different colors, tastes and genera, is the sole food for human ...
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Mansooreh Razavi Date of Receive: 2014/12/7Date of Accept: 2015/3/11Abstract:The so called Green Nature is the secret of survival, health and the lives of all living beings on the planet. Plant as a precious and unique gift which appears in different colors, tastes and genera, is the sole food for human body and soul. Plants were the first nutrition resource for human when he first came into existence. Moreover, plants bring about peaceful life and situation. Human, based on his experience, acquired knowledge of using diverse kinds of plants and enjoyed it during his life on the planet. Evidence shows that after several millennia, environment has been experienced serious changes. These changes have also affected lives of people along with scientific and technical development. Although it has received a good attention in past years, now as a result of industrialization and modern technology we witness not only the destruction of plants but also abandoning the study of old species. Thus, for avoiding the death of nature, accentuating local knowledge of botany is considered the only way to help human survival. This will pave the way for scholars, specialists in science and technology and also for ordinary people to preserve and use plants. This paper explores the methods which people used and enjoyed plants in the past. This study is based on a historical survey. Thus, what readers are about to read in following pages, is the data analysis based on available books and documents.
tahereh ghaderi
Volume 16, Issue 44 , May 2009, , Pages 123-154
Abstract
This article is the outcome of an exploratory research which was conducted in the year 2002 The objective of the research was to investigate the attitudes and the views of the sociology students in Allameh Tabatabaei University towards the discipline of Sociology and towards the university . To study ...
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This article is the outcome of an exploratory research which was conducted in the year 2002 The objective of the research was to investigate the attitudes and the views of the sociology students in Allameh Tabatabaei University towards the discipline of Sociology and towards the university . To study the differences in the attitudes and views of those students who had just entered the university with the students of the previous years i.e. those who had been studying sociology for one to four years more than these beginners , and to examine the effects of university education on the formation of these attitudes and views were the other objectives of that research . The results of the research indicate that the majority of the students i.e. %66, had a positive attiudc towards Sociology . In regards to the university , %35 had a positive attitude . The other results of the research indicate that the years which students had studied in the university had not affected some of their views about sociology, but they had affected their views and attitudes towards the university. The survey Population has been the students of sociology in the social sciences faculty of Allame Tabatabaee University' All of whom filled out the questionnairy
Ehsan Rahmani Khalili; Syed Milad Safavian
Abstract
Hooliganism, which can be construed as the violence of soccer fans, is a much serious and current phenomenon that brings about adverse effects in society. Therefore, the main questions of the present research are as follows: what factors affect hooliganism among soccer spectators and how? to what extent? ...
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Hooliganism, which can be construed as the violence of soccer fans, is a much serious and current phenomenon that brings about adverse effects in society. Therefore, the main questions of the present research are as follows: what factors affect hooliganism among soccer spectators and how? to what extent? The study employs a positivist approach, and the applied method is based on explanatory research, which is based on the data of a questionnaire handed out in September 2018, after making sure of the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The statistic population consisted of soccer fans in Tehran who were collected randomly based on Cochrane’s formula, the final number of the population being 442. The results are as follows: The environment, false emotions, facilities, and extrovert personalities are factors that affect and cause hooliganism. The environmental factor and the false emotional factor affect hooliganism directly and positively. The factors of' facilities and extrovert personalities affect the dependent variable indirectly. The factor of false emotions not only affect hooliganism directly, but they also affect it by affecting the environment.
hamid abdollahian; hiseyn hasani
Volume 16, Issue 47 , February 2009, , Pages 125-165
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to offer a study on the mechanism of representing Irano-Islamic discoursive elements in the Iranian TV commercial advertising. The problem dealt with in this paper pertains to the Iranian constitutional law that urges the national media to contribute to the development ...
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The objective of this paper is to offer a study on the mechanism of representing Irano-Islamic discoursive elements in the Iranian TV commercial advertising. The problem dealt with in this paper pertains to the Iranian constitutional law that urges the national media to contribute to the development of Irano-Islamic cultural codes. We treat the commercial advertisements as cultural texts and then we study and analyze them based on Rolan Barthes's semilogic approach. The primary findings of our analysis indicated that although these advertisements used religious and cultural symbols in their content in order to advertise commodities, they in fact used these symbols as an instrument to instigate the buying motif of their audience and did not contribute to development of religious teachings. The advertisements also used national symbols to construct motivating advertisements but these they were only used as slogans and clishe and not as a tools to improve national identity. Generally speaking, Iranian TV advertisements have not been successful in representing Irano-Islamic discourse and have not reached the targeted objectives made clear in constitution.
