Sociology
Ahmad Ghyasvand; Somayeh Arabkhorasani
Abstract
The study of the prevalence of divorce and the increase of single parent families, aside from structural and objective study, requires the study of the mentality of the agents with a focus on gender. Due to having children to care about, women as head of families experience special circumstances both ...
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The study of the prevalence of divorce and the increase of single parent families, aside from structural and objective study, requires the study of the mentality of the agents with a focus on gender. Due to having children to care about, women as head of families experience special circumstances both regarding separation and also facing its consequences. Up until now the assumption has been that children play an important role in maintaining married relationships, but the current picture regarding the situation of the separation of women and men and the formation of single-headed families depicts a different notion. The current study has been conducted in search of the meaning of separation and its contextual-mental changes from the viewpoint of mothers with a focus on maternal identity. The phenomenological study has been done qualitatively, and the data collection method has been semi-structured interviews with twenty mothers who have experienced separation. Data analysis has been done using the Colaizzi method, and the results are that separation takes place following women’s change of mentality regarding family life, the increase of importance regarding human/feminine identity, and care regarding the children’s well-being. Unpleasant marriages unable to provide for the women’s needs propels them to break free from a chronic and painful situation. The core of women’s personalities being constantly threatened, and their trust and self-esteem being destroyed leads them in search of a way to exit this situation. In this path, children are still an important factor in the women’s lives, however, not as a maintaining factor, but as a factor of restoration of identity. The children’s well-being is a strong incentive to omit the father from family life and to form female-headed families.
Mehdi Omidi
Abstract
This article deals with reviewing theories developed from the middle of the last century about countries with abundant natural resources. In this regard, related theories in development literature as well as discourses and theories of Rentier State, Dutch disease, resource curse and also institutionalist ...
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This article deals with reviewing theories developed from the middle of the last century about countries with abundant natural resources. In this regard, related theories in development literature as well as discourses and theories of Rentier State, Dutch disease, resource curse and also institutionalist theories that tried to evaluate the political, economic, cultural and social structures of these countries have been analysed. Furthermore, their changes to date were also explored. While referring to the main claims of these theories as well as the internal and external criticisms, the current article tries to highlight their theoretical and empirical gaps. An attempt was also made to allow criticizing and reformulating these theories and discourses by emphasizing on their strength and weaknesses points. This can pave the way for future empirical studies while also providing a critical review of available theories. On this basis, the problems neglecting the historical roots of the formation of the state and economy in many of these research currents, special feature of addressing the issue of politics and state in other currents, and the analysis of the social systems of these countries based on standard patterns in most related discourses, have been emphasized in the narrative presented in this article.
Sociology
Mohammadtaghi Karami Ghahi
Abstract
The specificity of the coronavirus pandemic is indebted to the ironic fact of returning to the ancient tradition of quarantine at the threshold of the 21st century and the utmost progress of medicine and hygiene. Considering the gender aspects of home quarantine, this research aims at understanding ...
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The specificity of the coronavirus pandemic is indebted to the ironic fact of returning to the ancient tradition of quarantine at the threshold of the 21st century and the utmost progress of medicine and hygiene. Considering the gender aspects of home quarantine, this research aims at understanding women’s gendered experience of COVID-19. Under the verstehen interpretive paradigm, we analyze the experiences of twenty-three 30-52-year-old, married women who were interviewed during the first home quarantine in 2020. The content analysis of these women’s experiences gave us four conceptual patterns include crisis, female double subjectivity and endurance, feminine suspense and body management under the panic, and masculinity and the deconstruction of the dominant image by returning to the importance of fathers’ status. Overall, the calling of women to the center of the crisis and the disruption of the usual social order offers the Iranian women a historically subjective role and the opportunity to construct a different image of their feminine self in individual, family, and social levels. Meanwhile, the genealogy of pandemics shows that the centrality of the “housewife” as the dominant discourse under crisis is temporal, as the society returns to its misogynist origin with the passage of the crisis..
