Morteza Salemi Ghamsari; Mahmood Mortezaie fard
homa haji ali mohammadi; maryam taghi shirazi; abdolbaset ghorbani
Volume 13, Issue 34.35 , November 2006, , Pages 175-198
Abstract
Atlas of ethno botany in Iran has been one of the enacted projects of Ecological Anthropology department in Anthropology Research center of Iran Cultural Heritage, Handi Crafts and Tourism Organization Since 2005, which is carried out considering it's 5 years duration. This is on important subject, since ...
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Atlas of ethno botany in Iran has been one of the enacted projects of Ecological Anthropology department in Anthropology Research center of Iran Cultural Heritage, Handi Crafts and Tourism Organization Since 2005, which is carried out considering it's 5 years duration. This is on important subject, since indigenous knowledge concerning the use of herbal medicine by indigenous people and healers was considered as an non-material cultural heritage of Iran, a knowledge that is endangered now. In this project, with an anthropological view, we worked on this subject in all over Iran using monographic data. Since this is an interdisciplinary subject some anthropologists, botanists, physicians and pharmacists helped us to achieve the required standard We have considered 90 species belonging to 68 genera and 37 family for indigenous healing as part of herbal prototype that we have collected in our archives.
Ebrahim Salehabadi
Abstract
The purpose of writing this article is to provide a critical model for social science book criticism to help the research in social sciences by confronting the main research model. The method of this article is review and criticism. In this article, 25 treatises-books are reviewed in the field ...
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The purpose of writing this article is to provide a critical model for social science book criticism to help the research in social sciences by confronting the main research model. The method of this article is review and criticism. In this article, 25 treatises-books are reviewed in the field of political sociology and political science. The research shows that the most important research harms in Iranian political sociology and political science are as follows: incorrect establishment of causal relationships between variables, not having the problem as a puzzle and confusion between the problem and the question, excessive fascination of the researcher with theories and failure to present causal mechanisms, inappropriate use of establishing Causal relationships in research. The research showed that the time gap between master's and doctorate courses, the gap between published articles and the academic gap between master's degree and doctorate, the type of university and the field of study of researchers have an effect on the disadvantages of research.Research problems can be reduced by using the following solutions:
A- Highlighting inconsistency, inconsistency, contradiction and mystery in the statement of the problem.
B- Recalling and rereading research records in stating the problem, research findings and the whole research.
C- Minimizing theoretical issues, but minimizing research history can make research more fruitful
D- Presenting reasoning, reasoning and presenting causal mechanisms to communicate causality.
E- Criticism and elimination of faulty causal relationships.
Keywords: Disadvantages of research, Political sociology, Critical method, Dissertation-book, Iran.
Introduction and problem statement
The purpose of writing this article is to present a critical model for criticizing social science books, so that by confronting it with the main pattern of research, it can help to research in social sciences. It is certain that our main pattern and criteria for comparison are not clear from criticism. What is important to us is to open the door for critical examination of social science works. Therefore, in this article, we will try to examine the most important damage of the conducted research. It should be noted that the pathological examination of this research does not mean ignoring the positive points of the research; but rather a critical assessment form rather than mere evaluation
Analytical and conceptual framework
Research in different disciplines of science is done in different ways and it is impossible to introduce a specific method that is applicable in all branches of science. However, the general principle of this research is in different disciplines that are more similar than they are together. in any form and in any field that is done; always subject to codified and logical instructions that assist scholars in doing their work Applying these guidelines enables them to evaluate the results and works of other research while gaining more confidence in the accuracy of the results of their work. According to this research, we have examined and criticized the scientific and research texts:
Criticism of the problem statement.
Theories criticism
Review of research background
Criticism of method.
Criticism of the findings.
Criticism of solutions and suggestions.
Formal and procedural criticism
Methodology
The method of this article is a review and attempts to discover the damage done by using review and evaluation of works. The examined sample is 25 theses-books in the field of political sociology and political science, which were previously defended as a doctoral dissertation in Iranian universities. The selection of these cases is due to the fact that it is a doctoral dissertation in the field of Iranian political sociology, which was conducted in Iranian universities as a research and published as a book.