Masoomeh Qarakhani
Abstract
Masoumeh Qarakhani Date of Receive: 2013/10/9Date of Accept: 2014/2/9AbstractWhile paving the way for access to university education, the higher education institution pursues some social policies with the aim of securing welfare services for interested groups such as students, managers, university office ...
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Masoumeh Qarakhani Date of Receive: 2013/10/9Date of Accept: 2014/2/9AbstractWhile paving the way for access to university education, the higher education institution pursues some social policies with the aim of securing welfare services for interested groups such as students, managers, university office workers and faculty members. The present research deals with the study and analysis of documents (laws, bylaws and decrees) as the legal input of social policies. These are related to securing welfare for faculty members of public universities in Iran during 1981-2011. Using qualitative method and content analysis technique, welfare policies for faculty members in this period have been represented under the two concepts of “occupational well-being policies” and “promotional and job security policies”, and the process and procedure of these policies have been recognized. Apart from some “predictive policies”, which are based on Faculty Member Employment Bylaw and mainly concerned with occupational welfare services and promotion policies, other policies especially welfare policies in the framework of programs of Welfare and Organization and Fund for Faculty Members Support, have a “reactive” characteristic. This means that in spite of the enforcement of some welfare policies, the policymakers and even official executives have no clear and comprehensive understanding of the concept of welfare concerning faculty members in Iran. In the light of such an incoherent perception, some social welfare policies have been neglected by policymaker, and the enforcement of the existing half-done policies, due to political and economic policies and also governments’ approaches to the welfare of faculty members, has been affected by the tastes of policymakers and official executives.
Abstract
the purpose of this study is to determine how attitude towards education and the decision to continue education can affect first fertility among women who are about to marry in Neishabur. This article is based on a scaling on 415 women of 10 to 39 who are about to marry. These women referred to the Main ...
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the purpose of this study is to determine how attitude towards education and the decision to continue education can affect first fertility among women who are about to marry in Neishabur. This article is based on a scaling on 415 women of 10 to 39 who are about to marry. These women referred to the Main Clinic in Neishabur to give premarital tests in October and November 2013 for their first marriage. The tool used to gather information is a questionnaire. The dependant variable is the decision to postpone fertility since marriage, and the independent variables are the attitude towards education and continuing education, and the confounding variables are and some demographics variables.Results: women's attitude towards education and their decision to continue education after getting married has high significance on the intention to postpone fertility since getting married to the first fertility. It can be considered in planning. Positive attitude towards education and the decision to continue education after getting married in spite of the low age of marriage in the case studied have a great impact on fertility behavior by postponing the first fertility. That is to say the interference in women's education and their fertility is usually responded by spacing between marriage and the first fertility. This response has a direct impact on the fertility amount and fertility behavior in the society studied. Therefore, population policies can be more effective by planning to adapt the motherhood role with continuing education after getting married.
mohammadreza ahanchian
Abstract
The study of effects of culture on a purposeful life as an important factor of psychological health and an influential factor on setting goals and ordering their priorities is a challenging and exciting topic for researchers. The aim of the present research was to study the role of culture in how Iranian ...
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The study of effects of culture on a purposeful life as an important factor of psychological health and an influential factor on setting goals and ordering their priorities is a challenging and exciting topic for researchers. The aim of the present research was to study the role of culture in how Iranian and American university students ordered priorities of their goals and aspirations. A descriptive method was used in the design and implementation of this study.. The sample consisted of 216 Iranian students and 164 American students. All students completed the Goals and Aspirations Questionnaire. In addition to descriptive statistics indicators for data analysis (mean and standard deviation), methods of inferential statistics (analysis of multivariate variance, MANOVA) were used. Analysis of the findings indicated that the top three priorities for the American students as a whole were dependence, self-acceptance, and health, respectively, and for Iranian students were self-acceptance, health, and financial success, respectively. Comparing sexes, the top three priorities for American female students were dependence, self-acceptance, and helping the society and for Iranian female students were self-acceptance, health, and helping the society. Also, the top three priorities of American male students were dependence, self-acceptance and health while for Iranian male students were self-acceptance, financial success and health. Results of MANOVA test showed that there was a significant different between Iranian and American students in terms of sub- goals, which were categorized as spirituality, health, dependence, conformity, popularity, body image and financial success.
Mohammadsaeed Zokaei; Nima Shojaei Baghini
mahmood maham
Abootorab Talebi; Maryam Nazeri
Cultural Studies
Masoumeh Talebidalir; Fardin Alikhah; Sayyed Hashem Mousavi
Abstract
These days, unlike the past, the celebration of weddings in major cities has become less participatory, and various stages of it are mostly entrusted to commercial institutions from start to the end. These conditions indicate that in today's society, an industry called the wedding industry is ...