Introduction
COVID-19 as a critical global incident in the 21st century emerged in the utmost development of medicine and of global health metrics. The unknown nature of the pandemic and of the preventative and treatment methods, in addition to the fear of the high risk of contamination and death, added to the curiosity of the disease and the mismanagement of the whole condition. In consequence, the most they could do about it has been to apply the traditional Middle Ages method of quarantine. As the sole preventative and even treatment method, home quarantine turned home and family into the main alternative in front of governments in retreating COVIC-19. The social understanding of COVID-19 as a disaster in its primitive treatment framework finds additional gender orientations.
Research Question(s)
The current research answers two questions: 1) what is women’s gendered experience of themselves and the male other during COVID-19? And 2) how has the process of women’s subjectivity in their reflexivity of selves, the other, and the social world during COVID-19 been experienced?
Literature Review
Gender is the most important and original element in the construction and meaning of the self (Wharton, 2012: 37); thus, it provides the major source of knowledge for constructing the male or female self (Goffman, 1977: 301-331). It is constructed through the social process known as tenderization (Macé, 2015: 17-18), representing the social status, and the rationality and legitimacy of one of the fundamental divisions and various social orders that are observed in every society. It is the socio-cultural and micro-political produce (West and Zimmerman, 1987: 125-151) that is maintained in a body of gendered behaviors and expectations constantly obtained and lived as part of the socialization process (Holmes, 2010: 125-151). Understanding gender as a social phenomenon that has stood the test of time, adds to the significance of gender experiences in a crisis-relevant framework.
Disasters expose individuals to conscious action by interrupting the ordinary flow of everyday life and setting them free of the habitual norms of thinking and acting (Schütz, 2003: 19). Crisis is defined as a trial opportunity in terms of encircling people in painful situations that oblige finding new skills and creative problem-solving capabilities, mostly accompanied by pain and pressure (Martuccelli and de Singly, 2012: 73-80). The trial and the social experience that comes with it, are the intersection of individuals and the social structure, in which the rationale for action emerges during the trial situation and the social experience, itself composed of three segments: “integration”, “strategy” and “subjectivation” (Dubet, 1994: 136(. The social world is the context in which effective action takes place in the heart of experience and the knowledge of the surroundings. The individual’s knowledge of the social lifeworld is organized around the meaning of her actions under circumstances where she targets the control of her lifeworld and social relationships and locates herself at the center to recognize and utilize the elements that maximize this purpose (Schütz, 2003: 10-11). The social experience and the improvement of capabilities that are required for dealing with difficult situations are inclusive of the two processes of subjectivity and reflexivity.
Subjectivity is a fulfilled social process formed around the reflexive subject in which, in a process of working on the self, the subject attains new consciousness for the constant reflexivity, redefinition, moderation, and reformation of one’s consciousnesses and actions. In this process, personal life turns into a project open to new restrictions, worries, and concerns as well as new opportunities and untried experiences (Giddens, 2021: 22). Reflexivity is performed in a bedrock of the individual’s critical distanciation from and assessment of oneself, others, and the social lifeworld (Martuccelli and de Singly, 2012: 73-80). Therefore, reflexivity and “the narrative of individuation” in modernity are understood and experienced in the context of internal and external clashes (Bertucci, 2009: 43-55).
Methodology
After defining the individual and his conception of social reality as the prospects for understanding social phenomena (Martuccelli and de Singly 2012: 76), this research is conducted in the verstehen interpretive framework and constructivist epistemology. The method applied is basic qualitative research (Merriam, 2015: 46-48) and the techniques for gathering and analyzing data are semi-structured in-depth interview and thematic analysis. The sampling method is purposive while the population is made of 23 married women between 30-52 from Tehran and Alborz provinces while maximum diversity in age, appearance and class and religious affiliations has been observed in their selection. Due to the state of quarantine in 2020, the interviews were conducted via WhatsApp application and in the form of oral questions and answers that have been defined based on the research guidelines.