Results
In the descriptive part of the study, it it is shown that% 28 of the produced works (theses-books) have formal problems (spelling, compositional and referential, etc.) in large and very high levels that make them difficult to read and study. Among the 25 investigated works, 16 theses-books lack the problem (%64). Among these works four works had a question; but they had no problem. It is interesting to note that 9 researchers (%36) did not follow up on their problem and question and abandoned it.
Eighteen researchers (%72) did not review the research background and 80% of them did not did not receive help from the background and history of the research in stating the problem. Most of these have methodological problems. %72 of theses-books have problems in establishing a causal relationship, % 76 of them have problems with data and data information, and they have the same amount of credit problem. Among the 25 reviewed works, 13 researches (52 percent) do not answer the problems and questions. The study shows that researchers have sought to confirm their theories rather than disprove them.
In the explanatory part, in the final analysis and analysis, the factors related to scientific problems and issues are as follows:
Discontinuities: Among the discontinuities raised in this article, the distance between the scholars’ educational and academic courses of the researchers, the university where the researcher's master's degree and doctorate studies are not the same, and the discontinuity between the subjects studied by the researcher have an effect on the damage of the research.
Type of university: research shows that the least academic problems and harms are related to studying in foreign universities and the most problems are related to studying in non-governmental universities.
Field of study: The research showed that the researchers of the field of study of political science have more problem statement, method and general problems than sociology.
Discussion
In the intuitive and experimental understanding, it seems that the strength and weakness of the research results from the type of university and the type of study field and the interactive effect of the two. The research shows that the most research problems (methodological problems and statement of the problem) are among the PhD graduates of political science in non-government universities, and the least is related to the PhD in sociology in public universities. From the perspective of research problems, the published works of public universities are less problematic than non-governmental universities, and sociology is less problematic than political science. In the analysis and explanation of this case, it should be said that a student of political science spends 10 credits in research method until obtaining a doctorate; While a student of social sciences takes 24 units of research methods (not including practical work) until getting a doctorate. So; if this analysis is correct, the amount of methodological problems in the field of political science should be higher than in sociology, which confirms their reality.
Conclusion
The author of the article believes that by using the following strategies, it is possible to reduce the research damage and improve the research situation: A. Highlighting inconsistency, inconsistency, contradiction and mystery in the problem statement section. B. Calling and rereading the research record in the statement of the problem, research findings and the whole research. C. Minimizing the theoretical issues, however, minimizing the research history can make the research more fruitful. D. Providing reasoning, argumentation, and providing causal mechanisms to communicate causally. E. Criticism and elimination of faulty causal relationships.
In removing these harms from the research, it can be suggested that the researchers consider their persuasion and the readers of the book, whether the book's audience considers the researcher's claims and the researcher's arguments to be proven and correct or not? And will the reader be convinced by reading the book or not?
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all those who assisted us in various ways for conducting the research.
Sociology
Taha Ashayeri; Tahereh Jahanparvar; Hanieh Adel
Abstract
Suicide means ending the social life and shows the decrease of human value and the peak of human suffering. Social capital has a preventive and deterrent role against suicide. The main purpose of the research is to study the effect of social capital on the tendency to commit suicide by relying ...
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Suicide means ending the social life and shows the decrease of human value and the peak of human suffering. Social capital has a preventive and deterrent role against suicide. The main purpose of the research is to study the effect of social capital on the tendency to commit suicide by relying on meta-analysis of studies. The research method is a quantitative meta-analysis (CMA2), and the unit of analysis is the articles and treatises published in the period from 1385 to 1402, which by using the scientific database NoorMags, Magiran, and IranDoc, 48 documents were identified as the statistical population, and after screening (evaluation of entry and exit conditions for analysis), 26 cases of research (sample size) remained in the study process. The statistical method under investigation is Cohen's d and Fisher's f, and the sampling method is a deliberate-non-probability type. The results indicate that social capital has an inverse and significant relationship with suicide tendency, and its effect coefficient is -0.38. Furthermore, the relationship of social cohesion (-0.18), social support (-0.20), social trust (-0.31), and social participation (-0.17) has been significant and inverse with suicide tendency. Based on this, by strengthening and recreating social capital at the macro, medium, and micro levels, the tendency to commit suicide can be prevented in the provinces of the country.