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These days, unlike the past, the celebration of weddings in major cities has become less participatory, and various stages of it are mostly entrusted to commercial institutions from start to the end. These conditions indicate that in today's society, an industry called the wedding industry is emerging, and weddings are increasingly becoming commercialized. The aim of this article is to understand the characteristics of this emerging industry in the city of Hamedan and study its various aspects. Regarding the wedding industry, there are various theories, research, and perspectives that generally emphasize the women’s agency, consumerism, and the commodification of the capitalist system. These perspectives are reviewed in the article. This article utilizes a qualitative research method, and its data is collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 16 individuals working in the wedding industry in the city of Hamedan. The fundamental concepts of the interviews are then extracted using thematic analysis technique, and the analyses are finally structured based on nine core themes. The results of this research indicate that the expansion of the wedding industry, with its prominent feature of "commercialization," encompasses "feminine subjectivity" and reinforces the culture of "individualism" and "commodification," leading to the weakening of local wedding ceremonies.
Keywords: Wedding Celebration, Commercialization, Consumerism, Commodification, Cultural Changes.
Introduction
The wedding industry is a complex combination of commercial and cultural activities, goods, and services, fundamentally reflecting the cultural attitude towards marriage ceremonies in a consumer society. Modern wedding celebrations, as a standardized and prevalent pattern, have been normalized in many societies and appear natural. Over time, this industry has diversified and evolved to the extent that it has now created a significant consumer market for wedding ceremonies. Wedding celebrations in the city of Hamedan have gradually come under the influence of this consumer market. The central objective of this article is to understand and analyze the elements of the wedding industry in this city. Accordingly, the research questions are:
1) What characteristics and features do workers in the wedding industry in Hamedan attribute to this industry?
2) What social and cultural mechanisms does the commercialization trend of wedding celebrations in Hamedan encompass, and which social trends is it potentially susceptible to?
Literature Review
Commercial wedding celebrations have been examined by various researchers from various perspectives, and this article focuses on their concepts and approaches. In summarizing the theoretical literature, the review of these studies reveals that in Western studies on wedding celebrations, concepts of "consumerism" and "individual choice" are frequently emphasized, and this consumer culture is primarily directed towards women in the first place. Additionally, non-Western researchers in their studies have delved into the discussion of imitation and harmony with global wedding patterns and focused on the cultural and social mechanisms of this industry in non-Western societies.
Methodology
This article employs a qualitative methodology, utilizing narrative interviews. Researchers conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 16 individuals in the wedding industry, focusing on their lived experiences to identify the characteristics and capabilities of the wedding industry in Hamedan. The choice of interviewing individuals in the wedding industry was driven by their deep connection to the industry and their profound understanding of the governing mechanisms in this field. The research field was Hamedan, and the sampling method was purposeful and chain-referral. Interviews continued until the data started to repeat. To ensure not to lose information and narratives and with the participants' consent, the interviews were recorded and transcribed after the interviews. Each interview lasted between 15 to 60 minutes. Furthermore, data analysis in this article follows the thematic analysis method, considering the individual as the unit of observation and analysis, with a focus on fine-grained levels of analysis.
Results & Discussion
In this article, the focus is on the study of Hamedan, one of the western cities of Iran. Similar to many geographical regions in Iran, this city has been influenced by the expanding wedding industry, leading to transformations in local wedding ceremonies. Hamedan is a relatively large city with a socio-cultural structure that combines both modern and traditional elements. Additionally, globalization and the culture of global capital consumption have spread in this city, transforming its market and business environment.
In this article, narratives from 16 individuals working in the wedding industry in Hamedan were explored to understand the characteristics of this industry. Participants identified 9 features based on their lived experiences in the business environment of Hamedan. These features include "Significant and Inevitable Celebration", "Transformation of Collective-Collaborative Rituals", "Commercial and Commodity Complex", "Feminine Consumerism", "Subjectivity, Selectivity, and Choice," "Specialization in Commercialized Weddings", "Risk Mitigation Management", "Aesthetic Recognition of Wedding Ceremonies and Representation of the Best Text", and "Globalization and Cultural Homogenization of Wedding Celebrations".
Conclusion
Commercializing wedding celebrations in Hamedan provides opportunities for creating unique social and cultural interactions and poses both opportunities and threats. The wedding industry in Hamedan allows couples, especially brides, to engage in subjectivity, shaping and managing their wedding celebrations according to their desires with the help of industry professionals. The wedding celebration emerges as a social construct, where Hamedani brides assert their agency and organize their identity as the "ideal bride." This industry empowers young Hamedani women, granting them more freedom of choice and agency.