Results
Four dominant meaning patterns and their sub-meanings as identified in the thematic analysis of interviewee’s narratives include: crisis, subjectivity and double feminine resilience (the loss of the functionality of the concept of roles in explaining the complexity of feminine experience, the frustration with being oneself and the resulting duplication of crisis harms, the emergence of woman as the heroin subject), suspension of femininity and body management under disease panic (deference of femininity in the return to the natural body, the unbearableness of the lived time waiting for the disaster, the deferred gendered life in the panic of the moment of crisis), masculinity and the deconstruction of the dominant image in crises (the perplexity of masculinity in the entanglement of the spaces for social familial life, the lack of domestic work skills and men’s avoidance from the private sphere, expectation for disaster and the lack of masculine authority), and the return to the importance of paternal status in the experience of crisis (the absence of paternal emotional authority in waiting for disaster, gendered consciousness in the shared experience of disaster and the demand for the presence of father, financial support as the precondition for good fatherhood).
Demographic information table
City of Residence
Marital Status/Number of Children
Employ
Education
Age
Name
Number
Tehran
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
36
Sima
1
Damavand
1
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
36
Mehri
2
Tehran
1
Housekeeper/ Home job
Bachelor’s degree
38
Fatameh
3
Tehran
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
36
Saba
4
Karaj
2
Employee
Master
52
Hanieh
5
Mehr-shahr (Alborz)
2
Employee
Bachelor’s degree
48
Fahimeh
6
Karaj
2
Teacher
-
-
Mahoor
7
Tehran
2/ widow
Teacher
Master
44
Zeynab
8
Karaj
1
Employee
Master
38
Samareh
9
Tehran
1
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
30
Pariya
10
Karaj
1
Pharmacist
PhD in Pharmacy
38
Shamisa
11
Damavand
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
36
Sahar
12
Karaj
1+ Pregnant
Teacher
Bachelor’s degree
36
Sogol
13
Tehran
2
Employee
Bachelor’s degree
35
Mina
14
Tehran
1
Housekeeper
Master
38
Mehrana
15
Tehran
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
40
Azadeh
16
Tehran
1/Ddivorced
Teacher
Bachelor’s degree
40
Mahshad
17
Mehr-shahr (Alborz)
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
41
Asal
18
Roudehen
-
Employee
Bachelor’s degree
30
Soheyla
19
Tehran
2
Nurse
Master
39
Minoo
20
Kamal-shahr (Alborz)
1
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
37
Samira
21
Roudehen
2
Teacher
Bachelor’s degree
38
Mojgan
22
Roudehen
2
Housekeeper
Bachelor’s degree
37
Elham
21
Conclusion
The COVID-19 crisis as compared to other disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and war, has been experienced around the center of home and family, leading to the disruption of the normal, everyday life order of the house. Defining home quarantine at the core of controlling the disease brings women to the central position in crisis management. At this central position, women begin to work on their feminine self, learn new skills, and improve these capabilities due to the demand that is created by the crisis and the disruption of the previous order of social life. Meanwhile, and especially because of the absence of the government, further pressure, mental and psychological, put on women for appropriate reaction. Overall, in the dominant discourse of social sciences which is defined with pathological approaches, being under such circumstances of extra pressure makes people, especially women, more vulnerable. This is while the COVID-19 crisis has been a historical moment in women’s subjectivity and individuality, especially for Iranian women. Nevertheless, the historical accounts of pandemics as crises and disasters show that though women are the subjects called to the center in all these accounts, as a result of which house and household management around the discourse of the “housewife” turns into the dominant discourse, this centralization of femininity is temporal and restricted to those historical moments. With the return of society to its normal order, women are once again deprived of the central position; in other words, the misogynist genealogy is back there as the dominant discourse.
Acknowledgments
I am obliged to the Allameh Tabatabae’i University for allowing me to conduct this research. I extend my gratitude to Dr. Dabbaghi, Faculty of the ATU for her kind assistance in compiling the research proposal and completing the interviews, Dr. Shf'ati for joining the team in the initial analysis of data, and Dr. Khazaei, Faculty of the University of Tehran and the main colleague of the project.