Introduction
Emile Durkheim considers the currents of modernity and the transition from a traditional to a consumerist society as the beginning of the increase in suicide due to lifestyle changes, increased social expectations, and unlimited aspirations. Factors and network structure play an important role in suicide attempts, which include family members, neighborhood system, and close friends. As the capacity of the social network decreases, the possibility of committing suicide increases. Today, social capital has become one of the key variables in research and is a communication factor between people and social networks. The theoretical foundations of Durkheim's suicide classification have been analyzed and explained with the two variables of the degree of integration and social cohesion of individuals with society. Searching for the general word "suicide" in Iran Mag (1734), Normagz (10000), and Iran Doc (1690 research papers and reports) shows the abundance of suicide studies among academic and institutional researchers. The current study aims to investigate the relationship between social capital and suicidal tendency by relying on a quantitative meta-analysis method; examining based on this, the main goal of the research is to estimate the effect size of the social capital variable and its components on the tendency to commit suicide.
Literature Review
Suicide in Iran is a multidimensional matter and can be discussed and investigated from various approaches. In this context, Faizollahi's studies (2022), under the title "Furthercomposition of Suicide Studies in Iran," show that family disorder, abnormal family management, social pressure, tense marital relationships, inconsistency of tradition, access to suicide tools, sterilization of suicide, and social rejection are the grounds that have increased the tendency to commit suicide. Furthermore, Mehri (2001), in a research entitled "Meta-analysis of suicide studies in Iran," factors such as education level, marital status, self-esteem, family cohesion, early marriage, and anxiety about the family's economic situation and Barghamdi (2019), in his studies entitled "Meta-analysis of studies carried out in connection with the suicide of duty workers," showed that individual factors (aggression, sensationalism, narcissistic personality, antisocial personality, abusive personality, neuroticism, ataxia, obsession, morbid fear, psychosis, depression, non-interactive behaviors, lack of behavior control , dramatic personality, borderline personality, anxiety, extroversion/introversion, drug abuse, and paranoid), family factors (lack of social support, cohesion, and family problems), and managerial-organizational factors (commander's behavior, conditions of the service place, the borderline of the service place, and problem solving skill training) have played a decisive role in the tendency to commit suicide. Finally, Moradi and Sharifzadi's research (2019) titled "Metaanalysis of socio-economic factors related to suicide" shows that social capital (communication, support, trust, norms, and obligations), economic problems (employment, family poverty, low income, and disability in passing economic affairs), family problems (incompatibility with conditions, and distrust of family), and weak mental health (despair, depression, and stress) have had a significant relationship with the tendency to commit suicide.
Materials and Methods
The current research method is quantitative meta-analysis CMA2. Meta-analysis is the estimation of the effect size of studies in one main unit. In this method, the researcher evaluates the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables by referring to published articles, research year, correlation coefficient, and significance level. To receive and collect articles from NoorMags, Civilica, IranDoc, and Magiran website with the keywords "social capital and suicide" in the period of 2006 to 2023, the statistical population (47 studies) was identified and after control in terms of method, reliability, validity, and scientific findings, the number of 26 documents have been entered into the software, and the size of the final effect of each research and the total final effect have been estimated by the Fisher and Cohen formula.
Results
The results indicate that social capital has a significant effect on suicide tendency in all studies, and only social capital in the studies of Qadri and Nazari (2018), and Karimi (2019) had no significant relationship with suicide.
The effect of the general index of social capital on the tendency to commit suicide:
Social capital has an inverse and significant relationship with suicide, and its effect coefficient is -0.38. Furthermore, the relationship between the components of social capital, including social cohesion (-0.18), social support (-0.20), social trust (-0.31), and social participation (-0.17) has been significant and inverse with suicide tendency.