Moreover, in the past decades, Hamedan's wedding celebrations were based on simplicity, fostering collaborative teamwork and strengthening collective spirit. However, today, the commercialization of these celebrations in Hamedan, in sync with the expansion of consumer culture, reflects more prominently the role of wedding service providers in the community, ultimately imposing exorbitant costs on couples and their families. Furthermore, the commercialization of wedding celebrations in the modern consumer culture of Hamedan has the potential to deepen social divides, increase social comparison, amplify relative deprivation, and ultimately intensify the sense of social inequality.
Acknowledgments
This article is derived from a doctoral thesis in cultural sociology at the University of Guilan. The authors express their gratitude to all individuals who participated in and supported this research.
fatemeh eshghi
Volume 10, Issue 23 , November 2003, , Pages 135-157
Abstract
The influence of Mizogini from Aristotle's theory that has been taken from classic schools in 18th century was continued till the end of the Century. The men who tried very hard for human right didn't have the right judgement in every way. Montesquieu's political anylasis is used as reference; while ...
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The influence of Mizogini from Aristotle's theory that has been taken from classic schools in 18th century was continued till the end of the Century. The men who tried very hard for human right didn't have the right judgement in every way. Montesquieu's political anylasis is used as reference; while he got to some optimistic view about women but he had a traditional attitiude toward women right. This kind of thinking was continued by Diderot and some of the writers of Encyclopedias and at last by Rousseau. This had a great effect and influence on making law about women right during the French revolution. At the same time, the criticism and defending of women writers, other philosophical of the Encyclopedia such as Dalarnbert and Condorcet and followers of their kind of thinking helped to open a way after the revolution and was continued and completed afterward.
mohamad rahmati
Hadi Khaniki; Lida Kavousi
mohammad avatefi hemmat; taghi shamekhi
Volume 13, Issue 34.35 , November 2006, , Pages 149-179
Abstract
This study investigates different kinds of non-wood forest products, which are used by Chitin's people, a village in Kojoor district, Mazandaran Province. The research method used was ethnography and participatory observation of rural people's practices while they do different jobs along with semi-structured ...
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This study investigates different kinds of non-wood forest products, which are used by Chitin's people, a village in Kojoor district, Mazandaran Province. The research method used was ethnography and participatory observation of rural people's practices while they do different jobs along with semi-structured and unstructured interviews. Non-wood products growing in forest are classified in two groups: products that are gathered for household use and those gathered for marketing. Each group is divided to edible, medicinal and ornamental goods, and some of their characteristics, such as local name, Persian name, scientific name, growing place, gathering period, parts of plants which are used, methods and kinds of use are mentioned. Moreover the social, ecological and economical relationships that were formed through gathering such products as well as the role of rural women and job organization of villager for gathering and processing of non-wood forest products are described.
Ali Ahmad Rafiee e rad; Ahmad Mohammadi
Abstract
In the last century, with the proliferation of modernization school patterns, there has been a radical transformation in the methods of exploiting water resources, which has challenged these resources dramatically. The present paper examines the deep well drilling and its promotion in one of the Iran's ...
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In the last century, with the proliferation of modernization school patterns, there has been a radical transformation in the methods of exploiting water resources, which has challenged these resources dramatically. The present paper examines the deep well drilling and its promotion in one of the Iran's first major modernization programs - the so-called Point Four Program (1949-1970). Here the main question is to look for the roots of the water crisis, in other words, the roots of the change in the pattern of water exploitation that led to this crisis.
The research method for the current paper is based on library studies and the examination of historical documents, with emphasis on first-hand documents and resources. These documents include the National Library and Archives of Iran, the “Documents from point four program in Iran”, the Internet Archive of the US Department of the Interior, the US Agency for International Development's Internet Archive, Publications and Correspondence Related to point four program as well as documents from affiliated institutions such as University of Utah
Volume 22, Issue 70 , March 2015, , Pages 200-228
Abstract
AbstractIn Iraq, Anfal is a name of military campaign against Iraqi Kurds during 1988 and 1989. In this campaign more than one hundred thousand of civil people were killed and injured and 4000 villages were destroyed. This study explains causes, state and dimensions of this military action. In theoretical ...
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AbstractIn Iraq, Anfal is a name of military campaign against Iraqi Kurds during 1988 and 1989. In this campaign more than one hundred thousand of civil people were killed and injured and 4000 villages were destroyed. This study explains causes, state and dimensions of this military action. In theoretical framework theories of Totalitarian and Durkheim mechanical society were referred. Method of study was documentary. Data shows in the Anfal campaign near 182000 people were killed and infrastructures of region destroyed. It can be described as genocide of Kurdish people in Iraq by Bath forces. It was because the traditional government and new technology were dangerous for people that define as "others".