Seyyed Ali Akbar Afjahi; Ardeshir entezari; Najmeh-Sadat Mortaji
Abstract
Seyed Ali Akbar Afjahi[1] Ardeshir Entezari[2] Najmeh Sadat Mortaji [3] Received: 28/6/2015 Accepted: 14/3/2016 Abstract Social networking and partnership concepts are extremely common in the modern world, especially among academics. The significance of knowledge sharing is that; it results in ...
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Seyed Ali Akbar Afjahi[1] Ardeshir Entezari[2] Najmeh Sadat Mortaji [3] Received: 28/6/2015 Accepted: 14/3/2016 Abstract Social networking and partnership concepts are extremely common in the modern world, especially among academics. The significance of knowledge sharing is that; it results in learning. In this regard, the role of learning as the potential for sustainable development of human society in the era of digital technology is concerned. The purpose of this study is to identify factors influencing students’ knowledge sharing behavior in the Social Network of a university. Therefore this is a descriptive-exploratory study, in order to identify variables that affect students’ knowledge sharing behavior in cyberspace. The study has been conducted via both web-based and email-based questionnaires. Electronic questionnaires distributed during a period of three months, and in two rounds. Furthermore, based on random sampling, data of 203 questionnaires obtained and subsequently KMO index was used to check the adequacy of the sample size. Using the LISREL software, at the [1]. Professor of Business Management, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Afjahi@atu.ac.ir [2]. Associate Professor of Sociology, Allameh Tabataba'i University. ali@entezari.ir [3]. PhD Student of Business Management at Allameh Tabataba’i University.gathered data is analyzed. The findings of this study show that social dimension, individual dimension and environmental dimension respectively have impact on student knowledge sharing in social network of Tehran University. Among these, communication factors from social dimension; attitude to share knowledge from individual dimension; and cultural (educational) factor from environmental dimension have shown the most significant impact on students’ knowledge sharing behavior in University Social Network respectively. Conclusions and directions for future research are also formulated (Corresponding Author). n_mortaji@yahoo.com
Mohammadsaeed Zokaei; Behjat Yazdkhasti; Ali Yaghoobi Choobari
abbas taghizadeh
Abstract
Media literacy, as the new kind of literacy in the 21st century, involves a person’s ability in accessing, analyzing, assessing, and communicating with media messages in different forms, as well as his or her ability in critical thinking. The fundamental question of this study was studying high ...
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Media literacy, as the new kind of literacy in the 21st century, involves a person’s ability in accessing, analyzing, assessing, and communicating with media messages in different forms, as well as his or her ability in critical thinking. The fundamental question of this study was studying high school students’ media literacy and its relationship with their sex, high school major and socio-economic status. This study was carried out using a survey method and a questionnaire, and the sample consisted of 400 students chosen through multilevel cluster sampling in Kerman high schools. Data was collected to address two questions and five hypotheses of the study. Findings revealed that level of media literacy was higher in male high school students, and that there was a significant relationship between level of media literacy and the three variables (sex, major, and socio-economic status). The study also showed that media literacy in students of last year of high school, who are human outputs of Ministry of Education average, was average in general.
hadi khanyeki; kazem motamed nejhad
Volume 10, Issue 23 , November 2003, , Pages 95-133
Abstract
This paper surveys the subjective and objective transformations that have happened in the discourses of international relations; it tries to show the relation between international communications and the prevalent order of discourse at the intellectual and cultural shperes. The main claim is that if ...
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This paper surveys the subjective and objective transformations that have happened in the discourses of international relations; it tries to show the relation between international communications and the prevalent order of discourse at the intellectual and cultural shperes. The main claim is that if the world is turning toward the dialogue and has accepted the idea of dialogue among civilizations, it is a result of certain objective and subjective transformations.
The paper surveys the ideas of Gadamer, Bakthin, Habermas, Mcintyre, and Rawls on dialogue, to show the subjective and intellectual transformations. Also, the unique contribution of each of these philosophers to the promotion of "dialogue" is reviewed.