Discussion
The main goal of the current research is to study the effect of social capital on the tendency to commit suicide in Iranian society. In this context, about 26 survey documents have been conducted between 1385 and 1402, and it is based on the assumption that suicide in Iran is a function of the amount of social capital or not. To answer this question, researchers have conducted a meta-analysis by collecting survey-based research related to "social capital and suicide." After screening the research and describing the general characteristics of the studied research, the statistical results of Cohen's d and Fisher's f show that social capital is strong support for dealing with the issue of suicide and has a preventive effect against the act and tendency to commit suicide. Social capital includes values and norms that facilitate access to social benefits and goals and give people social credit and dignity of the type of collective identity. As a result, a person resists loneliness, isolation, depression, and rejection, and when faced with crises, he does not understand himself as helpless, the usefulness of social capital, and the creation of a cooperative is cooperation and social support of its members against social risks.
Conclusion
By increasing the amount of social cohesion, the tendency to commit suicide decreases, and its effect size is equal to -0.189. The greater the intensity of social cohesion, the tendency to commit suicide is also reduced.
- Increasing social support has reduced suicide, and its effect size is equal to 0.200 effect size. By increasing the amount of social support of family and society to individuals, the risk of suicide decreases.
- Increasing social trust reduces suicide, and its effect size is equal to 0.319-effect size. The higher the amount of social trust, the more suicide motives decrease.
- The greater the intensity of social participation by the same amount, the tendency to commit suicide decreases, and its effect size is equal to -0.175.
- Social capital, by creating collective resources (material and immaterial) through community, communication, and social relations, empowers people and protects them in a stable collective network when facing individual-social crises. The tendency to commit suicide (meta-analysis of research), suicide prevention mechanisms (according to the findings).
Keywords: Suicide, Social Capital, Meta-Analysis, Risky Behaviors, Social Differentiation.
mohamadmehdi forghani
Volume 22, Issue 70 , March 2015, , Pages 229-277
Abstract
Abstract:Doing field research among social scholars, this study explores the challenges of women studies researches from their viewpoints. In other words referring field experiences of professional expert, the challenges of doing research in the specific realm of social studies of women have been drawn. ...
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Abstract:Doing field research among social scholars, this study explores the challenges of women studies researches from their viewpoints. In other words referring field experiences of professional expert, the challenges of doing research in the specific realm of social studies of women have been drawn. Regarding this, related scholars whom are known as the expert of women's studies, evaluate the state of researches as the part of scientific structure. Results show that dependency of organizational researches, negligence of women issues, formal rejection of women subjects in social science, scientific weakness of academic actors, marginalizing mentioned expert by demagoguery, limitation of topic selection, disconnection of researches from objective problems of women, useless of research findings, restriction of accessibility to scientific resources, process failure of integration of science and ultimately weakness of analysis are the main challenges. Although some of these are common in the sphere of social science, the others are exclusively for social studies of women. As a conclusion, it should be said that these challenges are interconnected and threaten the life of this scientific discipline.
Mohammad Ebrahim Banihabib; Narges Dolatabadi
Abstract
In this paper, social and political capacity building for issues related to the environment, specifically the phenomenon of dust storm in the southwest of Iran which is studied and water diplomacy as a strategy for restoration of Hoor-Alazim wetland which its basin is in Iran, Iraq and Turkey and now ...
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In this paper, social and political capacity building for issues related to the environment, specifically the phenomenon of dust storm in the southwest of Iran which is studied and water diplomacy as a strategy for restoration of Hoor-Alazim wetland which its basin is in Iran, Iraq and Turkey and now is a source of dust storm was investigated. Water diplomacy includes wide spectrum of negotiations such as: disaster diplomacy, preventive water diplomacy and green diplomacy. Currently, Turkey uses its natural resources for development ignoring its environmental impacts. Thus, current dialog jn region is third world dialog. So, it is suggested using win-win dialog as a path to achieve green dialog and applying this dialog as well as game theory, the balance point of the wetland restoration should be determined. In addition, social and political networks among stockholder states for preparing public opinion and impacting on decision maker and decision supporter should be constructed. If policy makers of Iran and Iraq apply water and merchandise exchange diplomacy as a negotiation tool in dialog with Turkey, it will be a step to restoration of environment of region. In networking structure, we should use wide links, several statute and increasing satisfaction for network negotiations in conflict resolution of dust storm.