At the objecive level, the discourses produced at United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), using critical discourse analysis method, were analyzed. Three historically distinct discourses were revealed. The prevalent discourse in 1970s was "development and progress". A fair and balanced development with due attention to human aspects and centrality of nation-states as the main players in the field of ground for the construction of the theory of dialogue among civilizations.
alireza hoseini
homa haji ali mohammadi
Volume 13, Issue 34.35 , November 2006, , Pages 97-147
Abstract
As a branch of anthropology, Traditional or Indigenous knowledge has a unique position in infrastructural studies of persistent development. Beside discussing the global position of indigenous knowledge, this paper has tried to present a case research project of coal making in Mazandaran Province of ...
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As a branch of anthropology, Traditional or Indigenous knowledge has a unique position in infrastructural studies of persistent development. Beside discussing the global position of indigenous knowledge, this paper has tried to present a case research project of coal making in Mazandaran Province of Iran using traditional method. to do this, the researcher has carried out direct in depth observations, face to face and qualitative interviews, along with the use of documents. The Focus group solely consists of coal makers, meanwhile mule keepers, contractors and other locals people were also studied. Interviewed people were selected through snowball sampling in a longitudinal or multi periodic time course study in the research site. The study reveals how coal making process has passed down from generation to generation by the foresters through a special kind of natural environment coexistence resulting in forest preservation. In contrast, current companies carelessly exploit forest resources with no careful supervision leading to total destruction of this national property, so that the alarm ring for forest and biodiversity has already tolled.
Amir Rastegar Khaled; Hajar Azimi
Seyed Farokh Mostafavi; Saeedeh Keshavarz
nima shojaie
Abstract
The water crisis in Iran is so violent that Iranian social life can be thought of as possessed by the shattered environment. Meanwhile, it seems that the State has a key role to reverse this condition. But, we can ask whether the current Iranian State has the capability to do so, theoretically and practically? ...
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The water crisis in Iran is so violent that Iranian social life can be thought of as possessed by the shattered environment. Meanwhile, it seems that the State has a key role to reverse this condition. But, we can ask whether the current Iranian State has the capability to do so, theoretically and practically? To answer the question firstly, I will demonstrate that any resolution to water crisis in Iran demands social strategy(and not only economic strategy); secondly, historically speaking, the dominance of Capitalism-Colonialism paradigm both effects the politics of State on one side, and the Iranian social life on the other, resulting in the dominance of “Market System” mechanisms in political structure and its consequences on the economic and cultural structure hence the water crisis in Iran in recent years; thirdly, if the State were environmentalist, it could theoretically and practically “transform” the institutions which exacerbate the water crisis in Iran.
This paper, via historical and documentary studies, demonstrates that historically in Iran the phobia from Autocratic State results in the dominance of Capitalism-Colonialism paradigm in the decision-making system; consequently , mechanisms of “Market System” (privatization and to make competitive)are deemed as highly acceptable and win legitimacy in political as well as economic and cultural spheres. These exacerbate the water crisis thus the resolution lies in “transforming “of aforementioned paradigm through developing institutions pertaining to the “Environmentalist State”.
Volume 22, Issue 70 , March 2015, , Pages 160-198
Abstract
Abstract:Although, the emergence of ethnic movements in Iran cannot be reduced merely to the role of the left movement, the left movement's role in Iran's ethnic areas is a significant reality for studying ethnic flows in Iran. Baluchestan is the one of these ethnic areas. During the Islamic Revolution, ...
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Abstract:Although, the emergence of ethnic movements in Iran cannot be reduced merely to the role of the left movement, the left movement's role in Iran's ethnic areas is a significant reality for studying ethnic flows in Iran. Baluchestan is the one of these ethnic areas. During the Islamic Revolution, Baluchestan for the first time saw the emergence of left-wing groups and activities. The main founders of these groups were educated Baluches. According to the novelty of these groups, their founders and their demands, the lasting socio - political structures of Baluchestan, these groups in Baluchestan faced little attention and as a result their programs failed. In this article, an ethnic literature has been referred for theoretical explanation of the tendency of the ethnic groups to the left movement in Iran. After that, for understanding the factors of failure of the left movement in Baluchestan, the socio - political structures of Baluchestan as inappropriate context for the leftist groups’ activities since the formation of the Pahlavi modern state to the Islamic Revolution has been studied. The results of this study show that the power of the traditional elites and trends, strong relationships based on tribe and clan, low level of education, Urbanization weakness, small class of modern elites and the disproportionately strategy of the leftist groups, were the factors of the failure of the left movement in Baluchestan.
Sociology
Fatemeh Havasbeigi
Abstract
The purpose of the current research is to identify the components of national cohesion for use in the content of textbooks. The research paradigm is interpretive, the approach is qualitative, the research strategy is qualitative content analysis and the field of study includes teachers and experts. A ...
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The purpose of the current research is to identify the components of national cohesion for use in the content of textbooks. The research paradigm is interpretive, the approach is qualitative, the research strategy is qualitative content analysis and the field of study includes teachers and experts. A semi -structural interview was used to collect information. The sampling method is purposeful and continued until the theoretical saturation stage, and interviews were conducted with 14 experts and 18 teachers. The data format was based on audio and for data analysis two steps of open and axial coding were used. In the first step, the coding of 451 initial code and 87 sub -categories were obtained. In the second stage of coding, 16 main categories were obtained after categorization. The extracted categories are: language homogeneity, diversity in introducing celebrities, Territorial symbols, legitimizing cultural pluralism, rethinking and writing women's texts, strengthening trust, distributive justice, Merit based, strengthening national identity, paying attention to multicultural economy, introducing ancient artifacts, political legitimacy, redefining educational policy, strengthening National-transnational compatibility, creating social security, and reforming media policy. Based on the findings, the necessity of a review and a more comprehensive look at the structure of national cohesion is felt.
hoseyn ali shirzadi
Volume 9, Issue 18 , August 2002, , Pages 67-120
Abstract
The main question of this research was determining variables affecting the performance of consumer cooperatives. The investigation was based on a theoretical framework leading to three hypotheses. The findings suggest that the progress and productivity of co-operatives correlate with twenty independent ...
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The main question of this research was determining variables affecting the performance of consumer cooperatives. The investigation was based on a theoretical framework leading to three hypotheses. The findings suggest that the progress and productivity of co-operatives correlate with twenty independent variables such as the type of rnangcment; capability, education and experience of managers; and the level of their social awareness, belief in and using of the principles of co-operatives, members' participation, self-sufficiency, and responsibility.
ibrahim barzegar
Abstract
Society is classified into two groups, the political elites who govern the people and non-political people who are governed. The relationship between these groups has been always one of the perpetual and the everlasting question in political philosophy and political sciences. The subject ...
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Society is classified into two groups, the political elites who govern the people and non-political people who are governed. The relationship between these groups has been always one of the perpetual and the everlasting question in political philosophy and political sciences. The subject of political sociology is the current relation of people and governors, and the subject of political philosophy is the appropriate relation of them. Although in some periods of the history some ethical elites came to power and struggled to organize those relations, in conflicts of bitter objective limited facts, rough facts could overcome ethical norms, so it put an end to the honeymoon of the temporary relation of the governors and the people. A suitable relation between the governors and people could make to get knowledge about people’s situation, their shortage or satisfaction (getting their insight), also it could make to understand the feeling and emotion, calling or curse, and pain or joy of them (getting their attitude). These two prerequisites bring about rational and appropriate behavior of the politicians toward Ra’iyyat (whom the government is responsible for). In this article, we try to study the relations of people and rulers, then with pathology, present some suitable solutions. The method of gathering data is library research, and the method of analysis is qualitative and interpretive content analysis.
mahmud share pour
Volume 6, Issue 10 , August 1998, , Pages 73-92
Abstract
On tl>e basis of the social catergorization theory, awareness of belonging to a common category is a requisite for group formation. In this research which has been conducted among 131 Iranian students at Australia, the effects of social categorization on group preference were evaluated. According ...