Alireaz Bizaban
Abstract
Abstrac Transition of democracy in the Middle East question paper. The purpose of this article is to answer the question of why revolutionary movements sweeping the Middle East (Arabic spring) that the overthrow of authoritarian rule and political reforms in some countries led to the consolidation of ...
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Abstrac Transition of democracy in the Middle East question paper. The purpose of this article is to answer the question of why revolutionary movements sweeping the Middle East (Arabic spring) that the overthrow of authoritarian rule and political reforms in some countries led to the consolidation of democracy meant the establishment of democratic procedures did not seek, but a reproduction of authoritarianism with a new formulation has been sought? As a theoretical solution to the problem, theories of democracy consolidation process (theory of rentier states, civil society, political culture, the legitimacy of democracy, etc.) were examined. To test the causal conditions of comparative qualitative techniques (Boolean algebra) was used. Results Boolean algebra to the case of Egypt, Libya, Yemen suggest that the government's ties to rent sources, weak civil society, political culture Khvdsalar governance and economic underdevelopment as well as uncompromising political elite of the most important obstacles in both structural and wisdom (actors) to establish democracy. Boolean algebra results also show that the government relies rentier incomes, weak civil society, non-democratic political culture and Khvdsalar and uncompromising elites and the lack of legitimacy of democracy in Bahrain prerequisite for the socio-economic underdevelopment not necessary and not enough to prevent the consolidation of democracy.
Morteza Parvizan; Jafar Hezarjaribi
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the type of interpretation of domestic violence by domestic violence and the type of exposure to domestic violence. Researchers have semi-structured interviews with thirty women who had previously been subjected to domestic violence, considering the field of interest ...
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The present study aimed to investigate the type of interpretation of domestic violence by domestic violence and the type of exposure to domestic violence. Researchers have semi-structured interviews with thirty women who had previously been subjected to domestic violence, considering the field of interest (economic, cultural and social), and after conducting interviews in the dominant text, using the qualitative approach of encoded theorem theory Concepts and mining of central issues. . After examining the variety of women's perceptions of domestic violence and interviewing, most of the concepts related to the category of "physical violence" were "emotional violence" financial violence, which is also explained by the variables underlying the researchers' point of view, so that many Women who had reacted in the face of domestic violence had low education, poor support networks, high adherence to cultural traditions and rural and marginalized villages, and more physical and financial violence against women. This is evident the need to assign a different type of service The psychological and cultural support organizations are in these areas.
masud kowsari
Volume 6, Issue 10 , August 1998, , Pages 109-138
Abstract
Sociology of Litterature is one of the branches of sociology which has not been developed in Iran aptly in spite of a long literary tradition and a plenty of literary works which have been created in Persian literature both theoretically and Expirically. From a theoretical viewpoint, sociology of literary ...
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Sociology of Litterature is one of the branches of sociology which has not been developed in Iran aptly in spite of a long literary tradition and a plenty of literary works which have been created in Persian literature both theoretically and Expirically. From a theoretical viewpoint, sociology of literary genres and sociological approaches to literary works have not been defined and classified clearly in our tradition; therefore, a few deliberate theoretical works were produced in this respect. Expirically, most researches have been merely limited to Jong story (and indulgently to novel) dna other literary genres have been neglected generally. In this article, the writer wants to show that any literary genre enjoys its own charachteristics which should be considered by sociologists when analyzing the literary genres sociologically.
saeedeh Amini
Abstract
Abstract Women are one of the most important social forces and interconnected nature of the political and social has made them to engage in politics. In Iran, after the Islamic Revolution, different states have made efforts to solve women's socio-cultural problems. This article seeks to examine ...