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On tl>e basis of the social catergorization theory, awareness of belonging to a common category is a requisite for group formation. In this research which has been conducted among 131 Iranian students at Australia, the effects of social categorization on group preference were evaluated. According to the evaluations, there is not any relation between ethnic self-categorization and in-group formation. The meaningful changings related to the group formation have been explained by means of multiple regression analysises. The findings of this research show that the weak out-group cohesion and the strong ethnic pride were the powerful predicators of in-group formation.
mohamad hoseyn panahi
Volume 2, Issue 3.4 , May 1993, , Pages 75-96
morteza farhadi
Abstract
This study tries to reopen new and forgotten areas of research to the Iranian anthropologists and ethnographers, especially to those amateurs interested in preserving the anthropological legacy of this country. AJong with pinpointing problems, the paper also indicates some solutions to those problems ...
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This study tries to reopen new and forgotten areas of research to the Iranian anthropologists and ethnographers, especially to those amateurs interested in preserving the anthropological legacy of this country. AJong with pinpointing problems, the paper also indicates some solutions to those problems at regional and national levels. At the end, as an example , it shows how "average water-mill" can be used for historical demography.
mohammad mehdi forghani
Volume 7, Issue 11.12 , March 2001, , Pages 85-110
Abstract
Public service advertising or public service broadcasting, a relatively new category in developmental communications and propagation, is naturally developmental and: a) does not involve private profits for advertiser(s); b) considers "teaching" and "information" as the basic constituents; and c) requires ...
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Public service advertising or public service broadcasting, a relatively new category in developmental communications and propagation, is naturally developmental and: a) does not involve private profits for advertiser(s); b) considers "teaching" and "information" as the basic constituents; and c) requires modern methods of journalism and propagation simultaneously. Public service advertising roots in governmental agents or state official institutions who are responsible for meeting the requirements and services which order the related services organizing the related affairs, and administer the various sectors of society. The audience of public service broadcasting belong to defferent social classes who are aimed according to the subject and content of the messages. The objective of this medium is to improve the living qualities and to make the people acquainted with their own responsibilities and social priorities. In this article, the writer, reviewing the history and roles of public service advertising in the world, intends to analyze the impact of this medium on content of messages in the media and transformation of media activities, introduce the public service broadcasting and their roles in national development, clarify their traits and characteristics, define the similarities and differences between public service advertising and commercial advertising, present the applicable forms and techniques used in public service advertising, determine the necessity for national policy-making in respect of public service broadcasting, and discuss about establishment of a "National Committee of Policy-Making for Public Service Advertising." Seemingly, attentive consideration of this newly-known facility along with application of scientific methods and long-term planning for determination of developmental priorities may provide new opportunities leading to social changes through political, economicod, cultural, material, and social improvements. Media, as the change agents would help this national project aptly.
mehrnaz amin aghai
Volume 15, Issue 41 , August 2008, , Pages 87-123
Abstract
During the recent two decades, unemployment has been one of the important challenges in Iran. The growth of population had been estimated 4 percent from 1976 to 1986, that formed a baby boom in Iran. From 1997, children born in baby boom decade have reached thir employment age. Due to the increase of ...
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During the recent two decades, unemployment has been one of the important challenges in Iran. The growth of population had been estimated 4 percent from 1976 to 1986, that formed a baby boom in Iran. From 1997, children born in baby boom decade have reached thir employment age. Due to the increase of uneinployment in recent years and the limitations of job creation in the country, unemployment probably will remain one of the important challenges in the next decade. Therefore, ii is necessary to attend to the unemployment problem as one of the most important causes of social threats. On the other hand, we cannot ignore the role of small and medium enterprises in solving unemployment problem in undeveloped and some developed countries. However, statistics shows the weak role of the Iranian small and medium enterprises in creating job opportunities in recent years. In Iran, small and medium enterprises encounter several problems in performing their role in job creation. In this paper, we investigated some determinants of job creation in such enterprises
homa zanjani zadeh
Volume 9, Issue 19 , November 2002, , Pages 89-106
Abstract
Development is a comprehensive process with social, cultural, Political, and economical aspects. Political development, moreover, has an idelogical dimension. One aspect of political development is political participation. About 50% of our population is formed by women. Since men's political participation ...