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Abstract Women are one of the most important social forces and interconnected nature of the political and social has made them to engage in politics. In Iran, after the Islamic Revolution, different states have made efforts to solve women's socio-cultural problems. This article seeks to examine the social status of women in employment and unemployment, taking governmental administrative position, education, and being head of households from the fifth to the eleventh states in the Islamic Republic of Iran. To achieve this goal, secondary analysis was used and the following results were obtained: The presence of women in governmental administrative position has a rising trend in two decades, but in the basic and middle levels of management. The employment status of women in the 70's was relatively better than the 80's and the unemployment rate for women has been increasing since the 80's. On the other hand the employment and education of women did not rise harmoniously. Education and employment of women was better in the second term of President Khatami and the first term of President Ahmadinejad compared to the periods before and after. Prior to this period, the rate of employment passed education rate, but in the second term of Ahmadinejad until Rouhani's state this has reversed and education has passed employment. In the field of household, the percentage of female-headed households has raised from 7.5 percent in the first state of Hashemi Rafsanjani to 12.9 percent in the administration of Rouhani. During this period the identity of the female-headed households has changed in a way that single and divorced women mainly comprise female-headed households.
Gholamreza Latifi; Seyed Mohammad Basatian
jhaleh shadi talab
Volume 2, Issue 3.4 , May 1993, , Pages 125-151
morteza farhadi
Volume 1, Issue 1.2 , February 1992, , Pages 129-162
reza sar afrazi
Abstract
The first section of this paper discusses the resear ches done on various kinds of water-mills in rainy and dry areas of Iran, and estimates their number. The most interesting part of this section is the introduction of an automatic water-mill in Maraud of Azarbayjan, working without using the potential ...
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The first section of this paper discusses the resear ches done on various kinds of water-mills in rainy and dry areas of Iran, and estimates their number. The most interesting part of this section is the introduction of an automatic water-mill in Maraud of Azarbayjan, working without using the potential energy of current water, The second section of the paper discusses various kinds of Water-mills in the region and their statistics, as well as indicating the reflection of water-mills in the regional culture. Finally, different parts of such Water-mills are descrihed
Alireza Salehi; Mohammadsaeed Zokaei; Ebrahim Ekhlasi
Abstract
The medical relationship between a physician and their patient is unequal. The patient is in an urgent need to make a contract with the physician which includes the acceptance of the treatment plan and the payment for such treatment. However, The physician does not have the same urgency. This unequal ...
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The medical relationship between a physician and their patient is unequal. The patient is in an urgent need to make a contract with the physician which includes the acceptance of the treatment plan and the payment for such treatment. However, The physician does not have the same urgency. This unequal situation may lead to misuse of power by the physician. The results of this critical ethnographic study, extracted from semi-structured interviews with a number of patients and physicians in the city of Tehran, show that five models for physicians' authority may appear in a doctor-patient relationship: Personal authority, being the extension of physician's authority in social sites other than medical practice. Coercive authority, constructed by neglecting the lived body. Authoritarianism, which is the result of manipulating patients' cognition. Juridical authority, which relies on doctor-patient protocols and civil rights, and finally, empathetic authority, which is based on a personal connection with the patient.
abdolali lahsaai zadeh
Volume 9, Issue 19 , November 2002, , Pages 137-149
Abstract
This article intends to analyze the Iranian university students' attitudes towards women's political participation. The present theories about politics and women are reviewed including political socialization, structural approach, situational approach, theory of opposition, functionalism, and theory ...