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Development is a comprehensive process with social, cultural, Political, and economical aspects. Political development, moreover, has an idelogical dimension. One aspect of political development is political participation. About 50% of our population is formed by women. Since men's political participation alone cannot satisfy all of women's political needs and interests, women's participation is required in all political activities. Political participation of women means that women should play a vital role in all democratic institutions. However, still certain cultural and political tasks are male dominated. Also, sex roles determine women's participation in scientific, political, and economic life. In this article, the writer, first conducts a survey, on the basis of the traditional definition of political participation, about university students. Then, criticising the traditional definition of politics, according to the viewpoints of women sociologists, she presents a new defintion of political participation. Finally, the obstacles to the women's political participation are discussed, and the strategy to remove such impediments are mentioned.
mohammad hoseyn panahi; esmail ali zadeh
Volume 12, Issue 28.29 , May 2005, , Pages 89-131
Abstract
Political participation is a subject which has won an exclusive place in our society, specially after the Islamic Revolution. The importance is such that some parts of it, specially voting, have been constantly supported and emphasized by the political system and have been given a great deal of political ...
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Political participation is a subject which has won an exclusive place in our society, specially after the Islamic Revolution. The importance is such that some parts of it, specially voting, have been constantly supported and emphasized by the political system and have been given a great deal of political propaganda. Meanwhile, mass media, as the most important society s political outlet, can play a desicive role in increasing and decreasing the rate of such participation. Based on these facts, a research was done with the purpose of scrutinizing the effect of mass media on political participation rate in Iran. In order to do so, a 430 case samples out of the statistical society of Tehran - 19 onwards - were chosen and necessary data was collected and analyzed through a questionnaire. The result of this study showed that in a long term basis mass media affects indirectly on political participation through factors such as political culture, political efficacy and political stimuli. In addition, the effectiveness of each of the media (TV,Radio, Newspaper & ) was different and in some cases, their effectiveness direction is different as well. To the point of the encourage, the participation in political activities and some others encourage political apathy.
faria shayegan
Volume 15, Issue 42.43 , February 2009, , Pages 89-115
Demography
Javad Shojaei; Amir Erfani
Abstract
One of the results of the fertility rate continuously being below the replacement rate is the prevalence of one-child families, for which there are no exact scientific information in Iran regarding the level of prevalence and trend of change. The present study aims to estimate the level, changes, and ...
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One of the results of the fertility rate continuously being below the replacement rate is the prevalence of one-child families, for which there are no exact scientific information in Iran regarding the level of prevalence and trend of change. The present study aims to estimate the level, changes, and age patterns of one-child families in Iran during 2000-2016. The data from two Tehran Fertility Surveys (2009 and 2014), three Iran’s Demographic and Health Surveys (2000, 2010, 2015), and three censuses (2006, 2011, 2016) were used. Based on the age of married women and number of living children, “definite” and “indefinite” percentages of one-child families were calculated, where the first one referred to married women aged 40-44 or 45-49 with one-child, and the latter referred to those under the age of 40 with one-child. The census results showed that the definite one-child families among women aged 45- 49 increased from 4.4% in 2006 to 5.1% in 2011 and 7.8% in 2016. Similar increasing trends were found from Demographic and Health Surveys and Tehran Fertility Surveys, with a sharper increase in one-child families in Tehran, where the percentage of definite one-child families rose from 3.6% in 2009 to 11.9% in 2014. The estimated levels of one-child families from different sources of data confirmed valid and reliable increasing trends of one-child families in Iran. Key words: One-child Family, Definite One-child Families, Indefinite One-child Families, Fertility Rate.