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This article intends to analyze the Iranian university students' attitudes towards women's political participation. The present theories about politics and women are reviewed including political socialization, structural approach, situational approach, theory of opposition, functionalism, and theory of interculturalism. Then, a combinational theory which is comatible to the present condition in Iran is suggested, along with an experimental model based on the presented theory. In this model, "the attitude towards women's political participation" is considered as the dependent variable, and the independent variables are: "social-economical stutus of the family", "social situation of the students" and "populational properties of the students". Six hypotheses in connection with age, sex, marital status, major, degree, and employment of the students, and four hypotheses relationg to the students' fathers' income, occupation, and education are tested. The research method applied is surveying. The statistical population are
mohammad zahedi asl
Volume 7, Issue 11.12 , March 2001, , Pages 145-174
Abstract
The main question of the research was as follows: "How much have the villagers of Ardebil, who were striken by earthquake, particpated in rebuilding the damaged areas, consideriny to their social, cultural, and economical traits"? To answer this question, descriptive research method (surveying) has been ...
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The main question of the research was as follows: "How much have the villagers of Ardebil, who were striken by earthquake, particpated in rebuilding the damaged areas, consideriny to their social, cultural, and economical traits"? To answer this question, descriptive research method (surveying) has been applied. All those families who were residents of the damaged villages (at least with %20 destruction rate) have been studied. Testing the hypothesises related to "participation" variable and the relevant variables, the following conclusions were reached: - the relationship between participation, and age, literacy, and health of the family heads was approaved; but, the relationship between participation and gender of the family heads was not approaved; - there was no difference between participation, the amount of the sown lands, and the kind of the land ownership; whereas, the difference between "participation" and the whole income of the family head was approaved; - relationship between participation and destruction rate of the houses was approaved; - those family heads who were more satisfied by the governmental aids claimed
accordingly more participation;
- those family heads who were against reconstruction of the damaged regions did not participate in rebuilding these areas and vice versa.
Concerning these conclusions, the writer has posed a number of suggestions respectively.
safar mehran far
Volume 8, Issue 13.14 , August 2001, , Pages 145-172
Abstract
Women's self-occupation cooperatives comprise active women who are of decision to play an important role in the economy and productivity of their family and society. To this end, they may, however, encounter certain problems as follow: - Most of these cooperatives are not acquainted with centers of manufacturing ...
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Women's self-occupation cooperatives comprise active women who are of decision to play an important role in the economy and productivity of their family and society. To this end, they may, however, encounter certain problems as follow: - Most of these cooperatives are not acquainted with centers of manufacturing and distributing required material and equipment consequently. They are usally provided through dealers. - Most of these cooperatives are not acquainted with the chamber of cooperation, the cooperative service coprnany and the cooperative union. - Most of these cooperatives lack sufficient capital and budget. - Most cooperative directors do not enjoy high education. - Most cooperative personnels are not professional in their duties. - Most of such cooperatives are not much familiar to marketing and sales techniques.
Morteza Salemi Ghamsari; Kaveh Farhadi
jhaleh shadi talab
Volume 4, Issue 7.8 , November 1999, , Pages 151-178
Abstract
One of the goals of national development plans, which have been carried out by different governmental organizations, such as Ministry of Cooperatives, is to increase employment opportunities for women. The recent experiences of cooperatives in this respect shows that family oriented cooperatives can ...
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One of the goals of national development plans, which have been carried out by different governmental organizations, such as Ministry of Cooperatives, is to increase employment opportunities for women. The recent experiences of cooperatives in this respect shows that family oriented cooperatives can provide job and income for women, and change· their social status. But taking into consideration the past experiences with cooperatives in Iran, the study indicates that we must be concerned that: • Women's cooperatives arc not governmental organization but independent entities. • Women's cooperatives should have democratic structure.participation in the house work. To do this research, two groups of women were compared: 1. The employed female workers in "Tolidaru Pharmaceutical Company" (130 women). 2. The houswives whose husbands were employed as workers in the above mentioned company (130 women). The collected data was analyzed through the use of comparison of frequencies and percentages, chi-square, Cramer's V and Phi. The results show that the employed women feel a greater level of decision making power and cooperation from their husbands in houseworks than the unemployed ones. Nevertheless, the husband's participation in the housework is quite trival.
yusef karimi
Volume 5, Issue 9 , November 1997, , Pages 151-168
Abstract
To investigate the effects of suggestion on olfactory perception, a group of library science students (N =33) participated in two experiments. I In the first experiment, a bottle containing tea which resembled to alchohol in color brought into the class and the students were told that some alcnohol would ...
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To investigate the effects of suggestion on olfactory perception, a group of library science students (N =33) participated in two experiments. I In the first experiment, a bottle containing tea which resembled to alchohol in color brought into the class and the students were told that some alcnohol would be poured into plate and would be put before the class. They were asked to report when they smilled the alchohot, 39 percent of the subjects reported that they smelled the alchohol in less than five minutes. (x2=4.84 , p<0.05). In the second experiment, a bottle containing real atchohol was shown to a psychology class (N=34), and the first experiment was explained to them. Then, they were told that the bottle contained tea and the aim of the experiment was to see if they could smell alchohol when they know it was tea. Then some atchobot was poured into a plate and was put before the class. The subjects were asked to report if they didn't smell the alchohot, 26.5 percent of the subjects did not smell the alchohol despite of the strong smell (x2=22.09 , p<0.001). These experiments showed that suggestion could induce or eliminate the sense of
olfaction. The results were discussed in the framework of social psychological theory of perception.
mehdi mohsenan rad
Volume 15, Issue 42.43 , February 2009, , Pages 153-187
Abstract
By taking into account the fact that, in both Constitutional Revolution and the Islamic Revolution, the reduced power in the central government resulted in significant increase in the number of newspapers, in this paper we perform a content analysis of the editorial articles in the first issues of all ...
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By taking into account the fact that, in both Constitutional Revolution and the Islamic Revolution, the reduced power in the central government resulted in significant increase in the number of newspapers, in this paper we perform a content analysis of the editorial articles in the first issues of all new-born newspapers within the two revolutions intervals this period fasted 891 days for the case of the Constitutional Revolution and 614 days for the case of the Islamic Revolution. Using an interpretation of the concept of "value" we investigated the similarities and the dissimilarities of the two revolutions. The results show that in both revolutions, there was an agreement on what was not desired and was considere of actually as a negative value; although there was a significantly higher diversity in the undesired and negative values in the Islamic Revolution compared to the Constitutional Revolution. In other words, there were more focuses on the negative values in the Islamic Revolution in terms of expressing what is not wanted compared to what was actually wanted. We can clearly see more tendencies towards western modem ism in the Constitutional Revolution and more aversion from the western modernism in the Islamic Revolution. Also there was more or less an agreement on expressing positive values with respect to the leadership of the revolution in the Islamic Revolution, While there were no individual having the same position in the Constitutional Revolution. There was also an agreement on expressing positive values with respect to knowledge, knowing, knowledgeable people, and expertise in the Constitutional Revolution, while there was mostly an agreement on not expressing positive values with respect to these issues in the Islamic Revolution. There was a strong agreement against not only the King, but also the concept of monarchy in the Islamic Revolution. However, there was only an agreement against the Qajar Dynasty, but not against the monarchy system in the Constitution Revolution. In fact, the ancient kings and their glory were respected by the abased people of Iran at the time of the Constitutional Revolution.
Sociology
Tahereh Khazaei
Abstract
The present research is aimed at understanding the experiences of Iranian women in France as immigrants regarding their body and dress norms. The study was conducted based on a comprehensive sociological analysis of the work of individuation of social actors and through a comprehensive survey and thematic ...
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The present research is aimed at understanding the experiences of Iranian women in France as immigrants regarding their body and dress norms. The study was conducted based on a comprehensive sociological analysis of the work of individuation of social actors and through a comprehensive survey and thematic analysis. Deep semi-structured talks were held with the participants, composed of 24 Iranian women aged between 26 to 42 years old who had been living between one to 15 years in France. The results indicate that there are four types of comprehension of the body, including comprehension of the body as an aesthetic, banal, emancipatory and sexual object. Also, three strategies were recognized including integration, differentiation and singularization in the immigration interview. In the process of making their feminine selves reach hegemonic feminity with their dressing codification, the women have different experiences ranging from adaptation to consistent syncretization of French and Iranian dressing codes and heterogeneous norms.
